Heretics and Heroes

  William Tyndale: The heroic translator is vividly placed in context by Benson Bobrick in Wide as the Waters: The Story of the English Bible and the Revolution It Inspired (Simon & Schuster, 2001). Almost set against this view is the decidedly less heroic but pointed treatment of the Protestant translators to be found in James Simpson, Burning to Read: English Fundamentalism and Its Reformation Opponents (Harvard, 2007). Tyndale’s own unadulterated voice is to be found in Tyndale’s New Testament (Yale, 1989, 1995) and in his The Obedience of a Christian Man (Penguin, 2000).

  Ignatius Loyola: The biography I refer to in the text is W. W. Meissner, Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint (Yale, 1992). Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises are available in several English editions and many languages.

  François Rabelais: In addition to the considerable variety of editions of Gargantua and Pantagruel offered in both the original texts and translations into modern French, there is an exhaustive new English translation of both books (and their sequels) in a single hefty volume by M. A. Screech (Penguin, 2006). A fascinating critical study, Rabelais and His World by the great and controversial Russian critic Mikhail Bakhtin, is available from Indiana University Press. It links Rabelais to the larger carnivalesque culture of late medieval Europe. The translations from Rabelais’s works are mine.

  Pieter Bruegel: The literature on Bruegel has grown to daunting proportions. A good place to begin is the selective (!) bibliography that concludes Wilfried Seipel, ed., Pieter Bruegel the Elder at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna (Skira Editore, Milan, 2007).

  VI: CHRISTIAN VS. CHRISTIAN

  For this chapter I refer the reader to MacCulloch’s The Reformation (listed above). Another delicious source is Robert J. Knecht, The French Renaissance Court (Yale, 2008). (As the reader may have noted, Yale has one of the most admirable publishing programs in the world.)

  On the subject of Calvin, there is a brilliant new biography by Bruce Gordon (Yale, 2009). Marilynne Robinson’s essay, “Open Thy Hand Wide: Moses and the Origins of American Liberalism,” is found in her collection When I Was a Child I Read Books (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012). Another compelling collection by Robinson is The Death of Adam: Essays on Modern Thought (Picador, 1998, 2005).

  VII: HUMAN LOVE

  Shakespeare has been well served by a variety of contemporary authors (e.g., Peter Ackroyd, Jonathan Bate, Stephen Greenblatt), most notably, in my reckoning, by James S. Shapiro in 1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare (HarperCollins, 2009). The passage from John Donne comes from his Meditation XVII. There is a good new biography, John Donne: The Reformed Soul by John Stubbs (Norton, 2007). Kenneth Clark long ago wrote the fine Introduction to Rembrandt (John Murray, 1978). Simon Schama’s massive appreciation, Rembrandt’s Eyes (Knopf, 1999), offers the most faithful reproductions of Rembrandt’s art, as well as the most complete collection, to be found anywhere.

  POSTLUDE

  All of Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s writings are in the process of being published by Fortress. His most famous work, usually referred to as The Cost of Discipleship, has been published by Fortress in a critical edition under its original title, Discipleship (2000). The same publisher offers the most praised biography: Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Theologian, Christian, Man for His Time (2000).

  For John XXIII I am bold enough to recommend my own Pope John XXIII (Penguin, revised 2008).

  Some of the information about Muriel Moore is taken from the engaging sermon preached at her requiem eucharist by the Reverend Elizabeth G. Maxwell, now pastor of St. Michael’s Episcopal Church, New York City.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  Each volume in the Hinges of History series has presented its own challenges to the author, but no volume has been so challenging as this one. I might have despaired of ever finishing my task had it not been for a heavenly choir of early readers, each expert in one field or another, who were able to review my drafts and make essential corrections and improvements to the text. The members of this choir (who do not always sing with one voice) are my wife Susan Cahill, John E. Becker, Lawrence W. Belle, Michael D. Coogan, Paul Dinter, Susann Gruenwald-Aschenbrenner, Benjamin Larzelere III, Mario Marazziti, Martin E. Marty, James M. Morris, Gertrud Mueller Nelson, Gary B. Ostrower, James S. Shapiro, John Shinners, Donald Spoto, Burton Visotzky, and Robert J. White. Pastor Larzelere’s wife, Bev, contributed the “Good Ol’ Marty Luther” song, which she sang unashamedly in a New York City diner. What errors and flaws remain, however, are mine alone, and may not be laid at the door of any of my readers and contributors.

  My publisher/editor, Nan A. Talese, shepherded all matters with her customarily graceful aplomb. The editorial interventions of my paperback publisher, LuAnn Walther, were also of profound importance. Nan’s assistant editor, Ronit Feldman, and editorial assistant, Dan Meyer, were essential players. I was particularly blessed in Barbara Flanagan and Rosalie Wieder, my copy editors; Nora Reichard, my production editor; Emily Mahon, the jacket designer; and Maria Carella, the text designer. Jen Marshall, my publicist, and John Pitts, my marketing director, are both old friends, neither of whom I could possibly do without. All authors are in the debt of their publisher’s sales force, but none more than I.

  My literary agent, Lynn Nesbit, and her able colleagues, Bennett Ashley and Cullen Stanley, will always have my profound gratitude, as does my preternaturally able assistant, Sarah Palmer.

  PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  Text Credits

  Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for their permission to reprint previously published material:

  Modern Library, an imprint of Penguin Random House, for the passages from Collected Poems by W. H. Auden edited by Edward Mendelson, copyright © 1976, 1991, 2007 by the estate of W. H. Auden.

  Scribner, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, for the passages from The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats, Vol. 1: The Poems, 2nd Edition, edited by Richard J. Finneran, poems copyright © 1982, 1989 by the Executors of the Estate of Grainne Yeats.

  Stanford University Press for the passage from The Letters of Michelangelo [vol 1: 1496–1534; vol 2: 1537–1563] edited and translated by E. H. Ramsden.

  Yale University Press for the passages from Romans (The Anchor Bible Commentaries): A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Joseph A. Fitzmyer.

  Zondervan for the passage on William Tyndale and the translation of the Bible into English, originally written as an introduction to Zondervan’s proposed edition of the King James Version.

  Illustration Credits

  ill.1, ill.2, ill.7, ill.8, ill.9, ill.12, ill.15, ill.16, ill.24, ill.25, ill.29: Scala / Art Resource, NY. Plates ill.3, ill.4, ill.5, ill.18, ill.21, ill.23, ill.27, ill.28: Scala / Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali / Art Resource, NY. ill.6: Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. ill.11: Alinari / Art Resource, NY. ill.13: Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. ill.14: copyright © National Gallery, London / Art Resource, NY. ill.17: Manuel Cohen / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. ill.19, ill.20: Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City / The Bridgeman Art Library. ill.22: Wikimedia Commons. ill.26: copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY.

  ill.30, ill.34, ill.45, ill.54: copyright © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. ill.31, ill.40: copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. ill.32: Alinari / Art Resource, NY. ill.33, ill.38, ill.56, ill.57, ill.59: Scala / Art Resource, NY. ill.35, ill.39, ill.46, ill.49, ill.51, ill.52: Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. ill.36: bpk, Berlin / Alte Pinakothek, Bayerische Staatsgemaeldesammlungen, Munich, Germany / Art Resource, NY. ill.37: bpk, Berlin / Alte Pinakothek, Bayerische Staatsgemaeldesammlungen Augsburg, Germany / Art Resource, NY. ill.41: Scala / Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali / Art Resource, NY. ill.42: copyright © The Frick Collection. ill.43: bpk, Berlin / Kunstmuseum, Basel, Switzerland / Art Resource, NY. ill.44: Courtesy of National Museums Liverpool, Walker Art Gallery. ill.47: copyright © The Trustees of the British Mu
seum. All rights reserved. ill.48: Anthonis Mor Van Dashorst, Knight of the Spanish St. James Order, 1558; Courtesy of the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest. ill.50: Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts, Austin S. and Sarah C. Carver Fund, 1948.ill.22. ill.53: Wikimedia Commons. ill.55: Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / City of Detroit Purchase / The Bridgeman Art Library. ill.58: bpk, Berlin / Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Kassel, Germany / Art Resource, NY. ill.60: Courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. ill.61: bpk, Berlin / Wallraf-Richartz-Museum—Fondation Corboud, Cologne, Germany / Jochen Remmer / Art Resource, NY. ill.62: Album / Art Resource, NY.

  Illustrations in the Text

  2.1, 2.2: Scala / Art Resource, NY. 2.1: Alinari / Art Resource, NY. 2.4: copyright © The Trustees of the National Gallery of Art 1956. 2.5: Royal Collection Trust / copyright © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2012. col3.1, col3.10, col3.12, col3.15: copyright © The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY. col3.2, col3.3: copyright © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. col3.4, col3.6, col3.5, col3.13, col3.14: copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. col3.5: Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. col3.8: V&A Images, London / Art Resource, NY. col3.9: Bridgeman-Giraudon / Art Resource, NY. col3.11: Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Weimar, Germany. col3.16: The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. col3.17: bpk, Berlin / Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Jörg P. Anders / Art Resource, NY.

  INDEX

  Abelard, Peter

  Acts of the Apostles 4:32–35

  Adagia (Erasmus), 3.1, 3.2n

  Adam and Eve (Masaccio)

  Adam and Eve (Masolino)

  Ad Atticum (Cicero)

  Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Luther)

  Admonition to Peace, An (Luther)

  Age of Discovery

  Albigensians

  Albrecht of Brandenburg, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3n, 5.1, 5.2

  Dürer’s portrait of, 5.1, 5.2

  Alexander VI, Pope, 1.1, 1.2n, 1.3

  Alfraganus

  Alphabet, itr.1, itr.2n, 7.1

  Alteration, The (Amis)

  Amis, Kingsley

  Amsterdam

  Anabaptists, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, col4.1

  Angela Merici, 7.1, 7.2

  Anglicanism, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  Book of Common Prayer

  Elizabeth I and

  sexual issues and, 6.1, 6.2n, col4.1

  See also Moore, Muriel

  Anne Boleyn, 5.1n, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2

  Annunciation, The (Leonardo)

  Answer unto Sir Thomas More (Tyndale)

  Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare)

  Antwerp, 5.1, 5.2

  Apocalypse, 3.1, 5.1

  Dürer’s panels of

  Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas

  Architecture

  Bernini and

  Leonardo and Vitruvian ideas

  Michelangelo and

  Piero’s ideas

  Aristotelian logic, 1.1, 1.2

  Aristotelians, fm1.1, fm1.2n, fm1.3, fm1.4, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

  Aristotle, fm1.1, fm1.2, fm1.3, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2

  Art, 2.1, 5.1n, 5.2, 6.1

  early sculptures (symmetrical)

  female form in, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2

  fresco technique, 2.1n, 2.2

  genre painting

  Greco–Roman sculpture, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  horizontal panels, hanging of

  Italian vs. northern European

  Leonardo’s famous quotation

  Lorenzo de’ Medici as patron, 1.1, 2.1

  nudity in, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 5.1, 5.2

  pants painters and fig leaves

  pietàs

  portraiture, col3.1

  Reformation and, 2.1, col3.1, 5.1n, 6.1, 6.2

  Renaissance and

  Savonarola’s influence, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

  See also specific artists and works

  Arthur, W. Brian, n

  Athena and the Centaur (Botticelli)

  Atwood, Margaret

  Auden, W. H., 1.1, 5.1

  Augsburg, Germany

  Augustine of Hippo, fm1.1, fm1.2, fm1.3, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1n

  Civitas Dei (City of God), 5.1n

  as Platonist, fm1.1, itr.1, 1.1

  rhyme used by

  Bach, Johann Sebastian, 2.1, col4.1

  Bacon, Francis

  Ball, John, itr.1, itr.2

  Baptism of Christ (Leonardo)

  Basket of Fruit (Caravaggio)

  Battle of the Angels, The (Dürer)

  Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)

  Beekeepers (Bruegel)

  Beggars (Bruegel)

  Behan, Brendan

  Benedict XVI, Pope, n

  Bergman, Ingmar, itr.1, 6.1

  Bernhardt, Sarah

  Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, col3.1

  architecture by

  ego and

  sculpture by

  See also David; Teresa of Ávila

  Bertoldo di Giovanni

  Biagio da Cesena

  Bible

  Anchor Bible, n

  Complutensian Polygot, 3.1n

  doctrine of scriptural inerrancy and

  Erasmus’s New Testament, 3.1, 3.2n

  gospels, 3.1, 3.2n, 3.3

  Greek text of, 3.1, 3.2n

  Gutenberg’s, itr.1, itr.2

  Hebrew, 3.1n, 3.2

  King James Version (KJV), itr.1, 3.1n, 5.1, 5.2

  Luther’s

  mysteries of, 3.1, 3.2n

  New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), n

  Old Testament

  prohibition on vernacular

  Tyndale’s translation

  Vulgate, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  Wyclif’s translation, itr.1, 5.1

  Big Fish Eat Little Fish (Bruegel)

  Birth of Venus, The (Botticelli), 2.1, 2.2

  Black Death (bubonic plague), itr.1, 1.1

  cultural and socioeconomic change caused by, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, col3.1

  Renaissance and, 1.1, 1.2

  sense of self (ego) and

  Blake, William

  Bloom, Harold

  Boabdil (Muhammad XII)

  Boccaccio, Giovanni, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, itr.5, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1n, 5.2

  Body’s Grace, The (Williams), 6.1n

  Bogomils

  Bohemian Brethren

  Bolt, Robert

  Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, col4.1, col4.2

  Borgia, Cesare

  Borgia, Lucrezia

  Bosch, Hieronymus

  Boswell, David

  Botticelli, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3n

  classical subject matter, 2.1, 2.2n, 2.3

  ego and

  female form and

  influences on

  love for Simonetta Vespucci

  See also specific paintings

  Brave New World (Huxley)

  Brethren of the Common Life, 3.1, 3.2

  Brooks, Mel, n

  Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevsky)

  Bruderhof

  Bruegel, Jan

  Bruegel, Pieter the Elder, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1

  in Antwerp, 5.1, 5.2

  Bosch’s influence on, 5.1

  death of

  large works of

  treasuries of his art, n

  wife, Mayken, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  works in the U.S., 5.1, 5.2n

  See also specific works

  Bruegel, Pieter the Younger

  Bruno, Giordano

  Bucer, Martin, 4.1, 6.1

  Byzantine Empire, 1.1, 1.2

  Cajetan, Cardinal Tommaso

  Calumny (Botticelli)

  Calvin, Jean (John), 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  doctrine of the elect

  execution of civic enemies

  execution of Servetus and, 6.1, 6.2

  Calvinism, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  banning of art, music, and ritual, 6.1, 6.2

  doctrines, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3


  in England, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  in France

  Geneva psalms

  spread of

  Cameron, Euan

  Campanella, Tommaso

  Campion, Edmund

  Camus, Albert

  Canary Islands, 1.1, 1.2

  Candide (Voltaire)

  Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer)

  Caravaggio, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  ego and

  See also specific paintings

  Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2

  Catherine of Aragon, 1.1n, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Catherine Parr

  Catullus, 1.1, 1.2

  Cecil, William, 6.1, 6.2

  Cennini, Bernardo

  Cervantes, Miguel de, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1.1n, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2

  Charles VII, King of France

  Charles of Anjou, itr.1, itr.2

  Charterhouse, London

  Chaucer, Geoffrey, itr.1, 5.1n

  Chesterton, G. K., n

  China (Cathay), itr.1, itr.2n, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Christ Before Caiaphas (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2

  Christ Carrying the Cross (Bruegel)

  Christianismi Restitutio (Servetus)

  Christianity

  apocalypse and, 3.1, 5.1

  Augustine’s Platonism and

  baptism, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2n, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3n, 6.1

  early church, 3.1n, 5.1, 6.1

  Eucharist, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3n, 6.1, 6.2

  evangelical, 3.1, 3.2n, 4.1n

  “excluders,”

  expectations after death

  forgiveness and, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.1

  Greco-Roman myths and

  Greco-Roman sculpture destroyed

  “includers,”

  inter-Christian violence

  justification by faith and, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2

  monotheism and violence

  New World and