Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
of Dinomischus, 149–50
of echinoderms, 302
of Emeraldella, 181–84
excavation and dissection of, 87–91
of Habelia, 179
of Hallucigenia, 153–57
of Leanchoilia, 181–84
of Marrella, 107–21
of Molaria, 178–79
monographs on, 97
of multicellular animals, 55
of Naraoia, 164–67
of Nectocaris, 145–47
of Odaraia, 173–76
of Odontogriphus, 147–49
of Opabinia, 124–36
orientations of, 91–93
part and counterpart for, 93–96
of Pikaia, 321–23
Precambrian, 57–59
Precambrian, artifact theory of, 271–75
preserved in silica, 101
of Sanctacaris, 186–88
of Sarotrocercus, 179–80
of Sidneyia, 176–78
of soft–bodied animals, 60–64, 225
of teeth, 60
three–dimensionality of, 242
Walcott’s examination of, 244–45
of Waptia, 138–39
of Wiwaxia, 189–93
of Yohoia, 121–24
Freud, Sigmund, 44, 81
Frost, Robert, 291
Galápagos Islands, 286, 301
Galileo Galilei, 16, 289
genes, transferred between species, 38n genetic systems, “aging” of, 230–31
genius, 100
geographic range, mass extinctions and, 306
Geological Survey of Canada, 76, 114, 127, 199
geology, 44–45
continental drift in, 279
time scale in, 53–55
gill branches, 104
of Opabinia, 133
Glaessner, Martin, 311
Glenn, Libby, 17
gnathobase, 105
Goddard, Robert H., 248
Gombos, A. M., Jr., 307
Grand Canyon, 260n
Granger, W., 296–97
Granton Sandstone (Scotland), 149
Gray, Asa, 290
Habelia, 179, 219
Haeckel, Ernst, 263–67
Hall, James, 243
Hallucigenia, 14, 25
Conway Morris on, 153–57 heads: of Actaeus, 180
of Alalcomenaeus, 180
of A nomalocaris, 202
appendages on, 184
of Odaraia, 173–74
of Sanctacaris, 186
helicoplacoids, 302
Henry, Joseph, 242
Higgins, A. K., 225
Hill, R. T., 248
historical explanation, 283–84
historical sciences, 278–79
natural history as, 280–81
history, contingency in, 284–85
holothurians, 156, 195–96
holotype, 287n
Homo erectus, 29, 319, 320
homology, 213, 214, 231
Homo sapiens, see
humans Hoover, Herbert, 248, 262
horses, evolution of, 36
horseshoe crabs, 43n
Horsey, Anna, 64, 250
Hou Xian-guang, 226
Hrdlicka, Ales, 249
Hughes, Chris, 83, 121, 138–39
humans:
contingency in origin of, 291
linear theories of evolution of, 28–31
“march of progress” illustrations of evolution of, 31–35
origin of, 319–21
Pikaia as ancestor of, 322–23
Hunsrückschiefer, 61, 63, 112, 302
Hurdia, 109
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 18, 77–78, 129
on Aysheaia, 168–69, 172
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 16
Hyatt, Alpheus, 257
hybridization of plants, 38n Hymenocaris (Canadaspis), 109
Hyracotherium, 36
Ichncumonidae, 290
invertebrates, 38n
Isua rocks, 57, 58
Jablonski, D., 306
jaws, 171
of Anomalocaris, 236–37
of polychaetes, 295
of Wiwaxia, 192, 193
jellyfish, 26
Johnson, Larry, 32
Jordan, David Starr, 252
Jurassic period, 63–64
Kauffman, Stu, 232–33
Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron, 45n, 279
Khayyám, Omar, 43–44
King, Clarence, 246–47
King, Stephen, 285–86
kingdoms (in taxonomy), 98–99
Kitchell, J. A., 307, 308
Knight, Charles R., 23, 298
illustration of Burgess Shale life by, 25–26, 194
Kummel, Bernie, 141–42
laboratory research, myth of, 80
lace crabs, see Marrella splendens Laertes, 27
Lagerstätten, 61–63, 112, 149, 322
Laggania cambria, 196–99, 201
Leakey, Meave, 101
Leakey, Richard, 101
Leanchoilia, 109, 181–84, 220–21, 238, 292
Lendzion, K., 227
Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab), 43n Linnaeus, Carolus, 98, 142
Lipalian interval, 269, 273–76
Littorina littorea, 68
lophophores, 147–48
Lovejoy, A. O., 28
Lower Cambrian period, 225–26
Mackenzia, 195
McLaren, Digby, 77
malacostracans, 109
Canadaspis as, 162
mammals, 296
bird as rivals to, 297
in Cretaceous mass extinction, 307
evolution of, 318
Manton, Sidnie, 162n
“march of progress” illustrations, 31–35
Marr, 72
Marrella splendens, 25, 69, 72, 74–75, 137, 238, 292
ecology of, 219, 222, 223
outside of Burgess Shale, 224
Walcott’s classification of, 107–13
Whittington’s first monograph on, 81, 82, 113–21
marsupials, 298
Marx, Karl, 79
mass extinctions, 48, 54–55, 234, 305–8
Cretaceous, 278
extraterrestrial-impact theory of, 280
natural selection and, 300n Permian, 229
Matthew, W. D., 296–97
Mazon Creek fossils, 61, 63, 65, 136
Mendel, Gregor, 241
merostomes, 109
Merostomoidea, 112, 181–82
“merostomoids,” 137–38, 176–78, 215n discrediting of, 181–83
in Walcott’s classification, 268
Mesozoic era, 54
Meszoly, Laszlo, 17
metamerism, 103
Millikan, R. A., 262
Milton, John, 127
Mimetaster, 63, 302n Molaria, 178–79, 219
mollusks, Wiwaxia and, 193
molting, 238
monographs, 97, 100
monophyly, 38
Mount Stephen (British Columbia), 68, 71–72
mouths:
of Anomalocaris, 203
of Anomalocaris, Peytoia as, 200–201
of Aysheaia, 169
of Branchiocaris, 160
names for parts of, 159n of Opabinia, 132–133
multicellular animals:
evolution of, 311–14
first appearance of, 55
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, 56, 57
Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard), 213
Naraoia, 72, 110, 164–67, 208, 226
Nathorstia (Olenoides serratus), 109
National Academy of Sciences, 242
National Museum of Natural History, 75
National Research Council, 242
natural history, 280–81
natural selection, 228, 257, 258, 290
mass extinctions and, 300n Neanderthal people, 29–31, 319–20
Nectocaris, 145–47
nektobenthonic organisms, 219–20
Neopilina, 206
Newell, Norman, 140
nuclear winter, 308
Odaraia, 173–76, 238
ecology of, 221
origin of name for, 69
tail of, 213
Odbody, Clarence, 14
Odontogriphus, 143, 217
Conway Morris on, 147–49
ecology of, 222
rarity of, 152
Ogygopsis, 68, 194
Olenellus, 272
Olenoides serratus, 109
Onychophora 103, 168, 188n Aysheaia and, 171–72
Opabinia regalis, 14, 24, 25, 52, 239
origin of name for, 69
reclassification of, 109
reinterpretation of, 124–36, 144n, 145
Orwell George, 130
Osborn Henry Fairfield, 29, 262
Ottoia prolifica, 96, 222, 225, 294
oxygen, in decay of fossils, 62
Palaeontological Association (Great Britain), 124, 126
paleontology 84
discoveries in, 280
doctoral research in, 139–40
as “stamp collecting,” 281
Paleozoic era, 54–55
pandas, 300–301
Paramecium, 58
Parker, Sybil P., 293
Pasteur, Louis, 142
Peel, J. S., 225
Peripatus, 168
Permian mass extinction, 55, 229, 306
Perspicaris, 161, 221
Peters, Mike, 32
Peytoia nathorsti, 196–203
Pharkidonotus percarinatus, 68
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 79–80, 97, 280
phororhacids 298–99
phyla, 99–100
arthropods, 102–6
“phyllopod bed,” 69
Pikaia gracilens, 321–23
Piltdown man, 29
Pithecanthropus (Homo erectus), 29
Pius IX (pope), 130n
plants:
diatoms, 307–8
hybridization of, 38n Plenocaris, 122n, 221
Pollingeria, 212
Polonius, 27
polychaetes (Polychaeta), 25, 142, 154
alternative evolution of, 293
in Burgess Shale, 163–64, 171
survival of, 295
polyphyly 38n
Pope, Alexander, 28, 44
Portalia, 212
Precambrian fauna, 231
Precambrian period, 55
Ediacara fauna in, 311–14
fossils of, 57–59
in Walcott–s chronology, 269–75
predators 223–24
predictability, contingency and, 289–90
priapulids (Priapulida), 25, 142, 163, 293–94
near extinction of, 294–96
primates 265
progress:
Darwin on, 257–58, 305
“march of progress” illustrations of, 31–35
in science, myths of, 80
Walcott on, 259–61
prokaryotic cells, 58, 60, 309, 310
Protocaris pretiosa, 159
Pseudonotostraca 112, 121
punctuated-equilibrium theory, 81n Pupin, Michael, 256, 262
rami, 104
randomness, in extinctions, 47n, 306
Rattus rattus rattus, 68
Raup, David M., 306
Raymond Percy, 76–78, 94
Branchiocaris fossil found by, 159
Marrella fossils collected by, 108
on Opabinia, 133
Walcott disliked by, 111n religion, 261–62
Rendell, Ruth (Barbara Vine), 285
Resser, Charles E., 76, 159, 245
Ripley, S. Dillon, 242
Robison, Richard, 171, 198, 225
Rockefeller, John D., 253, 254
rodents, 265
Romer, A. S., 111n, 297
Roosevelt Quentin, 249
Roosevelt Theodore, 242n, 249
Rowe, L. S., 252
Royal Society of London, 79–80, 97, 280
Rozanov A. Yu., 315
Rutter, 74
Sage, Mrs. Russell, 254
Sanctacaris, 77, 186–88, 208, 224–25, 238, 292
monograph on, 82
Sarotrocercus, 179–80, 221
Schevill Bill, 18, 77
Schidlowski M., 57–58
Schopf, T. J. M., 61
Schuchert Charles, 71, 108, 251
science.
biases and objectivity in, 244
Freud on, 44
genius in, 100
“hard” and “soft,” 278–79
myths of progress in, 80
natural history as, 280–81
“popular” writing on, 16
religion and, 261–62
spying and, Boas–Walcott letters on, 255–56
testability in, 282
scientific method, 277–78, 283
sclerites of Wiwaxia, 189–91, 225
Scopes trial, 261
Seilacher Dolf, 312–14
Sepkoski Jack, 61
sexual reproduction, 309–10
shared derived traits, 177, 214
shared primitive (symplesiomorphic) traits, 176–77, 214–15
Sidneyia inexpectans, 25, 85–96, 176–78, 184, 238, 292
Anomalocaris and, 195
ecology of, 219
Signor Phil, 226
silica fossils preserved in, 101
Simonetta, A. M., 129
Simpson, G. G., 299
single-celled life, 58
diatoms, 307–8
Smithsonian Institution, 75
Boas fired from, 256
Walcott as head of, 241–42
Snodgrass 123
soft-bodied animals, fossils of, 60–64
at Burgess Shale, 69–70, 72–74, 208
flattening of, 84
near site of Burgess Shale, 77
outside of Burgess Shale, 225
Solnhofen limestone, 63–64
Soper, N. J., 225
South American fauna, 297–99
Spearman Charles, 279
species:
diversity of and disparity in, 49
genes transferred between, 38n holotypes of, 287n
increasing number of, 47
in phyla, 99–100
spines:
on Alalcomenaeus, 180, 221–22
of Hallucigenia, 155, 156
on Wiwaxia, 189–93
sponges 38n, 75–76
Aysheaia and, 169–71
Burgess Shale fossils of, 74
sterotypy, 49
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 98
Størmer, Leif, 111–13, 116–18, 120–22, 124
Merostomoidea class of, 181
Trilobitoidea class of, 168
stromatolites 58, 309
Suddes Steven, 17
Sweden, Upper Cambrian fossils from, 63
symplesiomorphic (shared primitive) traits, 176–77
Szep 32
Taft, William Howard, 245n tagma, 104
tagmosis, 104, 146, 209n tails:
of Odaraia, 175, 213
on Sidneyia, 177–78
tautology argument, 236
taxonomy 98–100
of arthropods, 102–3, 106
as expression of evolutionary arrangement, 97
of worms, 142
teeth 60
of Anomalocaris, 203
conodonts and, 148–49
of Wiwaxia, 192
Tegopelte gigas, 167, 176, 226
tentacles:
in Amiskwia, 151
in Hallucigenia, 155–57
in Odontogriphus, 147–48
Thylacosmilus, 298
time, geological, 44–45, 53–55
Tolstoy, Leo, 285
Tommotian fauna, 59–61, 226, 314, 315
Tontoia, 109
Triassic period, 318
trilobites (Trilobita), 25, 103, 106
in Burgess Shal
e, 208
ecology of, 219
first appearance of, 226
Marrella as, 108–9, 116–20
Naraoia and, 165–67
Olenellus, 272
origin of, 316
Walcott’s correspondence on, 251
Trilobitoidea 112–14, 117
eliminated as class, 167–68
Marrella as, 120–21
Yohoia as, 122, 124
Trilobitomorpha 112, 117
“tripod” fish, 156
Tullimonstrum (Tully Monster), 63, 136
Tuzoia, 109, 194
Twain Mark, 45
uniramians (Uniramia), 25, 103, 106
uniramous limbs, 105
Valentine, James W., 231
ventral side, 105
Vermes (“worms”), 142
vertebrates:
as coelomates, 38n
Pikaia as ancestor of, 322
terrestrial, origin of, 317–18
Vine Barbara (Ruth Rendell), 285
Vonnegut Kurt, 286
Walcott, Charles Doolittle, 13–14
as administrator, 245–51
on Amiskwia, 150
analogy and homology not distinguished by, 214n Anomalocaris and, 194–96
archives of, 243–44
on Aysheaia, 168
on bivalved arthropods, 158
Burgess Shale discovered by, 24, 56, 71–75
Burgess Shale fossils classified by, 109–13, 137
Burgess Shale fossils interpreted by, 85
on Canadia sparsa (Hallucigenia), 154
cone of diversity in interpretations of Burgess Shale by, 45–47
conservative personality of, 253–57
counterparts of fossils not studied by, 93
death of wife of, 64
determinism of, 288
on evolution and natural history, 257–63
fossils in odd orientations not studied by, 91–92
fossils named by, 68–69
Knight’s illustration of life in Burgess Shale based on, 25–26
landscape photography by, 65
life of, 240–43
Marrella classified as Trilobita by, 108–9, 117–18
on Naraoia, 164
on Opabinia, 125–29, 133
on Pikaia, 321
on Pollingeria, 212
on Polychaeta, 164
on Protocaris, 159
published articles by, 75–76
reexamination of specimens collected by, 80, 142–57
shoehorn error of, 244–45, 266–77
on Sidneyia, 85–87, 176
on Yohoia, 121, 122n Walcott, Charles Doolittle, Jr., 249
Walcott Helen, 64–65, 74, 249–50
Walcott, Helena, 68, 72, 74, 75
death of, 64, 243, 249
Raymond disliked by, 111n Walcott, Sidney, 68, 71, 74
Walcott Stuart, 64, 68, 72, 74, 249
Walker Alan, 101
walking legs, 104, 105
of Marrella, 117
on Sidneyia, 93, 177
Waptia, 25, 72, 121, 138, 219
Weiner Jonathan, 42–43
whales 300
Whewell, William, 282