1944

  atomic bomb and, 412

  background and personality of, 359–63

  banking-industrial elite meeting of, 286–87, 575n

  becomes chancellor, 210, 370

  beer hall putsch of, 367, 372

  blitzkrieg of, 48–50, 286

  chastity and puritanism of, 360, 363, 364

  Churchill on, 53, 68, 244

  on Churchill, 359

  consolidation of power by, 370–71

  cult of Führer and, 368, 371–72, 373

  Darlan deal and, 342, 343

  desperate efforts of, 493, 500, 502, 518, 598n

  Eastern front and, 52, 54, 251–56, 260, 262, 267, 324, 571n

  FDR compared with, 37, 45, 51–52, 285–86, 373

  FDR’s taunting of, 351

  FDR as viewed by, 247, 252, 305, 324, 359

  FDR’s views on, 329, 409

  finances of, 362, 363–64, 368

  generals’ relationship with, 251, 290, 344, 354, 356, 357, 358, 571n

  German settlers and, 112

  Himmler and, 291, 292, 293

  Holocaust and, 91, 106, 110, 111, 114, 167, 168, 204–6, 256–57, 258, 262, 263, 270, 296–301, 304, 321, 323, 325, 375, 376, 381, 382, 439, 566n, 582n

  Jewish immigration and, 215–16, 218, 226, 385, 386

  Lend-Lease and, 238, 244

  as loner, 359–60, 361

  Manichaean worldview of, 114, 558n

  in map room, 207

  marriage of, 360, 530

  military directive 21 of, 253

  Mussolini’s meeting with, 396

  as nationalist, 361, 362, 363, 366

  in 1943, 354–59

  North Africa and, 275, 324, 341, 356

  Operation Sea Line shelved by, 54, 235

  Overlord and, 78, 80, 176, 178, 190, 198–99, 200

  physical decline of, 204, 357, 358, 494, 496, 581n, 598n

  at pinnacle of power, 52, 301

  political development of, 363–67, 371

  rationing and, 452

  reclusiveness of, 198, 204, 347, 357, 375

  retreats of, 176, 178, 198, 204, 205, 357, 437, 479–81, 491

  rise to power of, 284, 302, 313, 359, 368–74, 387

  Schulte’s views on, 284, 285, 287

  speeches of, 204, 205, 210, 262, 270, 287, 304, 324–25, 360, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 373–74, 566n

  Stalin double-crossed by, 60, 251

  Stalin’s views on, 66

  suicide of, 360, 530

  territorial acquisitions of, 245–47, 249, 252, 255–56, 260, 286, 288, 354–55, 424, 437–38

  threat of, 44, 45, 550n

  Wise’s views on, 313

  in World War I, 364–65

  worst war decisions of, 554n–55n

  Hitler, Alois, 360, 361

  Hitler, Klara Poelzl, 360, 361, 362

  Hitler-Molotov-Ribbentrop meeting, 290

  Hitler Youth, 143–44, 285, 403, 493

  Hobcaw Barony, 91, 139–42, 156–57, 560n, 561n

  surgical rumor and, 482, 596n

  visitors to, 141, 156

  Hoeker, Karl, 557n

  Hoess, Rudolf, 106, 122, 294, 296–97, 544n

  Holmes, John Haynes, 319

  Holocaust, 11–12, 69, 74, 164, 166–73, 204–6, 375–91, 400–405, 413–18, 425–29, 535, 583n

  death marches and, 502–3, 508, 517–18, 521

  FDR’s views on, 138, 313, 438–39

  impeding the flow of information about, 375

  magnitude of, 433–34

  rescue efforts in, see Jews, rescue of

  secrecy of, 111, 120, 166, 205–6, 566n

  “We Will Never Die” and, 376–78, 582n

  see also Auschwitz; concentration camps; Final Solution

  Hoover, Herbert, 43, 401, 402, 549n

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 446, 482

  Hopkins, Harry, 44, 56, 67, 163, 227, 237, 273, 340, 423, 471, 517

  on FDR-Ibn Saud meeting, 516, 600n

  Harriman’s correspondence with, 248

  health problems of, 516, 600n

  Lend-Lease and, 238

  Horizons, 383

  Horthy, Miklos, 437–38, 458

  Hossler, Franz, 97, 106

  Hotel Royal, 214

  House of Commons, British, 235, 246, 331, 457

  House of Lords, British, 376

  House of Representatives, U.S., 43, 192, 225, 235, 333, 518–20

  Foreign Affairs Committee of, 415–17

  Holocaust and, 380, 387, 415–17

  Ways and Means Committee of, 332

  Howard University, 55

  Howe, Grace, 549n

  Howe, Louis, 34–35, 39, 41, 423, 548n

  HR 1776, 243–44

  Hugenberg, Alfred, 369

  Hull, Cordell, 15, 219, 240, 316–18, 423, 550n

  background of, 316–17

  FDR’s relationship with, 44, 45, 227, 316

  Holocaust and, 380, 381, 404, 413, 425, 426

  Morgenthau and, 424, 425, 426

  postwar world and, 485

  Hull, John E., 451

  Hungarian Jewish Rescue Committee, 166

  Hungarian Jews, 138, 153, 166–72, 203, 269, 310, 437–42

  at Auschwitz, 91–102, 113, 114, 121–22, 127, 200–201, 297, 450, 453–54, 458, 470

  “blood for goods” and, 166–67, 562n

  deportation of, 321, 438–42, 449–50, 455–56, 458, 459, 461, 594n

  population of, 268

  rescue efforts and, 449–58

  Vrba-Wetzler report and, 155–56, 166

  Wallenberg and, 459–60

  Hungary, Hungarians, 116, 138, 165, 246, 269, 437–40

  Allied bombing of, 174

  German takeover in, 122, 168, 437–38

  Relief and Rescue Committee of, 167

  separate peace and, 168

  Hyde Park, N.Y., 23–24, 25, 28, 58, 85, 217, 221, 344, 400, 483, 484–85, 520

  Christmas at, 73–74, 418–19

  elections and, 233, 490, 491

  FDR-Churchill meetings at, 274–75, 410, 486

  FDR’s death and, 527, 528–29

  Morgenthau at, 421

  wheelchair adjustments at, 41

  Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 406, 513, 515–16, 519, 600n

  Ickes, Harold, 46, 312

  Japanese internment and, 442–43, 448

  IG Farben, 102, 111, 129, 287, 295, 452

  immigration, Jewish, 213–18

  inflation, 281, 292, 333, 369

  informants, 289–90, 297–301, 303–5

  insurance companies, German, 214

  Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees, 384, 386

  Interior Department, U.S., 321

  International Red Cross, 206, 322, 458

  Iran, shah of, 545n

  Irish Catholics, 33

  Irish Jews, 268

  isolationism, see United States, isolationists in

  Istanbul, 166, 167, 436

  Italian Americans, 397, 445

  Italian Jews, 129, 170, 321, 437

  Italy, Italians, 15, 64, 73, 165, 195, 246, 268, 466

  air bases in, 393, 398, 452, 469, 470

  Allied invasion of, 75–78, 174, 179, 344, 357, 375, 392–98, 405, 434, 534, 554n, 585n

  FDR in, 38

  Germans in, 75–78, 179, 395–98, 493

  Long as ambassador to, 223

  opera of, 362

  as path to nowhere, 393

  pushed out of war, 353, 392, 395

  as refugees, 225

  southern, 272, 276, 437

  unconditional surrender and, 354

  war declared by, 231, 568n

  Izbica, 403

  Jackson, Andrew, 23, 59

  Jackson, Robert, 235, 529–30, 533

  Japan, 63, 142, 216, 253, 265, 267, 333, 349, 350

  fall of, 507, 531

  unconditional surrender and, 354

  U.S. POWs and, 442

  Yalta conference and, 513

  Japanese
Americans, internment of, 414, 442–49, 508, 589n, 590n

  Jefferson, Thomas, 23, 57–58

  Jerusalem, 18, 326, 405, 406, 545n, 578n

  jewelry, of Holocaust victims, 100, 101, 102

  Jewish Chronicle, 262

  Jewish Council, in Zilina, 154–55

  Jewish Frontier, 322

  Jewish Outlook, 387

  Jews, 2–3, 18, 54, 209–21, 248, 252, 364, 374–91, 519, 545n, 561n

  in Africa, 268, 385–86, 406

  American, see American Jews

  in Auschwitz (town), 92–93

  Austrian, 263, 304, 463

  Belgian, 133, 170, 297, 304

  in Berlin, 531

  in Bielsko, 147

  Bulgarian, 381, 436

  businesses of, 210–14, 303

  cemeteries of, 258–59

  children, see children, Jewish

  Christians and, 418

  Churchill on, 261–62

  conservative, 314

  Czech, 119–21, 263

  as doctors, 154, 210

  Dutch, 11–12, 121–22, 139, 170, 201–3, 295, 304, 484

  education of, 115, 210

  Eleanor Roosevelt’s views on, 33, 316, 319, 327–28, 377–78, 401, 402, 422, 547n

  exemptions and, 266

  French, 122, 170, 268, 297, 304, 342, 407, 436

  German, see German Jews

  German revolution and, 365

  Great Britain and, 330–31, 382–83, 426–27, 535

  Greek, 96–97, 122

  Hungarian, see Hungarian Jews

  immigration of, 213–18

  Italian, 129, 170, 321, 437

  as lawyers, 210, 320

  Lippmann as, 582n

  Lithuanian, 257–58, 268

  luggage of, 95, 101, 117, 118, 119, 258–59

  mass shooting of, 256–64

  Morgenthau as, 419–20, 422–25, 587n

  Orthodox, 92, 166

  Polish, see Polish Jews

  population and distribution of, 268–69

  postwar plans for, 512–13, 516, 600n

  Reform, 310, 311

  resettlement of, 256, 258, 297

  Romanian, see Romanian Jews

  in running of Jerusalem, 406

  Slovakian, see Slovakian Jews

  Soviet, see Soviet Jews

  Ukrainian, 268, 407, 480

  women, see women, Jewish

  see also Auschwitz; Final Solution; Holocaust

  Jews, rescue of, 375, 378–80, 382–83, 387, 400–402, 405–9, 413–29, 468–72, 518

  in Albania, 463

  bombing and, 449–58, 460–62, 464, 469–72, 591n, 592n

  Gillette-Rogers resolution and, 415–18, 429

  Riegner’s plan for, 407–9

  Wallenberg and, 459–60

  WRB and, 427–29, 435–37, 450–52, 454–57, 535

  Johnson, Samuel, 242

  Judenrat (Jewish Council), 388

  Juno Beach, 185, 189, 198, 199–200

  Kapos (trusties), 121, 125

  Karski, Jan, 400, 403–5, 440, 497, 558n, 584n–85n

  Kaschau (Kosice), 170–71

  Kasserine Pass, 344, 356, 581n

  Kastner, Rudolf, 156, 166, 168

  Kattowitz (Katowice), 282, 291, 296

  Keitel, Wilhelm, 551n

  Kennedy, Joseph, 38

  Kershaw, Alex, 561n, 564n

  Kershaw, Ian, 256, 494, 566n, 567n, 571n, 581n, 598n

  Kesselring, Albert, 197, 393, 395, 398

  KGB, 21, 373

  Kiev, 260

  Kiev Jews, 258–60

  King, Admiral, 193

  Kitchens, James H., 594n

  Klimt, Gustav, 363

  knives, in escapes, 124, 128, 130, 132, 146, 151

  Knox, Frank, 156–57

  Koppelmann, Isidor, 576n

  Kovno (Kaunas), 257–58

  Kraków, 263, 271, 291, 297, 498

  Krasnansky, Oskar, 155–56, 166, 200, 560n–61n

  Kristallnacht, 211–14, 216, 288, 567n

  Kruger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 297

  Krupp plant, 112, 469

  Krupp Steelworks, 286

  Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav, 287

  Kube, Wilhelm, 263

  Kubowitzki, Leon, 460

  Kulka, Erich, 453–54

  labor camps, 263, 270, 271, 389, 488, 502

  La Guardia, Fiorello, 195, 327, 380, 401, 402, 490

  Lahey, Dr., 88–89

  landing craft, 183–89, 199, 395

  land mines, minefields, 63, 142, 184, 189, 197

  Landsberg fortress, 367–68

  Lane, Arthur Bliss, 467

  Lange, Rudolf, 267

  Langer, William, 387

  Laqueur, Walter, 574n, 576n

  La Roche Guyon, 198

  Larrabee, Eric, 602n

  latrines, 110, 132

  Latvia, 255, 263, 267

  Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, 567n

  lawyers, Jewish, 210, 302

  League of Nations, 39, 57, 222, 227, 302

  Leahy, Admiral, 196

  Lee, Robert E., 501, 522, 580n, 596n–97n

  LeHand, Missy, 48, 423

  Lend-Lease policy, 36, 55–56, 70, 142, 238–44, 344, 352, 414, 512, 545n, 570n

  FDR’s press conference on, 238–39

  Leningrad, 255, 358, 434

  Lerner, Max, 401

  Leuchtenberg, William, 602n

  Levi, Primo, 454, 562n, 563n

  Leviathan, USS, 39

  Levine, Eugene, 365

  Levine, Samuel A., 549n

  Levy, Joseph, 441

  Levy, Richard H., 594n

  liberalism, liberals, 20, 59, 230, 280, 287, 342

  Wise as, 311, 312, 314

  Libya, 4, 275, 334–35, 352, 386

  lice, 107, 362, 518

  Lincoln, Abraham, 23, 55, 59, 164, 192, 405–6, 528, 531–36, 594n

  Emancipation Proclamation and, 532–33

  as noncommital on war, 570n–71n

  second inaugural of, 478, 509, 596n

  Stowe and, 582n

  Lindbergh, Charles, 232, 244, 566n–67n

  Lindenbaum, Shalom, 461

  Linz, 361, 362

  Lippmann, Walter, 57, 370, 551n, 582n

  Lithuanian Jews, 257–58, 268

  Livadia, 509–10

  Lomazow, Stephen, 556n

  London, 38, 273, 274, 302, 318, 330–31, 391

  Breslau compared with, 282, 283

  German bombing of, 53–54, 233, 235, 242, 246–47

  Riegner Telegram and, 217, 306, 315

  Schulte in, 283, 287–88

  Welles in, 48

  Long, Breckinridge, 221–29, 317, 568n

  as ambassador to Italy, 223

  anti-Semitism of, 223, 225–26, 227, 415

  background of, 221–22

  Bermuda conference and, 385–86

  Eleanor Roosevelt’s clash with, 227–29

  FDR’s meeting with, 226

  McCloy compared with, 445

  in politics, 222–23

  rescue plan and, 414–17

  Long, Huey, 59

  Long, William Strudwick, 222

  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 243

  Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 27, 29, 37, 475

  Los Alamos laboratories, 412, 509

  Los Angeles Times, 445

  Lovett, Dr., 549n

  Low Countries, 220, 232

  liberation of, 492–94, 493

  see also specific countries

  Lublin, 389, 390, 497

  Lucas, Scott, 384

  Lueger, Karl, 364

  Luftwaffe, 52–53, 198, 233, 245, 255, 352, 452, 465, 594n

  luggage, of Jews, 95, 101, 117, 118, 119, 258–59

  Luxembourg, 165, 269

  Luxemburg, Rosa, 365

  Luxford, Ansel, 413

  Lvov, 271, 494

  Lyme Bay, 159, 161

  lynchings, 317

  MacArthur, Douglas
, 56, 474–75, 478, 481–82

  on FDR’s health, 482, 596n

  McAuliffe, Anthony, 501

  McClelland, Roswell, 450, 451

  McCloy, John J., Jr., 193, 424, 425, 435

  background of, 443–44

  internment of Japanese Americans and, 443–49, 590n

  rescue of Jews and, 449–52, 456–57, 460–61, 469–71, 497

  McCloy, John J., Sr., 443–44

  McDonald, James G., 227, 313, 326–27

  machine guns, 83, 123, 134–35, 230, 496, 522

  D-Day and, 180, 182, 186, 187

  “Harvest Festival” and, 498

  in murder of Soviet Jews, 258, 259

  McIntire, Ross, 48, 67, 85–89, 442, 550n, 555n–56n

  Churchill’s talk with, 486

  election of 1944 and, 489

  at Hobcaw Barony, 140, 141, 156, 157, 162

  White House office of, 193–94

  McKinley, William, 27

  MacLeish, Archibald, 392

  Madagascar, 262, 297

  Madison, James, 585n

  Majdanek, 116, 134–35, 390, 494, 559n

  Soviet liberation of, 497–98, 504, 598n

  Malin, Patrick, 228

  Malta, 73, 245, 510

  Manchester, William, 568n

  Manchuria, 513

  Manhattan Project, 411–12

  maps, 128, 190, 192, 196–97, 201, 250

  Marines, U.S., 140

  Marshall, George, 22, 56, 63, 227

  at Algiers conference, 391

  Casablanca conference and, 353

  in London, 273

  1942 plans and, 573n

  1942 war views of, 272–74, 276–78

  Overlord and, 68, 72–73, 189–90, 192–93, 553n

  Torch and, 276–78, 342

  Marshall, John, 194

  mass executions:

  of Germans, 68–69

  of Jews, 256–64

  at Majdanek, 116, 134–35

  toll of, 263–64

  Mauthausen, 499, 518

  McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 380

  Meacham, Jon, 547n, 583n

  medical experiments, 106, 294, 295

  Mediterranean, 38, 246, 248, 277, 344, 355, 405

  Casablanca conference and, 352–53

  Churchill’s focus on, 61, 64, 273, 392–94, 534

  Mediterranean Air Force, 204

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 251, 360, 367–68, 582n

  Meir, Golda, 215

  Meltzer, Bernard, 414

  Mengele, Joseph, 94–95, 106, 112

  Mercer, Lucy, see Rutherfurd, Lucy Mercer

  merchant ships, 234, 396

  Mexico, 82, 228

  Miami, Fla., 217–18

  Middle East, 17, 18, 246, 275–76, 402, 405–8, 571n

  Minsk, 255, 391

  Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 61, 254, 290, 511, 571n

  at White House, 274, 276

  money, 101, 102, 112, 216, 369

  for atomic bomb, 411

  escapes and, 124, 149

  for Jewish rescue, 407–8, 416

  Morgenthau and, 422, 423

  Nazi need for, 286–87

  Schulte’s interest in, 281–83