Heretics and Heroes

  Julius Exclusis e Coelis, 3.1, 3.2

  Julius II, Pope, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1

  ego and

  indulgences and

  Michelangelo and, 2.1, 3.1

  tomb of

  Karlstadt, Andreas von

  Kempis, Thomas à, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Kennedy, John F., epi.1, 4.1, 4.2n

  Kierkegaard, Søren, 4.1, col4.1

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 4.1n, 4.2

  King, Martin Luther, Sr., epi.1, 4.1, 4.2n

  King James Version (KJV), itr.1, 3.1n, 5.1, 5.2

  King Lear (Shakespeare), 4.1, 6.1, 7.1

  Knight, Death, and the Devil (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2n

  Tillich’s explanation

  Knox, John, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Koch brothers

  Koerner, Joseph Leo

  Korea, itr.1, itr.2n

  Langland, William, n

  Lascaris, Ianos, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 1.1, 1.2

  Last Judgment, The (Michelangelo)

  Last Supper, The (Leonardo)

  Law, Cardinal Bernard, n

  Leda and the Swan (Raphael)

  Leonardo da Vinci, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2

  apprentice to Verrocchio, 2.1, 2.2

  death of

  ego and

  famous quotation

  interest in faces

  mother of, Caterina

  notebook quotation

  as opposite of Michelangelo

  paintings, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3n

  as Platonist

  sketches and drawings, 2.1, 2.2

  sodomy complaint against, 2.1, 2.2

  as ultimate Renaissance man

  Vitruvian Man, 2.1, 5.1

  See also specific works

  Leo X, Pope, 3.1, 3.2

  “Lepanto” (Chesterton), n

  Letronne, Jean Antoine, n

  Life of Jesus (Ludolph), 5.1, 5.2n

  Lippi, Filippino, 2.1, 2.2

  Lisbon, Portugal, 1.1, 5.1

  Literacy, itr.1, 1.1, 3.1

  alphabet and, itr.1, 7.1

  biblical

  criticism of clergy and

  peasant rebellions and

  printing press and spread of

  of women, itr.1, 7.1

  Literature

  Boccaccio and the Decameron, itr.1, 5.1

  Canterbury Tales

  classical authors, 1.1

  condemning church over state in, n

  Dante and, itr.1, 5.1

  Don Quixote as first modern novel

  Erasmus as first bestselling author

  Gutenberg’s printing press and

  humor

  King James Version as

  Luther as inventor of literary German

  Luther as poet

  More’s Utopia, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2n

  novelle

  Petrarch and

  poetry, itr.1, 1.1n

  Rabelais’s Gargantua

  rediscovery of classical works, itr.1, 1.1

  rhyme in

  See also Donne, John; Shakespeare, William

  Logical positivism

  Lollards, itr.1, 4.1

  Lombard, Peter

  Louis XIII, King of France

  Loyola, Ignatius, 1.1n, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  Basque family of, 5.1, 5.2n

  cave experience

  in France

  injuries at Pamplona

  Paris years

  religious conversion of

  Spiritual Exercises

  visions of

  Lucian, n

  Ludi Florales (Floral Sports), 2.1n, 2.2

  Ludolph of Saxony, 5.1, 5.2n

  Luke

  15:11–32

  18:10–14

  parable of the Prodigal Son

  Lumière brothers

  Luther, Martin, epi.1, 3.1, 5.1, col4.1

  Aristotelians vs.

  in Augsburg, 4.1, 4.2

  as Augustinian monk, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Bible of, 5.1, 6.1

  biblical studies of, 3.1, 3.2

  burning of works of

  Charles V and, 4.1, 5.1

  Christian traditions and, 4.1, 4.2n, 6.1

  courage of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2

  on death

  Dürer connected to, 5.1, 5.2

  ecclesiastical corruption and

  Eck and, 4.1, 4.2

  ego and

  epiphany of

  Erasmus and, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

  “excessive anality,”

  existential terror of

  as “fex hominum,” 3.1, 3.2n

  German nobility and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  God’s forgiveness and

  on Hell, Satan, damnation, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

  on Henry VIII’s marriages

  humor of

  hymns

  indulgences and, 3.1, 4.1

  infant baptism and

  justification by faith, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  in Leipzig, debate with Eck

  letter to Albrecht of Brandenburg

  on mendicant orders

  Ninety-Five Theses, itr.1, 3.1, 4.1

  papal bull against

  Pauline thought and, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  piety and obsessions of

  portrayal of

  on predestination

  Psalms and, 4.1, 4.2n

  psychology of

  public appearances

  Reformation and

  on salvation

  scripture as basis of doctrine

  signature positions of

  spelling of name

  synoptic gospels and, 4.1, 4.2n

  traditional Catholic beliefs and

  translation choices, 5.1, 5.2n

  trial (Diet of Worms), 4.1, 5.1

  visit to Rome (1511), itr.1, 4.1, 4.2n

  in Wartburg castle, 5.1, 6.1

  works written by

  writing in the vernacular

  Wyclif’s influence

  Zwickau Prophets and

  See also specific writings

  Lutheranism, n

  the Eucharist and

  in Europe

  factions and other interpretations

  Formula of Concord

  rhyme of, 6.1, 6.2n

  in Scandinavia

  summer camp song

  MacCulloch, Diarmaid

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 1.1, 7.1

  Madonna dei Pellegrini (Caravaggio)

  Madonna del Parto, La (Piero)

  Madonna of Mercy (Ghirlandaio), 2.1n

  Madonna of the Pomegranate (Botticelli), 2.1, 2.2

  Madonna of the Steps (Michelangelo)

  Magpie on the Gallows, The (Bruegel)

  Mannerism

  Mantel, Hilary

  Mapplethorpe, Robert

  Maps/mapmaking, 1.1, 1.2

  Marie Antoinette of France

  Marius, Richard, 4.1, 4.2

  Martin IV, Pope

  Martin V, Pope

  Marxists

  Mary, Queen of England

  Mary Magdalene (Donatello)

  Mary Queen of Scots

  Masaccio, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  adult nudes in work of

  death of

  few surviving works, 2.1, 2.2

  likeness of

  See also specific paintings

  Masolino da Panicale, 2.1, 2.2

  Matisse, Henri, n

  Matthew

  5:9

  16:18–19

  25:31–40

  26:27–28

  Sermon on the Mount (5–7)

  Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 1.1n, 4.1, 5.1

  McCarthy, Eileen

  McKinley, William, n

  Medici, Catherine de’, 6.1, 6.2

  Medici, Giuliano de’, 1.1, 1.2

  Medici, Lorenzo de’, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  as art patron, 1.1, 2.1

  as Christian

  death and confession, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

  ego and

  governance of Florence and

>   “Le Temps Revient” motto, 1.1, 1.2n

  manuscripts brought to Florence

  Platonic Academy

  Savonarola and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  scriptorium of

  sonnets of

  Meissner, W. W., 5.1, 5.2

  Melanchthon, Philipp

  Méliès, Georges

  Mennonites

  Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare)

  Merton, Thomas

  Michael VIII Paleologos

  Michelangelo, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, col3.1

  as apprentice to Ghirlandaio

  architecture of, 2.1, 2.2

  bas-reliefs

  Clement VII and

  ego and

  Julius II and, 2.1, 3.1

  Lorenzo de’ Medici as patron

  nudity in work, 2.1, 2.2n, 2.3, 2.4

  as opposite of Leonardo

  paintings by

  as Platonist, 2.1, 3.1

  poem by

  sculpture by, 2.1, 2.2

  Sistine Chapel, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1

  See also David; Pietà; specific works

  Middle Ages, 5.1

  church constructions and beliefs

  ending of, 1.1, 1.2

  piety of

  portraiture lacking in

  Milan

  Miller, Arthur

  Missionaries

  Mona Lisa (Leonardo), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Montaigne, Michel de, 7.1, 7.2

  Moore, Muriel, col4.1, col4.2

  More, Sir Thomas, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2n, 7.1, 7.2

  canonization of

  Erasmus and, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2n

  execution of, 5.1, 5.2

  Henry VIII and, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3n

  as humanist, 5.1, 5.2

  “a man for all seasons,” 5.1, 5.2n

  objections to Tyndale’s Bible

  persecution of Tyndale, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  See also Utopia

  Moriae Encomium (Erasmus)

  Morison, Samuel Eliot, n

  Moses (Michelangelo)

  “Musée des Beaux Arts” (Auden)

  Music

  Mysteries of the Middle Ages (Cahill), itr.1n, 4.1, 5.1n, 5.2n, 6.1n

  Name changing, custom of, 4.1, 4.2n

  Natural philosophy

  Nature, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1

  Nature of Technology, The (Arthur), itr.1n

  Nemesis (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  Neoplatonism, 2.1, 5.1

  New World

  America as pre-lapsarian Eden

  Columbus lands in

  cosmology and

  European conquest

  indigenous peoples of, 1.1, 6.1

  Jesuits in

  queries provoked by, 1.1, 1.2

  rebirth of science and

  term enters common speech

  Nietzsche, Friedrich

  1984 (Orwell)

  Nominalists

  Novum Testamentum Omne (Erasmus), 3.1, 3.2n

  O’Connor, Cardinal John, n

  Oldcastle, Sir John

  Olmedo, Sebastián de

  O’Malley, Cardinal Seán, n

  Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy, n

  On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Luther)

  On the Papacy in Rome, Against the Famous Romanist at Leipzig (Luther)

  Orsini, Clarice

  Orwell, George

  Ottoman Turks, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3n

  Ozment, Steven, n

  Palladio, Andrea

  Pamplona

  Papacy/papal office

  corruption and, itr.1, 3.1, 6.1

  crusades against the Turks, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1

  dominated by France

  Donation of Constantine and

  Exsurge Domine

  extreme monarchial

  fear of Conciliarism, 4.1, 6.1

  indulgences and, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1

  inquisitions and

  interdictions by, 1.1, 1.2n, 4.1n

  Jesus and papal primacy, 4.1, 4.2

  Luther’s Babylonica and

  nationalism as threat to

  nepotism and

  papal bulls

  papal infallibility

  Royal Third, n

  secular princes vs., 4.1, 4.2

  transubstantiation and

  universal, hopes for

  warrior stance toward heretics

  See also specific popes

  Pater, Walter, 2.1, 2.2, col3.1

  Paul, Saint, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Paul III, Pope, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Paul IV, Pope, 2.1

  Paul VI, Pope, n

  Peasant Couple Dancing (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2

  Peasants’ War

  1 Peter 2:5, itr.1, 3.1n

  Peter III of Aragon (Peter I of Sicily)

  Peter the Apostle, Saint, 2.1, 4.1

  Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), 1.1, 1.2

  Philip II, King of France

  Philip II, King of Spain, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Philip IV, King of France

  Philippines, n

  Philip the Handsome, Archduke of Burgundy, 1.1n, 4.1

  Phillips, Henry

  Philologists

  Philo of Alexandria, n

  Philosophy, fm1.1, 1.1, 1.2n, 6.1

  scholasticism, 1.1n, 1.2

  thesis statement and, 1.1, 3.1

  See also Aristotle; Humanism; Plato; specific isms

  Piazza Navona, Rome (by Bernini)

  Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 1.1, 1.2

  Piero della Francesca, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  architectural ideas

  death of

  “passion for solidity,”

  See also Madonna del Parto, La; Resurrection

  Pietà (Michelangelo)

  Pius V, Pope

  Pius XII, Pope

  Plato, fm1.1, fm1.2, fm1.3, fm1.4, fm1.5, 2.1, 2.2

  The Republic, 5.1, 5.2n

  the soul and, fm1.1, 1.1n

  Platonists, fm1.1, fm1.2n, fm1.3, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  Augustinian, itr.1, 1.1

  Poliziano, Agnolo, 1.1, 1.2

  Pollaiuolo, Antonio and Piero

  Polo, Marco

  Pope John XXIII (Cahill)

  Portugal, 1.1n, 1.2, 1.3n, 6.1

  Prester John, n

  Primavera (Botticelli), 2.1, 2.2n

  Prince, The (Machiavelli)

  Printing, itr.1, itr.2n

  culture of personality and

  in Italy

  literacy and

  Luther’s Bible and

  Luther’s Theses and

  modern typefaces and

  Prodigal Son, The (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2

  Protestantism, itr.1, 5.1, 6.1

  as anti-Medici

  Calvin and church structure

  ecclesiastical discipline and

  Elizabeth I and

  French massacre of Protestants

  Luther’s Address and

  sola scriptura

  spread of, 6.1, 6.2

  See also Lutheranism

  Psalms

  19

  74

  Purgatory, 3.1, 3.2n, 3.3

  Puritans, 5.1, 6.1

  Pythagoras

  Quakers

  Rabelais, François, 5.1, 6.1

  books of burned

  children of, 5.1, 5.2n

  connection to Luther

  last will and testament

  last words

  life and death of

  utopia of

  See also Gargantua

  Rabelais, Jacques, n

  Raising of the Son of Theophilus and Saint Peter on His Throne (Masaccio)

  Rape of Lucrece, The (Shakespeare)

  Raphael, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Ravaillac

  Realism, fm1.1, fm1.2, itr.1, 5.1

  “new,” 1.1, 3.1

  Reformation, fm1.1, fm1.2, itr.1, 1.1, col4.1

  art and, 2.1, col3.1, 5.1n

  Calvinism

  Cranach and, n
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  in England, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Erasmus’s New Testament and

  factions and other interpretations, 6.1

  Heidelberg Catechism

  Hus foretells

  justification by faith

  Knight, Death, and the Devil and

  Luther and, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1 (see also Luther, Martin)

  Lutheran states of Europe

  Luther’s Address and

  northern Europeans, collective ego of and

  papal indulgences and, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  personal revelation and

  power shift of

  road to

  Schwärmer (nut cases), 6.1, 6.2

  Scottish Presbyterianism

  scripture as basis of doctrine, 4.1, 5.1

  Second Helvetic Confession

  Wyclif and

  Zwingli and

  Reformation Sunday

  Rembrant van Rijn, 2.1, 7.1

  self-portraits, 5.1, 7.1

  See also Return of the Prodigal Son

  Renaissance, fm1.1, fm1.2, col4.1

  Black Death and early decades of

  classical languages and Hebrew in

  classical writings rediscovered, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  classicism in, n

  ego (self) and, col3.1, col3.2

  ending of

  female form in art and

  humanism and

  idealism

  Italian vs. European

  northern (German)

  in northern Italy

  nudity in art of

  Petrarch and

  pleasure in learning and

  sense of self (ego) and

  transition into

  Vitruvian Man as icon for

  See also Art; Florence; Humanism; Literature; specific artists

  Republic, The (Plato), 5.1, 5.2n

  Resurrection (Piero)

  Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt)

  Revelation of John the Divine (Apokalypsis Joannou), 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3, 5.4n

  Dürer’s woodcuts for

  Rhinoceros (Dürer)

  Rhyme

  French poets’ use of

  on magpies

  Wat Tyler’s Rebellion and, itr.1, itr.2

  Richard II, King of England, itr.1, itr.2

  Richard of Wallingford

  Robertson, Pat, n

  Robinson, Marilynne

  Roman Catholic Church

  art in, after the Reformation

  Boccaccio’s vilification, itr.1, itr.2

  as Communion of Saints

  contemporary

  corruption and hypocrisy in, itr.1, 3.1, 4.1

  Counter-Reformation in, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, col3.1n, 6.1

  defense of

  ending of the Renaissance and

  English church, 6.1, 6.2n

  false reform, 4.1, 4.2n

  as first worldwide religion, 6.1, 6.2

  heresy and heretics

  Holy Roman Emperors and

  homosexuality and

  Index of Forbidden Books

  inquisitions and

  interdict, n

  Latin as sacred language, 6.1, 6.2n

  “lax Catholic,” n

  longevity of