The Swerve

  Erasmus, 144, 227, 252

  Eratosthenes, 59, 87

  Ernst, Max, 1

  eroticism, 197–98, 201–2

  Essays (Montaigne), 243–49

  Eton College, 248–49

  Eucharist, 165, 252–53, 255–56

  Euclid, 87

  Eugenius IV, Pope, 211–12, 214, 290n

  Euripides, 81, 280n

  European Community, 205

  Eve, 105

  Evelyn, John, 257, 267n

  excommunication, 160, 166

  executions, 104, 112, 158, 164, 172–73, 177–79, 213, 219, 228, 240–41, 255, 286n, 296n, 297n

  Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, The (Bruno), 233–36

  Facetiae (Poggio), 142–45, 146, 291n–92n

  Falstaff, Epicurus and, 102

  families, 110, 112, 113–15, 127–29, 135, 137, 206, 210, 212–14

  Fates, 195

  Feast in the House of Levi, The (Veronese), 305n

  Ferreol, Saint, 38

  Festus, Sextus Pompeius, 35

  feudalism, 301n

  Ficino, Marsilio, 221, 224

  Filelfo, Francesco, 143, 145

  Fillastre, Guillaume, 295n

  fire, 41, 73, 83, 93, 191

  Flaccus, Valerius, 272n, 300n

  flagellation, 28, 104, 106–9, 228, 285n–86n

  Flaubert, Gustave, 71

  Florence, 10, 20–21, 22, 34, 49, 110, 113–34, 153, 162, 176, 179–80, 203, 210–18, 215–21, 226, 289n

  Florentine Republic, 122–26, 127, 215–17

  Florentine Synod, 226

  florins, 21, 211, 290n, 301n

  Florio, John, 243, 244

  Foundling Hospital (Florence), 110

  four elements, 73–74

  Fra Angelico, 218

  France, 11, 24, 38, 55, 122, 160, 163, 164, 176, 226, 233, 236, 249, 286n

  Franciscans, 111, 147–48

  free will, 71, 74–75, 189

  French language, 206, 243–44, 247, 257, 262

  French Revolution, 11

  Freud, Sigmund, 183

  friars, 114, 143, 147–48, 163, 236, 240

  Frontius, Julius, 152, 283n

  Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 95

  Frutti, Michaelle, 112

  Fulda abbey, 44–50, 181

  Galen, 87

  Galileo Galilei, 8, 185, 239, 254–56, 306n

  Gamelion, 66

  Ganymede, 140

  Garcia Lopez (tailor), 236

  Gassendi, Pierre, 257

  Gaul, 106

  Genesis, Book of, 3

  geography, 87

  geometry, 87

  George of Trebizond, 21, 145–46, 215

  Georgics (Virgil), 51–52, 273n

  Germany, 14–21, 29, 31, 33–34, 35, 36, 44–50, 159, 162, 164, 173–77, 181, 205, 206

  Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 110, 218

  Ghislieri, Michele, 227

  Giotto, 113

  Giunti, Filippo, 226

  God, 10–11, 27, 37, 42, 89, 95, 97, 102–3, 105, 114, 166, 220, 233–36, 251, 253, 261, 285n

  gods and goddesses, 1–2, 5–6, 7, 10, 67–68, 71, 74, 88, 89, 98–99, 100, 101, 130, 139, 180, 183, 184, 193–94, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201–2, 226–27, 228, 231–36, 251, 260–61, 298n, 299n

  gold, 129, 280n

  Golden Age, 191

  Gospels, 96, 97, 105

  Gothic script, 115

  Gothic Wars, 28, 49

  Gottlieben Castle, 171

  grain, 45, 66, 126, 279n–80n

  grammar, 12, 24, 25, 28–29, 31, 49, 97, 121

  “Great Vanishing,” 86

  Greek culture, 28, 59–60, 70, 72, 84, 87, 194–95

  Greek language, 43, 88, 97, 119–20, 126, 217

  Greek literature, 42, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62–63, 81, 84, 153, 182, 210, 228, 273n, 275n–76n

  see also specific works

  Greek philosophy, 72–80, 211, 252

  Gregory I, Pope, 97, 103

  Gregory XI, Pope, 293n

  Gregory XII, Antipope, 160, 180, 205

  Guarino of Verona, 179

  Guasconi, Biagio, 162

  Guicciardini, Francesco, 127

  guilds, 15, 16, 114

  Gutenberg, Johann, 32, 219

  Hamlet (Shakespeare), 3, 75, 233

  handwriting, 37–38, 62, 112–13, 115–16, 121, 130, 135, 155–56, 179

  happiness, 195–96, 198

  Harriot, Thomas, 239

  Harvey, William, 10

  Hebrew language, 88, 95

  Hebrews, 42, 283n

  Heidelberg, University of, 172

  Heidenheim, 15

  heliocentrism, 87, 306n

  Hell, 30, 288n

  Henry V, King of England, 206

  Henry VIII, King of England, 228

  Herculaneum, 54–59, 63–67, 68, 70–72, 77, 79, 81, 82

  heresy, 13, 17, 155, 165, 166–68, 170–73, 177–79, 227, 233–41, 250–56

  hermits, 35, 68, 107, 111

  heroism, 104, 130

  Hippolytus, 180

  History of Florence (Poggio), 217

  History of Rome (Livy), 23

  Hobbes, Thomas, 10, 261

  Holinshed Raphael, 228

  holy orders, 120, 137–38, 147–48

  Holy Roman Empire, 44, 120, 122, 155

  Homer, 48–49, 62, 89, 182, 215

  Hooke, Robert, 83–84

  Hooker, Richard, 8

  Horace, 84, 96

  Houghton Library, 243

  human existence, 190–92

  humanities (studia humanitatis), 8–13, 23, 119–24, 134, 208, 214

  Hume, David, 262

  Hus, Jan, 166–68, 170, 171–72, 177, 253

  Hutchinson, John, 257

  Hutchinson, Lucy, 257–62, 267n, 305n

  hymn to Venus (Lucretius), 1–2, 10, 201–2, 228, 251, 260–61, 299n

  Hypatia of Alexandria, 91–93, 252, 282n

  hypocrisy, 37, 133, 138–39

  Ignatius of Loyola, Saint, 108

  Iliad (Homer), 3, 215

  illness, 12, 75, 76–77, 104, 147, 195

  illusion, 198–99

  immortality, 6, 57, 75–76, 98, 99–100, 101, 150, 158, 159, 183, 192–95, 220, 223, 230–32, 244, 260

  Incarnation, 98–99

  inclinatio (swerve) principle, 7–13, 188–89, 297n

  Index of Prohibited Books, 227

  India, 59, 87

  indices, 39–40, 63, 227

  individuality, 9–10, 16

  indulgences, 158, 159, 161, 168

  infallibility, 166

  Inferno (Dante), 288n

  infinity, 186, 187, 189, 196–97, 237, 239, 244, 256

  ink, 39, 40, 43, 82–86

  Inquisition, 227, 236, 239–40, 254–56

  Institutes (Quintillian), 177, 178–79, 296n

  intellectuals, 46–47, 51, 65–70, 87–88, 91–93, 122–26, 142–45, 227–33

  “intelligent design,” 187–88, 220, 297n

  Iphegenia, 194

  Ireland, 12, 38

  Isaac, 194

  Isambard, 236

  Isidore of Seville, 12

  Islam, 113, 282n–83n

  Italian language, 31, 206, 257, 262

  italics, 115

  Italy, 17, 21–22, 30, 31, 34, 43, 45, 60, 111, 122, 136, 160, 163, 174, 176, 205, 210–18, 233, 239–40, 249

  see also specific towns and cities

  Janus, 99

  Jefferson, Thomas, 262–63, 307n–8n

  Jerome, Saint, 53–54, 94–96, 109, 181, 283n

  Jerome of Prague, 168, 172–73, 177–79, 295n, 296n

  Jerusalem, 94

  Jesuits, 250–51, 253–56

  Jesus Christ, 9, 10, 19, 71, 98, 104–5, 107, 108, 139–40, 194, 236, 241, 252–53, 286n

  Jews, 3, 15, 39, 42, 67, 78, 87, 89, 91, 92, 98, 101, 136, 194, 227, 236, 283n

  Johann von Merlau, 45–46

  John the Baptist, 90

  John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa), Antipope, 152
–78

  abdication of, 160–61, 165–67, 170–80, 205

  birthplace of, 158

  as bishop of Rome, 137

  as cardinal deacon of Bologna, 159–60

  as cardinal of Florence, 179–80

  corruption of, 136–41, 151–52, 165–66, 170–71, 181

  at Council of Constance, 162–78, 180

  criminal charges against, 170–71

  curia of, 18, 19–21, 22, 31, 33, 36–37, 44, 45, 135–41, 144, 150–58, 161, 162–63, 165, 168–69, 170, 171, 180, 181

  death of, 180

  ecclesiastical career of, 158–60

  election of, 154, 160, 161

  entourage of, 137, 138, 161–62

  in Florence, 162, 179–80

  imprisonment of, 171, 179–80, 205

  papacy of, 19–21, 22, 34, 44, 135–41, 150–78, 180, 205

  papal name of, 171

  Poggio’s relationship with, 157–58, 165–66, 170, 178, 180, 181, 205

  poisoning accusation against, 159–60, 170–71

  release of, 179–80

  rival popes of, 160, 180, 205

  in schism, 142–43, 155, 160, 161–78, 205

  spiritual authority of, 136–37, 149–50, 164–65, 168–69

  temporal authority of, 135–37, 157–58, 161–62

  John XXIII (Angelo Roncalli), Pope, 171

  Jonson, Ben, 77–78, 79, 243, 277n, 305n

  Jove, 75, 175, 233, 236

  jubilee years, 159

  Judaism, 39, 67, 101, 194, 236

  Julian the Apostate, 101

  Jung, Carl, 183

  Jungkuntz, Richard, 285n

  Juno, 99

  Jupiter, 88, 89, 100, 156

  Jupiter Serapis, 88

  Kaiserstuhl, 174

  Kleve, Knut, 64

  labor, manual, 25, 37

  Lactantius, 102–3

  Ladislas, King of Naples, 161–62

  Lambin, Denys, 248–49, 256

  landowners, 113–14, 228, 230

  Lapo da Castiglionchio, 138–42, 144

  Last Supper, 304n–5n

  Lateran palace, 156

  Latin Festival, 69

  Latin language, 2–3, 7, 12, 18, 19, 31–32, 42–52, 112–13, 119–22, 123–24, 130, 131–34, 135, 136, 138, 149, 155, 179, 180, 182, 202, 206, 210, 215, 217, 221–22, 225, 243, 247, 256

  Latin literature, 42, 62–63, 81, 87, 117, 121–24, 182, 228, 273n, 275n, 289n

  see also specific works

  Laurentian Library, 115, 204, 290n

  laws, universal, 74–75

  lawyers, 35, 137, 139

  leap days, 87

  legal systems, 17, 35, 38, 111–12, 125–26, 134, 137, 139, 158, 228, 232

  legions, 59, 79

  Leiden, University of, 204–5

  Lent, 108

  Leonardo da Vinci, 8, 9, 242

  lettera antica, 121

  letters patent, 137

  Leucippus of Abdera, 73, 82

  lexicography, 12, 35

  liberty, 9–10, 16, 125, 239–40, 262–63

  librarians, 29, 31–32, 39, 43, 50

  libraries:

  monastic, 24–33, 37–38, 39, 43, 45–50, 65, 109, 117, 130–31, 152, 176–79, 204, 206–8, 209, 225, 271n–72n, 290n

  private, 54–60, 86, 94–96, 134

  public, 54–63, 86–94, 91, 93, 130–31, 134, 275n–76n, 279n–83n, 290n

  Library of Pantainos, 276n

  Lippi, Filippo, 218

  literacy, 17, 24–26, 93–94, 270n

  Livy, 23, 211

  Lucca, 153

  Luccarus, 112

  Lucian of Samosta, 217

  “Lucretiani,” 221

  Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus:

  aesthetics of, 51

  biography of, 52–54, 274n

  Cicero’s reference to, 51

  classical references to, 23, 49–50, 51, 54

  death of, 51, 53–54, 94, 109

  as Epicurean, 1–2, 7, 52, 72–80, 104, 109, 222

  family background of, 53

  legacy of, 51–80, 109

  madness ascribed to, 53–54, 94

  name of, 49

  Ovid’s reference to, 54

  pacifism of, 52

  as pagan, 53–54

  readings by, 71–72

  rediscovery of, 23–24, 43, 49–50

  reputation of, 1–2, 7, 49–50, 51, 54, 71–72, 272n–73n

  in Rome, 71–72, 75

  Saint Jerome’s account of, 53–54, 94, 109

  skepticism of, 52, 72

  suicide ascribed to, 53–54, 94, 109

  Virgil influenced by, 51–52, 273n

  writings of, see De rerum natura (Lucretius)

  Lucullus, 155–56, 275n

  Ludwig von der Pfalz, 163

  Luke, Saint, 105

  Luna, Pedro de, 160, 205

  Luther, Martin, 149, 172, 253

  Macer, 23, 270n

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 8, 144, 150, 185

  Maestà (Duccio), 10

  magic, 60–61, 73

  Malpaghino, Giovanni, 121–22

  Manilius, 48

  manuscripts:

  annotation of, 23, 88, 221, 248–49, 256, 306n

  copies of, 17–18, 32–33, 35, 37–41, 47, 49, 50, 84–86, 88, 109, 112–16, 121, 130, 133–34, 135, 152, 154, 155–56, 173–77, 179, 206, 296n, 300n

  corruptions in, 41, 88

  of De rerum natura, 11–13, 49–50, 88–89, 181, 182–85, 202, 203–5, 208–10, 218, 221–22, 225, 226, 231, 244, 256, 262, 272n, 300n

  destruction of, 7, 17–18, 23–24, 29, 41, 81–109, 130–31, 275n, 280n–83n

  editions of, 23, 87–88

  fragments of, 54–59, 64–65, 70–72, 81

  hunting for, 11–15, 22, 23–24, 29, 30, 31–36, 40, 42–43, 47–49, 53, 54, 62, 86, 88, 130, 131, 152–54, 176–81, 206–11, 212, 215, 218, 228, 300n

  illuminated, 17, 39, 40

  market for, 28, 29–30, 84–86, 131

  in monastic libraries, 24–33, 37–38, 39, 43, 45–50, 65, 109, 117, 130–31, 152, 176–79, 204, 206–8, 209, 225, 271n–72n, 290n

  on papyrus, 28, 40, 54–59, 62–65, 68, 69, 71, 77, 82–83, 88, 260, 280n, 283n

  on parchment, 17–18, 28, 38, 39–40, 42–43, 62, 82, 260, 283n

  printing of, 32, 38–39, 204, 219, 248–50, 256, 262, 279n

  in private libraries, 54–60, 86, 94–96, 134

  production of, 28–29, 84–86

  in public libraries, 54–63, 86–94, 91, 93, 130–31, 134, 275n–76n, 280n–83n, 290n

  references to, 23–24

  scripts used for, 38, 84, 115–16, 121, 130

  translation of, 88, 168, 210, 212, 215

  see also specific books and manuscripts

  Manutius, Aldus, 32, 226

  Marcellus, Nonius, 208

  Marchetti, Alessandro, 257

  Marco Datini, Francesco di, 114

  Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, 71

  Marolles, Michel de, 257

  marriage, 127–29, 133, 136, 143, 212–13, 214, 215, 289n

  Mars, 2, 100, 226, 247, 281n

  Marsuppini, Carlo, 215

  Martines, Lauro, 301n

  Martin V, Pope, 205–6, 211, 269n

  martyrs, 10, 107, 129

  Marullo, Michele Tarchaniota, 226–27

  Masaccio, 218

  masks, ancestors, 62

  master copies, 84–85

  materialism, 9–10, 184–86, 190–91, 193, 198–201, 243, 244, 249, 259–63, 297n

  mathematics, 87, 91, 92, 239

  Mazzei, Lapo, 111–12

  Medici, Cosimo de,’ 216, 217, 290n

  Medici, Giovanni de,’ 213

  Medici, Lorenzo de,’ 210, 213, 290n

  Medici family, 110, 210, 213, 215–16, 217, 290n, 301n

  medicine, 17, 60–61, 75, 87, 152

  melancholy, 49, 133, 142–57, 216–17

  Memmius, Gaius, 53, 273n–74n

  mendica
nt friars, 147–48

  mental illness, 8, 19, 49, 133, 142–57, 216–17

  mercenaries, 153, 293n–94n

  merchants, 15, 36, 219, 300n–301n

  Mercury, 233–36

  messiahs, 67, 72–73, 98, 107, 184

  Metrodorus, 277n

  Michelangelo, 9, 204

  Michelozzi, Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, 110, 290n

  Micrographia (Hooke), 83–84

  Middle Ages, 38, 52–53, 88–89, 106–8, 110–11, 116–17, 129, 132–33, 209–10, 251, 272n–73n

  Milan, 122, 153

  Minerva, 99, 100

  minims, 254

  minuscules, 115

  miracles, 142, 225

  misogyny, 143, 212

  missals, 17, 65

  mistresses, 137, 141

  Mithras, 90

  moderation, 101–2

  modernism, 6–7, 8, 13, 185, 242–63

  Molière, 257

  monasteries, 95, 106, 107–9, 111, 151, 168

  see also libraries, monastic

  monks, 12, 21, 24–29, 31, 36–37, 90, 91, 131, 134, 147–48, 163, 180, 210, 211

  Mons, 286n

  Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 9, 243–49, 256, 306n

  Monte Cassino, 152

  Montepulciano, Bartolomeo Aragazzi da, 34–35, 44, 152–53, 162

  morality, 11, 101–3, 124, 146–47, 178–79, 195–96

  More, Thomas, 227–33, 236, 250, 251, 252, 263, 304n

  Morroni, Tomaso, 111

  mortality rates, 191–92, 213

  mortal sin, 16, 119

  Mother of the Gods, 183

  Mount Vesuvius, 54–59, 67, 94, 239

  MS Rossi 884, 221

  murder, 38, 148, 159–60, 170–71

  Muses, 89

  museums, 91, 93

  music, 9, 70, 91, 93, 175, 219

  mythology, 130, 193–96

  Naples, 54–55, 60, 63, 64, 122, 153, 158, 161–62, 163, 233

  natural world, 6, 10–11, 12, 70, 74–75, 188–90, 194, 248, 261–62, 298n

  Neptune, 99, 183, 226

  Nero, Emperor of Rome, 48, 157, 275n

  New Testament, 24, 95–96, 97, 105

  Newton, Isaac, 261

  New World, 11–12, 136, 229–30

  Niccoli, Niccolò, 126–34, 137–38, 222, 289n, 290n

  Nicholas V, Pope, 150, 214–15, 221, 226

  nightmares, 95, 96

  Nile River, 56, 174

  Nolan philosophy, 233

  “noonday demon,” 26

  notaries, 84–85, 111–12, 122, 123, 135, 137

  nuns, 106, 108

  “Oblongus” manuscript, 204

  obsessions, 4–5, 19, 116

  “Of Cruelty” (Montaigne), 246

  “Of Diversion” (Montaigne), 247

  “Of Repentance” (Montaigne), 244–45

  Old Testament, 43, 88, 95–96, 285n

  oligarchy, 110, 113–15, 135

  Olivera, Alonso de, 249–50