Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare

  problem, 135–36

  romantic, 238

  in Shakespeare’s development, 297

  Comedy of Errors, The (Shakespeare), 56, 81, 130–31, 169, 212, 276, 329

  Plautus as source of, 28, 130, 208

  Condell, Henry, 18, 386

  constables, public role of, 59–60

  Cordelia (char.), 40, 84, 127, 327–29, 356, 358

  Cordella (char.), 327–28, 357

  Corin (char.), 57

  Corinthians, First Epistle to the, 35–36

  Coriolanus (char.), 369

  Coriolanus (Shakespeare), 126, 170, 193, 296

  Corpus Christi College:

  Cambridge, 193

  Oxford, 387

  Corpus Christi pageants, 37

  Costard (char.), 123, 260

  costumes, 73–74, 76, 104, 184, 188, 332, 380

  Cottam, John, 97, 98, 102, 103–4

  Cottam, Thomas, 97–98, 99, 100, 114, 116, 118

  Coventry, 36–37, 43–45, 50, 93, 159, 161

  Cox, Captain, 44

  Cradle of Security, The, 30–32, 34

  Cranmer, Thomas, 91

  Cripplegate, 164, 293, 362

  Cromer, Sir James (char.), 171–72

  Cross Keys, the, 184

  Curtain Theater, 185, 189, 201, 291

  Daemonologie (James I), 342–48

  dancing, 74, 75, 176

  Danes, 37, 44, 45, 66

  Dante Alighieri, 129

  Darcy, Brian, 344

  Davenant, Jane, 330–31

  Davenant, John, 330–31

  Davenant, Robert, 331

  Davenant, William, 331

  Davies, Richard, 150, 154, 387

  Day, William, 115

  Debdale, Robert, 96, 97, 99, 116, 118

  Dekker, Thomas, 167, 178, 262

  Demetrius (char.), 134

  Denmark, 295–96, 334, 346–47

  Derby, Henry Stanley, Lord Strange, Earl of, 104, 105

  Derby’s Men, 272–73

  Desdemona (char.), 33–34, 127, 132–33, 180, 248, 325–27

  Dethick, Sir William, 78, 80–81

  Devereux, Penelope, 129

  Dickens, Charles, 88

  Discovery of Witchcraft, The (Scot), 352–53

  divorce, literature advocating, 129

  Doctor Faustus (Marlowe), 257

  Domesday Book, 58, 85

  Dominicans, 352

  Donati, Gemma, 129

  Don John the Bastard (char.), 180

  Donne, John, 146, 173, 207, 330

  Don Quixote, 370

  Douai, University of, 19, 96

  Dover, 98, 163, 365

  Drayton, Michael, 387

  Dulwich College, 191

  Duncan (char.), 335, 338, 354

  Duncane, Geillis, 346, 348, 351, 355

  Durham, bishops of, 164

  Dutch Church, 262, 267

  Dyos, Roger, 93, 102

  Dyrmonth, Adam, 17

  Earl of Derby’s Men, 272–73

  Earl of Essex’s Men, 161

  Earl of Hertford’s Men, 272

  Earl of Leicester’s Men, 30, 161

  Earl of Pembroke’s Men, 272

  Earl of Sussex’s Men, 161, 272

  Earl of Warwick’s Men, 30

  Earl of Worcester’s Men, 28, 30

  Easter, public pageants for, 36

  Edgar (char.), 116, 166, 356, 358

  Edgeworth, Roger, 95

  Edinburgh, 346

  Edmund (char.), 34, 356, 357, 358

  Edstone, 157

  education:

  Shakespeare’s, 18–19, 25–28, 54, 64, 66, 73, 77, 96, 97, 103, 171, 208

  women excluded from, 25–28

  Edward I, King of England, 258

  Edward II (Marlowe), 207, 256

  Edward VI, King of England, 25, 90–92, 314

  Egeus (char.), 127

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 11, 25, 63, 164, 228, 288, 310, 332, 333–34, 366

  assassination attempts against, 158, 161, 268, 293

  bear baiting patronized by, 177

  cult of virginity of, 48, 254

  death of, 329

  Essex and, 273, 274, 308, 309

  Falstaff admired by, 222

  insecurities of, 187

  intelligence service under, 267–68

  Latin spoken by, 24

  Lopez affair and, 273–78, 285

  Lucy favored by, 153, 159

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England (continued), Mary Queen of Scots condemned by, 333

  papal incitements against, 92–93, 99, 100, 106, 114, 157

  and pardon in Marlowe killing, 268

  plays censored by, 339, 341

  as Protestant, 61, 91–93, 94, 97, 314

  royal progresses of, 42–51, 60

  as spectacle, 45–46

  theater supported by, 29, 187, 202

  Emperor of Constantinople, 256

  enclosure, economic impact of, 382–83

  England, Elizabethan, 234

  baiting of animals in, 177–78

  child mortality rates in, 289

  cities in, 166

  death in childbirth in, 133

  deer poaching understood in, 151–52

  foreigners in, 261–62

  hierarchical society in, 76

  homosexuality in, 253

  international book trade in, 270

  Jewish absence from, 261–62

  life expectancy in, 356

  literary theorists in, 297

  names spelled variously in, 104

  ornate eloquence prized in, 23–24

  public health regulation in, 236

  unmarried mothers in, 123

  vagrancy in, 87–88

  England, Jacobean, baiting of animals in, 177–78

  England, medieval, Jews expelled from, 258, 264, 280

  England, Stuart, 358

  England, Tudor, 358

  religious upheavals of, 89, 93–94

  social hierarchy in, 208

  Erasmus, 24

  Essays (Montaigne), 227

  Essex, Earl of, 273–75, 308–11

  Essex House, 273

  Essex’s Men, 161

  Euripides, 202

  Evans, Sir Hugh (char.), 64–65, 154

  Every Man in His Humour (Jonson), 89, 329, 365

  Every Man out of His Humour (Jonson), 80, 329

  Faerie Queene (Spenser), 327

  Fair Em, 256

  Falstaff (char.), 40–41, 69, 215, 259, 260, 290

  as failed father figure, 70–71, 217–18

  Greene as model for, 216–25, 251

  Oldcastle as model for, 220, 308

  the Vice as model for, 33–34, 220–21

  Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth, The, 220

  Fang (char.), 33

  Faversham, 289

  Fawkes, Guy, 336

  fear, transgressive pleasure and, 34

  Felton, John, 92

  Feng (char.), 303

  Ferdinand (char.), 142

  Feste (char.), 56, 215

  festivals, seasonal, 36–40

  Field, Jacqueline Vautrollier, 194

  Field, Richard, 193–94, 195, 240–41, 367

  Finsbury Field, 176

  First Folio, 18

  Fitton, Mary, 233

  Fletcher, John, 370, 373, 379

  flogging, 26

  as public entertainment, 178

  Florio, John, 186–87, 227

  Flute, Francis (char.), 51

  folk customs, 32, 39, 40–42, 52

  Forest of Arden, 40, 58, 85, 166, 298

  Fortune Theater, 189, 293

  Foxe, John, 91, 159

  France, 223, 264, 362

  French Huguenots, 99

  Fripp, Edgar, 126

  Frizer, Ingram, 267–68

  “Funeral, The” (Donne), 146

  galleries, 183, 184, 185

  Garnet, Henry, 336–37, 338

  Gauguin, Paul, 162

&nbs
p; Geneva, 91

  gentlemen:

  as actors’ roles, 74–75

  Greene’s pretensions and, 204, 206

  as John Shakespeare’s aspirations, 77–82

  as Shakespeare’s aspiration, 41, 75–76, 78–81, 85–86, 149, 169, 204, 377, 378, 387–88

  gentlemen’s rooms, 185

  Geoffrey of Monmouth, 195

  Germany, 91

  Gertrude (char.), 136–37, 215, 306–7

  Gerutha (char.), 303

  ghosts:

  in Hamlet, 304–6, 307, 318–20, 322

  Protestant disbelief in, 320

  Gilborne, Samuel, 73

  Giovanni, Ser, 270–71

  Giraldi, Giambattista (Cinthio), 325–26

  Globe Theater, 40, 80, 189, 292–93, 330, 365–68

  burning of, 379–81

  New, 292

  rebuilding of, 382

  Gloucester, 30, 31, 93

  Gloucester, Duke of (Richard III) (char.), 33, 34, 124, 126, 179, 257, 298, 299–300, 357, 372

  Gloucester (King Lear) (char.), 166, 179, 356, 358

  Goldingham, Harry, 49, 50–51

  Goneril (char.), 127, 356, 358, 360–61

  Gosson, Stephen, 186

  Gowrie, Alexander, 340–41

  Gowrie, Earl of, 340

  Gowrie House, 340–41

  Granada, Luis de, 157, 158–59

  Gray, Joseph, 125

  Gray’s Inn, 115, 228

  Graziano (char.), 135, 279–80

  Great Stone Gate, 173

  Greene, Doll, 203–4, 205, 216, 219

  Greene, Fortunatus, 205

  Greene, Robert, 200, 203–11, 311, 362, 371

  actors disdained by, 204–6

  illness and death of, 210–11, 220, 224, 377

  as model for Falstaff, 216–25, 251

  posthumous memoirs of, 212–15, 226–27, 267

  self-mythologizing by, 204–5, 206

  Greene, Thomas, 382–83

  Greene’s Groatsworth of Wit, Bought with a Million of Repentance, 212–15, 226–27, 241, 267

  Gregory XIII, Pope, 99, 106

  groundlings, 183

  Guild Chapel, “reparations” of, 94–95

  Guildenstern, 306

  guildhalls, 184

  Guild of the Holy Cross, 25

  Gunpowder Plot, 336–41, 350

  Gwinn, Matthew, 332–34, 335, 348, 350

  Gyllome, Fulk, 104, 105

  Hall, Edward, 169, 195

  Hall, Elizabeth, 378, 386, 387, 390

  Hall, Hugh, 157–58, 160

  Hall, John, 144, 368, 378, 383, 384, 385–86, 390

  Hamlet (char.), 33, 56, 66–67, 70, 137–38, 140, 158, 215, 293, 294, 298, 303–7, 342, 363, 369

  Burbage as, 185

  Kyd’s play about, 203, 294–95, 304, 318

  madness assumed by, 307, 324

  Hamlet, King (char.), 137, 138, 303, 306–7, 376

  Hamlet (Shakespeare), 33, 56, 137–38, 203, 257, 293–94, 362

  creative frenzy inaugurated by, 296, 325

  doubleness in, 103, 155

  drunkenness in, 66–67, 70

  ghost in, 303–6, 307, 318–20, 322

  Hamnet’s death and, 310–12, 320–22

  inner life depicted in, 303–7, 318, 320

  Hamlet (Shakespeare) (continued), new words in, 307–8

  strategic opacity in, 323–25, 354, 377

  Hand D, Shakespeare writing in, 263, 284

  Harington, John, 341–42

  Harris, Richard, 157

  Harvey, Gabriel, 206, 208, 210–11, 214–15, 311

  Hathaway, Anne, see Shakespeare, Anne Hathaway

  Hathaway, Bartholomew, 118–19

  Hathaway, Richard, 116, 118–19

  “heavens,” 183

  Hebrew Bible, 260–61

  Helen (char.), 136

  Helena (char.), 134

  “hell,” 183

  Heminges, John, 18, 104, 273, 292, 386

  Henry, Prince, 331, 333

  Henry IV (Bolingbroke) (char.), 33, 217, 300

  Henry IV, Part 1 (Shakespeare), 40–41, 127–28, 217–19, 259, 289, 296, 308

  quarto edition of, 291

  Henry IV, Part 2 (Shakespeare), 33, 41–42, 69, 70–71, 215–16, 222–23, 251, 296, 308

  Henry V (Prince Hal) (char.), 33, 41, 71, 216–20, 223–24

  Henry V (Shakespeare), 65–66, 298, 309, 310, 329

  Falstaff excluded from, 223–24

  Henry VI (char.), 110

  Henry VI, Part 1 (Shakespeare), 33, 123–24, 155, 194–95, 199, 201, 207, 209, 210, 212

  Marlowe’s influence on, 192, 196–98, 256

  Henry VI, Part 2 (Shakespeare), 110, 167–73, 194–95, 196–97, 199, 201, 207, 209, 210, 212

  Marlowe’s influence on, 192, 256

  Henry VI, Part 3 (Shakespeare), 123–24, 194–95, 199, 201, 207, 209, 210, 212, 213, 296

  Marlowe’s influence on, 192, 196–97, 256, 257

  Henry VII, King of England, 80

  Henry VIII:

  King of England, 31, 43, 157, 177, 234, 333–34, 380

  as Protestant, 9, 89, 93–94, 314

  Henry VIII (Shakespeare), 56, 373, 379–80, 402

  Henslowe, Philip, 182, 191, 273

  Herbert, William, 232

  Herefordshire, 202

  Hermia (char.), 127, 134

  Hermione (char.), 84, 131–32, 370–71, 376

  Hero (char.), 135, 180

  Hero and Leander (Marlowe), 257

  Hertford’s Men, 272

  Hesketh, Sir Thomas, 89, 104–6, 108

  Heywood, Thomas, 262

  Hicox, 76

  Hippolyta (char.), 52–53

  Historia regum Britanniae (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 195

  history plays, 195, 207, 222–23, 256, 296–97

  boundary between tragedy and, 296–97

  in Shakespeare’s development, 297

  Hock Tuesday, 36–37, 43–45, 50

  Hoghton, Alexander, 89, 103–6, 108, 113–14

  Hoghton, Richard, 106

  Hoghton, Thomas, 104

  holidays, see festivals, traditional

  Holinshed, Raphael, 169, 195, 335–36

  Holofernes (char.), 24

  Holy Trinity, priory of, 165

  Holy Trinity Church, Stratford, 289, 311, 386

  Holywell, 183

  homosexuality, 143, 254

  in Elizabethan England, 253

  fear of, 27, 28, 119, 186

  of James I, 333

  of Marlowe, 268

  of Shakespeare, see Shakespeare, William, sexuality of

  in sonnets, 233–35

  Honigmann, Ernst, 103, 213–14

  Hooper, John, 93

  Hope Theater, 182, 189

  Hopton, Sir Owen, 115

  Horace, 109

  Horatio (char.), 56, 66, 305, 342, 362

  hornbooks, 25

  Horwendil, King (char.), 303

  Host, Elevation of, 90

  Hotspur (Harry Percy) (char.), 127–28

  Houndsditch, 165

  houses of resort, see whorehouses

  Howard of Effingham, Charles Howard, Lord, 272

  Huguenots, 99

  humor, 32, 52

  Hunsdon, George Carey, Lord, 288

  Hunsdon, Henry Carey, Lord, 272, 288

  Hunt, Simon, 18–19, 96, 97, 102, 118

  Hythe, 163

  Iago, 33–34, 179–80, 325–27, 372

  inhibition, closing of theaters as, 288

  Innogen (Imogen) (char.), 166

  inns, 176, 184, 187–88, 288

  Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 193

  Interlude of Youth, The, 31, 32, 34

  Ireland, 106, 308, 313

  Isabella (char.), 110, 136

  Isam, Mr., 210

  Isam, Mrs., 210–11, 219–20

  Italy, 106

  Ithamore (char.), 265, 267

  Jaggard, William, 235

>   James I, King of England, 11

  anxieties of, 333–34, 337, 364

  Gowrie assassination attempt on, 340–41

  Gunpowder Plot against, 336–40, 341, 350

  homosexuality of, 333

  hunting by, 333, 340

  Macbeth written for, 334–36

  marriage of, see Anne of Denmark, Queen of England

  in Oxford, 331–34

  as theater patron, 329, 339, 364–65, 366

  witches and the supernatural feared by, 333–34, 342–48

  James VI, King of Scotland, see James I, King of England

  Jaques (char.), 64

  Jenkins, Thomas, 27, 96–97, 102

  Jessica (char.), 133, 135, 271, 280–82, 284

  Jesuits, 19, 96, 97, 100, 101, 106, 107, 111, 115, 116, 156, 160, 275, 277, 316, 336, 337, 338

  Jew of Malta, The (Marlowe), 257–58, 262, 265–67, 270, 286

  and narrative of Lopez conspiracy, 275, 278

  Jews, 257–62, 264–68, 270–72, 274–87

  conversion to Christianity by, 258, 266, 278, 280

  English imagination and, 258–60

  in expulsion from England, 258, 264, 280

  moneylending by, 258, 261, 270–71, 282–83

  Orthodox, 283

  secret, 258

  Shakespeare’s baiting of, 259–60, 264

  as spiritual predecessors to Christianity, 260–61

  see also Jew of Malta, The (Marlowe); Lopez, Roderigo; Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare)

  Joan of Arc (char.), 110, 197

  John of Gaunt (char.), 259

  Johnson, Samuel, 150

  Jonson, Ben, 173, 227, 289, 330

  playwriting of, 66, 80, 167, 182, 256, 329

  on Shakespeare, 17, 189

  Jonson, Ben (continued), Shakespeare’s death and, 387

  Joyce, James, 144

  Juliet (Measure for Measure) (char.), 141

  Juliet (Romeo and Juliet) (char.), 55, 111–12, 122–23, 141, 146–47, 370, 389

  Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 56, 128, 169, 193, 293, 296, 298, 301–2, 308, 310, 323, 388

  eyewitness account of early performance of, 293

  in First Folio, 18

  Justice Shallow (char.), 154, 156

  Kate (char.), 126, 134

  Kemp, Ursula, 344

  Kempe, Will, 104, 210, 273, 292–93

  Kenilworth, 43–50

  Kent, 289

  King John (Shakespeare), 289, 290

  King Lear (Shakespeare), 23, 34, 40, 84, 116, 163, 179, 296, 356–61, 362, 365, 382–83, 388

  as meditation on old age, 356, 359–60

  retirement in, 133, 358–61, 369, 374

  strategic opacity in, 327–29, 354

  King’s Men, 329, 337, 339, 353, 355, 368, 373, 380–82

  court performances by, 329–30, 334, 364

  Gowrie assassination attempt and, 339–42, 364

  touring by, 365–66

  King’s New School, 18–19, 25–28, 55, 64, 118, 171

  Catholic schoolmasters at, 19, 95–98, 102

  King’s Revels, 332