Nehru

  Hindu Magazine, November 24, 2002

  Y. D. Gundevia, Outside the Archives (Hyderabad: Orient

  Longman, 1984)

  Welles Hangen, After Nehru, Who? (London: Rupert

  Hart-Davis, 1963)

  Selig S. Harrison, India: The Most Dangerous Decade

  (Madras: Oxford University Press, 1960)

  H. V. Hodson, The Great Divide (London: Hutchinson,

  1969)

  Prem Shankar Jha, Kashmir 1947 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996)

  B. M. Kaul, The Untold Story (Bombay: Jaico, 1969) Sunil Khilani, The Idea of India (New Delhi: Viking Penguin, 1997)

  B. Krishna, Indian Freedom Struggle (New Delhi: Manohar,

  2002)

  André Malraux, Anti-Memoirs (New York: Henry Holt,

  1990)

  Zareer Masani, Indira Gandhi: A Biography (New York:

  Thomas Y. Crowell, 1975)

  Neville Maxwell, India’s China War (London: Jonathan

  Cape, 1970)

  Neville Maxwell, “Reconsiderations: Jawaharlal Nehru,”

  Foreign Affairs 52 (April 1974)

  Ved Mehta, Portrait of India (New York: Farrar, Straus &

  Giroux, 1970)

  K. P. S. Menon, Yesterday and Today (New Delhi: Allied,

  1976)

  Frank Moraes, Witness to an Era (Delhi: Vikas, 1973)

  Janet Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own

  (New York: Scribner, 1991)

  A. G. Noorani, Our Credulity and Negligence (Bombay:

  Ramdas G. Bhatkal, 1963)

  D. G. Tendulkar, Mahatma (Bombay: Publications Division, 2nd ed., 1961)

  Raj Thapar, All These Years (New Delhi: Seminar, 1991)

  Shashi Tharoor, “E Pluribus, India,” Foreign Affairs

  (January/Febuary 1998)

  Shashi Tharoor, Reasons of State (Delhi: Vikas, 1982)

  Shashi Tharoor, India: From Midnight to the Millennium

  (New York: Arcade, 1997)

  Badruddin Tyabji, Indian Policies and Practice (New

  Delhi: Oriental Publishers, 1972)

  Lord Wavell, Viceroy’s Journal, ed. Penderel Moon (Lon- don: Oxford University Press, 1972)

  Muhammad Yunus, Persons, Passions and Politics (Delhi: Vikas, 1980)

  Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten (London: Fontana/Collins,

  1986)

  Index

  Abdullah, Sheikh, 142, 165, 203, 253

  Abyssinia, 112

  affirmative action, 237–38

  Afro-Asian Conference, 151, 189

  After Nehru, Who? (Hangen), 195

  Ahmed, Muzaffar, 69

  Akali movement, 49–50

  Akbar, M. J., 145

  Alexander, A. V., 139

  Ali, Maulana Muhammad, 46,

  46n, 253

  Ali, Munshi Mubarak, 5

  Allahabad, 1, 50–52

  All-India Congress Committee

  (AICC), 70, 125

  All-India Muslim League. See

  Muslim League

  All-India States People’s

  Conference, 115, 142

  All-India Trade Union Congress,

  68

  Ambedkar, B. R, 229, 253

  American imperialism, 58

  Amritsar Massacre, 30–34, 51,

  64–65, 76

  Amrohvi, Rais, 190

  Anarchical and Revolutionary

  Crimes Act, 26, 26n, 29

  Andhra Pradesh, 173

  Ansari, M. A., 47

  arrests

  of Annie Besant, 25–26

  of Jawaharlal Nehru, 42–46,

  49–50, 77–79, 88–92,

  94–95, 121–22, 125–27

  of Mahatma Gandhi, 77, 125,

  127

  of Motilal Nehru, 42–44, 77–

  78

  Ashoka, 183

  Asian Relations Conference, 151

  Ataturk, Kemal, xiv, 34

  Attlee, Clement, 118, 123, 134,

  137

  Aung San, 137

  Autobiography (Nehru), 95, 96–

  97, 107–8

  Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam, xvi,

  106, 108, 123, 126, 138,

  144, 145, 254

  balkanization, 152–53

  Bandaranaike, Solomon, 200

  Bengal

  British partition of, 11–12

  famine in, 133

  Besant, Annie, 8, 23–26, 254

  Bhagwati, Jagdish, 176, 244

  Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Indian

  People’s Party), xvi–xvii

  Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP),

  xvii

  Birla, Ghanshyam Das, 98, 254

  Black Act. See Rowlatt Act

  Bose, Subhas Chandra, 66–67,

  112, 114–15, 117, 122–

  23, 136, 197, 254

  Britain/British government

  Amritsar Massacre and, 30–34

  attitude of, toward India, 133

  brutality by, 30–34, 89, 125,

  126

  Cabinet Mission Plan of, 137–

  45, 149

  call for complete independence from, 59–62

  demonstrations against, 64–65

  education of Nehru in, 9–18

  Indian elections held by, 134–

  35

  loss of power in India by, 136–

  40

  Muslim League and, 73, 103–

  4, 130, 134–45, 147–48,

  152

  negotiations between India

  and, 83–85, 87–88, 139–

  41, 143–44, 146–47,

  153–55

  offer of Dominion status by,

  123–24, 153

  partition of Bengal by, 11–12

  reaction of, to Indian

  nationalist movement,

  25–26, 26n, 63–65, 72,

  76–78, 82–84, 89, 121,

  122–24

  view of Nehru of, 68–69, 84,

  93–94

  weakness of, 140

  withdrawal from India by, 149

  during World War II, 116–24,

  133

  British imperialism, 58, 116, 240

  Brockway, Fenner, 55

  Brooks, Ferdinand T., 8

  Brussels International Congress

  against Colonial

  Oppression and

  Imperialism, 54–55

  Burma, 137

  Butler, Harcourt, 44

  Bux, Allah, 130

  Cabinet Mission Plan, 137–45,

  149

  capitalism, 175–77, 240–41

  Caroe, Sir Olaf, 152

  caste issues, 92, 236–39

  Chagla, M. C., 66

  Chaplin, Charlie, 199

  Chaudhuri, Nirad, 223, 226

  Chauri Chaura, 43

  Chavan, Y. B., 71

  China

  communism in, 58

  Nehru’s admiration for, 112,

  116–17, 208–10

  disconnect between father and, 231–32

  as father’s official hostess,

  194–95

  marriage of, 127–29

  Nehru’s writings to, 81–82

  state of emergency called by,

  231–32

  as successor, 194–95

  Gandhi, Mahatma

  about, 255

  assassination of, 160–61

  Bose and, 114–15

  demonstrations led by, 75–76

  fasting by, 92, 127

  imprisonment of, 77, 125, 127

  influence of, on Indian

  National Congress, xiv,

  35–37, 67, 69–70

  Jinnah and, 130

  Khilafat movement and, 34–35

  negotiations between British

  and, 83–85

  Nehru and

  compromises between, 67,

  93, 97

  differences between, 43–44,

  53, 59–62, 84–85, 92, 94
/>
  loyalty between, 29–30, 35–

  39, 138

  power relations between,

  69–70, 99

  noncooperation movement of,

  27, 35, 41–42, 43, 46,

  120–21

  nonleadership by, 47

  nonviolence principle and, 46

  on partition of India, 154,

  159–60

  personal habits of, 28

  reaction of, to Amritsar

  Massacre, 33

  reaction of, to British

  proposals, 123, 124–25

  religious views of, 92

  role of, in Indian nationalist

  politics, 26–30, 34–36,

  59–62, 67, 72

  in South Africa, 26–27

  support for a free India by, 74–

  76

  Swarajists and, 49

  as symbol, 96

  on war issue, 116, 120–21

  Gandhi, Rajiv Ratna (grandson),

  129–30, 236

  Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 83–85, 87

  Ganga (river), 215–17

  Germany, 116

  Glimpses of World History

  (Nehru), 81–82, 127

  Goa, 206–7

  Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, xiv, 12,

  35, 255

  Gopal, Sarvepalli, 11, 14, 45,

  249

  Government of India Act, 25n,

  98–99, 102–3

  Great Bengal Famine, 133

  Great Indian Novel, The

  (Tharoor), 227

  Hangen, Welles, 195

  Haroon, Sir Abdullah, 139

  Harrow (school), 9–11

  Hindu Code Bill, 171, 235

  Hindu Mahasabha, xvi, 93, 105

  Hindu-Muslim relations

  See also Muslim League

  after partition, 135, 143–45,

  167–68

  Pakistan and, 209

  Panch Sheel and, 184

  relations between India and,

  55–56, 188, 189, 209–13

  war between India and, 210–

  13

  Chou En-lai, 189, 209

  Churchill, Winston Spencer,

  9–10, 83, 97, 122, 124,

  133, 134, 188

  civil disobedience, 27, 35, 41–

  43, 46, 120–21

  Clément, Catherine, 201

  Communal Award, 102

  communism, 55–58, 68–69

  Communists, 75, 173, 175

  Congress Party. See Indian

  National Congress

  Congress Socialist Party, 94, 97

  Constitution, 87–88, 168

  Cousins, Norman, 161–62, 195–

  96

  Cripps, Sir Stafford, 123–24,

  138, 254

  Czechoslovakia, 113

  Das, Chitta Ranjan, 48–49,

  255

  Delhi, 22

  democracy. See Indian democracy

  Dhebar, U. N., 179–80

  Direct Action Day, 145–46, 147

  Discovery of India, The (Nehru),

  122, 127, 225–26, 231

  Djilas, Milovan, 190

  Dominion status, for India, 65–

  66, 72, 123–24, 153

  Dulles, John Foster, 183, 186

  Dutt, Romesh Chunder, 15

  dyarchy, 48

  Dyer, R. E. H., 31–32, 33, 34

  education, 8–11, 13–15,

  17–18

  Egypt, 189–190

  Ehrenburg, Ilya, 223, 224

  Eight-Day Interlude, The (Nehru),

  78–79

  Einstein, Albert, 56

  elections

  British-sponsored, 99–103

  general, of 1952, 172–73

  general, of 1957, 192

  general, of 1962, 207

  Indian National Congress in,

  99–103, 134–35

  of Jawaharlal Nehru, 50–52,

  69–75, 97–98, 100, 138,

  172–73, 192, 207

  Erskine, Lord, 111

  Europe

  influence of, on Nehru’s

  political outlook,

  52–59

  travels in, 112–14

  Fabian Society, 13, 14, 240 family tree, Nehru, xix fascism, 97, 116, 117

  Five-Year Plans, 176–78 foreign policy

  of India under Nehru, 182–91,

  207–13

  Nehru’s interest in, 58–59,

  112–14, 150–51

  France, 206

  Gandhi, Feroze, 127–29, 194,

  205, 255

  Gandhi, Indira Nehru (daughter)

  about, 255

  childhood of, 37, 54, 112

  children of, 129–30, 198

  Nehru’s identification with,

  38–40, 100–101

  wretched conditions of, 38–40

  Indian National Army, 122–23,

  136

  Indian National Congress

  about, xiii–xv

  contesting of elections by, 99–

  103, 134–35, 172–73

  dominance of, 229–30

  election of Jawaharlal Nehru

  as president of, 69–75,

  97–98, 100

  evolution of, 11–12

  Extremists vs. Moderates in,

  12, 23

  Gandhi’s influence on, xiv,

  35–37, 67, 69–70

  governance by, under British

  rule, 111–12

  Motilal Nehru’s involvement

  in, 24, 33–35, 48–49, 65–

  66

  Muslim League and, 24, 34–

  35, 46–47, 104–9, 114,

  119–20, 130, 141, 143–

  45, 147–48

  negotiations between British

  and, 87–88, 139–41,

  143–44, 146–47, 153–55

  Nehru Report of, 65–66

  Quit India resolution of, 125–

  26, 130

  splits in, 48–49, 71, 114, 166–

  67

  Indian nationalism, 212–13,

  215–17

  Indian nationalist politics

  See also Indian National

  Congress

  British response to, 25–26,

  26n, 63–65, 72, 76–78,

  82–84, 89, 121, 122–24

  Gandhi’s role in, 26–30, 34–

  36, 59–62, 67, 72

  Nehru’s role in, 59–62, 73–75

  partition of Bengal and, 11–12

  Indian People’s Party (Bharatiya

  Jana Sangh), xvi–xvii

  Indian political movements,

  xiii–xvii

  See also Indian National

  Congress

  Industrial Policy Resolution,

  176, 178

  Industries Act of 1951, 177

  Iqbal, Sir Mohamed, 256

  Ireland, 12–13

  Irwin, Lord, 72, 73, 83, 256

  Jain, S. P., 203–4

  Japan, 122–23, 124, 185

  Jefferson, Thomas, 227

  Jinnah, Mohammed Ali

  See also Muslim League

  about, 256

  British and, 73, 130

  creation of Pakistan and, 145,

  145–46

  demand for creation of

  Pakistan by, 139, 148,

  154

  interim government and, 146

  as leader of Muslims, 109, 152

  Muslim League and, xv, 103–4,

  104–9, 114

  negotiations between Congress

  Party and, 140–41

  Nehru and, 104–5, 147–48

  political views of, 24–25, 35–

  36, 65–66

  on war issue, 118–20

  Jones, Sir William, 10

  British attempts at undermining, 103–4

  deterioration of, 47, 65–66,

  71, 104–9, 114, 119–20

  Indian National Congress and,


  111–12

  Nehru’s attempts to restore,

  75, 106–9, 135, 167–68

  Nehru and, 93

  unity in, 34, 46–47, 80

  Hindutva, xvi–xvii , 234–35, 236

  Home Rule Leagues, 23–24

  homosexuality, rumors of,

  16–17

  human progress, 90–91

  Hume, Allan Octavian, 11, 103

  Hungary, 190

  Hutheesing, Raja, 130

  Hydari, Akbar, 141

  Ibrahim, Hafiz, 109

  Iengar, H. V. R., 196

  imperialism, 58, 240

  Independence Day, 74–75

  Independence for India League,

  62

  India

  attitude of Britain toward, 133

  British loss of power in, 136–

  37

  British plan for, after

  withdrawal, 137–45, 149

  British withdrawal from, 149

  creating identity of, 224–29

  desire for a free, 73–76

  domestic policy after independence, 165–68, 202–3

  Dominion status for, 65–66,

  72, 123–24, 153

  economic problems of, 175–

  79, 239–46

  elections in, 172–73, 192

  first government of indepen-

  dent, 156–58

  foreign policy of, under

  Nehru, 182–91, 207–13

  governmental corruption in,

  204–6

  history of, 127

  interim government for, 141–

  49, 152

  negotiations for independence

  between Britain and, 83–

  88, 139–47, 153–55

  newly independent, 161–68

  partition of, 135, 139–40,

  143–49, 151–55, 161–62

  pluralism of, 225–26

  progress in, 251

  relations between China and,

  55–56, 188, 189, 209–13

  relations between Pakistan

  and, 167, 169–70

  role of religion in, 234–39

  socialism in, 241–46

  state boundaries in, 173

  war between China and, 210–

  13

  during World War II, 116–24

  Indian Civil Service (ICS), 17

  Indian Defense Force, 26

  Indian democracy

  disillusionment with, 231–32

  Nehru’s influence on, 220–31

  political parties in, 229–30

  role of caste in, 236–39

  strength of, 232

  Indian Institutes of Technology,

  245

  Indian masses

  adulation of Nehru by, 44–45,

  65, 99–100, 222

  Indian National Congress and,

  24, 34–35, 46–47, 104–9,

  114, 119–20, 130, 141,

  143–45, 147–48

  interim government and, 148

  Khilafat movement and, 34–

  35

  overview of, xv–xvi

  success of, in elections, 134–

  35

  on war issue, 118–20

  Mussolini, 97, 112

  Naidu, Padmaja, 201, 258

  Naidu, Sarojini, 24, 71, 120, 258

  Narayan, Jayaprakash, 166, 171,

  259

  Nash, Ogden, 207–8

  Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 186, 189–