Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History

Beninde. J., 89

  Bergmann, C., 236

  Berkner, Lloyd V., 122, 123

  Bethell, Tom, 39–45

  Bettelheim, Bruno, 97

  Bible, 32, 33, 145, 152, 154

  Biological determinism, resurgence of, 237–42

  vs. potentiality, 249–57

  Birdsell. J. B., 236

  Birmingham University, 89

  Blue Danube (Strauss), 242

  Bolk, Louis, 64–66, 214, 216, 220, 221

  Bonnet, Charles, 203

  Brain, and body weight, 181–85

  size, 184

  evolutionary increase, 207–8

  species, 187

  vertebrate brain, 186–91

  Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 72

  Bride of Frankenstein, 174

  Brinton, D. G., 214

  British Journal for the History of Science, 28

  Brontosaurus, 189, 190

  Browne, W. A., 26

  Bruno, Giordano, 154

  Buckland, William, 157

  Buffon, Comte Georges de, 145–46

  Burnet, Rev. Thomas, 141–46, 154

  Burstyn, H. L., 28, 30

  Burt, Sir Cyril, 245–46

  Butler, Samuel, 269

  Cambrian explosion, 115, 118, 126–33

  organic diversity and, 119–25

  cropping principle, 123–24

  Precambrian fossil deposits, 121, 122

  stromatolites, 124–25

  pattern of, 127–28

  sigmoidal (S-shaped) curve, 128–31

  spindle diagrams, 131–33

  Cambrian trilobites, distribution of, 162–63

  Caster, Kenneth, 160

  Castlereagh, Viscount, 29

  Cecidomyian gall midges, 91–92, 95

  Chariots of the Gods (Daniken), 159

  Charles II, King, 30, 80

  Christmas Carol, A, 39

  Ciardi, John, 171

  Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 208–9, 260

  Clay, Henry, 218

  Clockwork Orange, 242

  Concept of Race, (ed. Montagu), 231–32

  Condorcet, Marquis Marie Jean de, 16

  Continental drift, 135–36, 157

  validation of, 160–67

  Continental shelf, 137–38

  Coon, Carleton, 238

  Coope, R., 89

  Cope, Edward Drinker, 218, 221

  Copernicus, Nicolaus, 267

  Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches (Harris), 256

  Craters, planetary, 194

  Cretaceous extinction, 134

  “Criminal chromosome,” 228

  Criminals and criminality, biological theories of, 222–28

  Cromwell, Oliver, 180

  Cropping principle, 123–24

  Cuénot, L., 159

  Cushman, J. A., 157

  Cuvier, Georges, 83, 149, 152

  Cyprogenia, 107

  Däniken, von, E., 159, 167

  Darling, F., 89

  Dart, Raymond, 240

  Darwin, Charles, 103, 109, 126, 192, 207, 210, 212, 217, 267, 269, 271

  Beagle voyage, 21, 23, 28–33

  “descent with modification,” 34–38

  Koestler’s campaign against, 27

  M and N notebooks, 23–26

  Origin of Species, 11, 25, 41, 50, 84, 119, 120

  personal wealth, 31

  publication delay, 21–27

  See also Evolutionary theory

  Darwin on Man (Gruber and Barrett), 23

  Darwinism, evolutionary theory,

  applications and implications of, 49–75

  babies as embryos, 70–75

  conceptual uniqueness, 51–52

  genetic differences, 52–55

  juvenile development, 63–69

  morphological uniqueness, 51

  prehuman fossils, 56–62

  Bethell’s criticism, 39–45

  essence of, 44

  future of natural selection, 266–69

  history of life, 111–38

  human nature, 229–65

  influence of size, 169–98

  organisms, 77–110

  science and society, 199–228

  “Darwin’s Mistake” (Bethell), 39

  Davitashvili, L. S., 88

  Descent of Man (Darwin), 25, 50, 88

  Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 206, 270

  “Did Man Get Here by Evolution or by Creation” (Jehovah’s Witnesses), 37

  Diploid organisms, genetic relationships in, 263–65

  Discorsi (Galileo), 172–73

  Divine creation, doctrine of, 91

  Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 43, 44, 232

  Dr. Cyclops, 174

  Dryden, John, 49

  Du Bois, E., 210

  Dybas, H. S., 99

  Earth, theories of, 139–67

  continental drift, 160–67

  Rev. Burnet, 141–46

  uniformity and catastrophe, 147–52

  Velikovsky, 153–59

  Earth in Upheaval (Velikovsky), 153, 155, 157, 158

  Earthquakes, 136

  Ecological Monographs, 99

  Ecological theory, organic diversity and, 119–25

  cropping principle, 123–24

  Permian extinction, 134–38

  Precambrian fossil deposits, 121, 122

  stromatolites, 124–25

  Ecology, defined, 119

  Eimer, G., 159

  Eiseley, Loren, 148

  Ellis, Havelock, 219–20, 221

  Embryos, babies as, 70–75

  Engels, Friedrich, 26, 210–11

  Eukaryotic cell, 130

  evolutionary significance of, 115–18

  Eukaryotic multicells (Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia), 117

  Eukaryotic organelles, 115

  Eukaryotic unicells (Protista), 117

  Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature (Huxley), 49

  Evolution, 99

  Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence Jerison), 188–89

  Evolutionary Biology (Margulis), 114

  Evolutionary theory, 19–45

  embryological, 34–35

  Haeckel’s name for, 34

  organisms and, 79–110

  adaptation by evolution, 91–96

  bamboos and cicadas, 97–102

  Irish Elk, 79–110

  problem of perfection, 103–10

  racial life cycles, 42–43

  and “transformisme,” 34

  See also Darwinism, evolutionary theory and

  Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 25

  Eysenck, H., 220

  Fantastic Voyage, 174

  Ferri, Enrico, 225–26

  Fetalization theory, 64–65

  First Principles (Spencer), 36

  Fitzroy, Captain R., 29–33

  Fliess, Wilhelm, 208–9

  Fox, Robin, 238, 240

  France, Anatole, 180

  Fratricide, 239

  Freud, Sigmund, 16–17, 208–9, 260, 267

  Fungi, 116–17

  Galen, 213

  Galileo, 154, 172–73, 195, 239

  Gall midges, 103–4

  Garden of Eden, 143

  Gardner, R. A. and B. T., 52

  Garrett, Peter, 124

  Geist, Valerius, 89

  Genes, development and, 54

  Genetic variability, 116

  Gestation, human, 72

  Gideon Society, 147

  Gilbert, W. S., 222

  Gobi Desert expeditions of the 1920s, 207

  Gruber, H. E., 23, 25–26, 28, 29

  Haeckel, Ernst, 34, 119, 210, 211, 215, 217

  Haldane, J. B. S., 175, 262

  Haller, Albrecht von, 34–35, 203

  Hamilton, W. D., 255, 262

  Hardy, Thomas, 13, 17

  Hare, H., 265

  Harper’s, 39

  Harris, Marvin, 256

  Harvard Educational Review, 244

  Harvard University,
86, 92

  Heartbeat, 72

  Henslow, J. S., 30, 31

  Herrnstein, Richard, 238

  Hibbert, S., 84

  Hippocampus, 49–50

  History of life, 111–38

  Cambrian explosion, 126–33

  five-kingdom classification, 114–18

  organic diversity, 119–25

  Permian extinction, 134–38

  taxonomic distinctions, 113–14, 116

  Holy Roman Empire, 79

  Homo, 57, 60

  Homo erectus, 58, 59, 60–61, 182, 184, 238

  Homo habilis, 57, 59–60

  Homo sapiens, 53, 54, 58, 59, 62, 184, 231, 232, 238, 239, 251

  Homosexuality, 266

  Human intelligence, size and shape, 179–85

  bodies, 179–81

  brain, 181–85

  Human nature, science and politics of, 229–65

  altruism and kin selection, 260–67

  potentiality vs. determinism, 251–59

  racism and IQ tests, 243–47

  taxonomic classifications, 231–36

  Huxley, Aldous, 63–64, 65–66

  Huxley, Julian, 43, 44, 85, 142, 179

  Huxley, Thomas Henry, 33, 49, 50, 51

  Hyatt, Alpheus, 42–43

  Hymenoptera, 263

  Immigration Restriction Act of 1924, 243–44

  Imperial Animal (Tiger and Fox), 240

  Incredible Shrinking Man, 174

  Inquisition, 173

  Introduction to the Study of Man (Young), 58

  IQ tests, racism and, 238, 243–47

  Irish elk, 43, 79–80

  in Alleröd times, 90

  antlers of, 79, 80, 85–90

  extinction of, 84–90

  allometric hypothesis, 85–87, 88

  orthogenesis theory, 84–85, 87, 88

  geographic range of, 80–82

  Jameson, Robert, 29

  Janzen, Daniel H., 43, 97–98

  Jefferson, Thomas, 83

  Jehovah’s Witnesses, 37

  Jellyfish, 121, 129

  Jensen, Arthur, 238, 244–46

  Jerison, Harry J., 188–89, 190

  Johnston, R. F., 236

  Journal of the American Medical Association, 72

  Kamin, Leon J., 245

  Kapital (Marx), 26

  Keill, John, 145

  Kelsall, J., 89

  Kin selection, theory of, 262–66

  Kinetic energy, 175

  King, Mary-Claire, 53, 54

  Kingsley, Charles, 49–50

  Kipling, Rudyard, 218

  Koestler, Arthur, 27

  Kraemer, L. R., 109

  Krogman, W. M., 68

  Kubrick, Stanley, 242

  Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 34, 268

  Lamarckism, 12, 271

  Lampsilis, 104–6

  reproductive biology of, 106

  Lana (chimpanzee), 52

  Lang, W. D., 159

  Leakey, Louis, 56, 57, 59

  Leakey, Mary, 56–57, 59

  Leakey, Richard, 59, 182, 185

  Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 204

  Life history, see History of life

  Ligumia nasuta, 108

  Linnaeus, Carolus, 251, 257

  Lloyd, M., 99

  Locke, John, 68–69

  Lombroso, Cesare, 222–28

  London Times, 246

  Lorenz, Konrad, 237

  Lull, R. S., 85

  Lyell, Charles, 15, 50, 123, 147–152, 154, 192, 193, 195

  concept of uniformity, 150–51

  Lystrosaurus, 166–67

  MacCulloch, Dr. A., 83

  McKormick, Robert, 28–31

  Malpighi M., 203

  Malthus, Thomas, 21, 22

  Mammals, brain of, 73, 75

  reproductive strategies of, 70–71

  Manson, Charlie, 237

  Mantell, Gideon, 83–84

  Margulis, Lynn, 114, 115

  Mars craters, 194

  Mars’s polar caps, 196

  Marsh, Othniel Charles, 218

  Marshall, Lauriston C., 122, 123

  Martin, Robert, 70

  Marx, Groucho, 28

  Marx, Karl, 26–27

  Maunsell, Archdeacon W., 83

  Mayr, Ernst, 43, 44, 232–33

  Meiosis (or reduction division), 55

  Mendelian genetics, 219

  Mercury, craters of, 194

  Metazoans, evolution of, 122–23

  Micromalthus debilis, 92, 96

  Mill, John Stuart, 150, 247

  Miller, Hugh, 157

  Milieu, Kate, 242

  Milton, John, 24

  “Missing link,” 58, 207, 208

  Moja (chimpanzee), 52

  Molyneux, Thomas, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84

  Monroe Doctrine, 28

  Montagu, Ashley, 72, 73, 74, 221, 231–32

  Moon craters, 194

  More, H., 35

  Morris, Desmond, 237–38

  Mosaic evolution, concept of, 66–67

  Muller, H. J., 11, 14, 43

  Multivariate analysis, techniques of, 60

  Murchison, Roderick, 126, 149, 192

  Museum of Comparative Zoology, 92

  Mycophila speyeri, 93–94, 95

  Napoleon I, 29, 80

  National Museum of Ireland, 86

  Natural History Magazine, 13–14, 16, 70, 109

  Natural selection, basis of, 11

  creative process of, 116

  defined, 40

  essence of, 11–12

  principle of, 41

  Victorian unpopularity, 45

  See also Darwinism, evolutionary theory and

  Neanderthals, 207

  Neo-Darwinism, 43

  Neoteny, 63–66, 216, 219–21

  New Conquest of Central Asia (Andrews), 207

  New York Times, 56, 167, 252, 259, 266

  Newsweek, 259

  Newton, Sir Isaac, 43, 144, 151, 154, 195, 267

  Noah’s flood, 83, 84, 142

  Oken, Lorenz, 209–10

  Old Red Sandstone, fossil fishes of, 155–56

  Olympus Mons, 197

  Ontogeny, 119

  Organic diversity, ecological theory and, 119–25

  cropping principle, 123–24

  Permian extinction, 134–38

  Precambrian fossil deposits, 121, 122

  stromatolites, 124–25

  Organisms, 23, 53, 54, 79–110

  adaptation by evolution, 91–96

  bamboos and cicadas, 97–102

  Irish Elk, 79–110

  problem of perfection, 103–110

  See also names of organisms

  Origin of Races (Coon), 238

  Origin of Species (Darwin), 11, 25, 41, 50, 84, 119, 120

  Marx on, 26

  Orthogenesis, theory of, 84–85, 87, 88

  Owen, Sir Richard, 49, 50, 51, 84

  Oxford English Dictionary, 35

  Oxnard, Charles, 60

  Paleontology, 56–62, 83, 120, 127, 134, 186, 192

  allopatric theory, 61–62

  mosaic evolution, 58

  Paleozoic glaciation, 162

  Paley, Archdeacon W., 103

  Parkinson, James, 82

  Part Played by Labor in the Transition from Ape to Man (Engels), 210–11

  Parthenogenesis, reproduction by, 92, 93, 94, 95–96

  Pascal, Blaise, 198

  Passingham, R. E., 72, 73, 74

  Patterson, Brian, 57

  Penseroso, Il (Milton), 24

  Perfection, problem of, 103–10

  preadaptation and, 107–8, 110

  Periodical cicada, 98–102

  Permian extinction, 134–38

  cause of, 136–38

  fossil record, 137

  Photosynthesis, 122–23, 131, 252–53

  of Precambrian algae, 122

  Phylogeny, 119

  Physicalism, 123

  Pilbeam, David, 183, 184

&nb
sp; Pithecanthropus alalus, 210

  Pithecanthropus erectus, 210

  Planetary sizes and surfaces, 192–98

  heat engines and, 193–98

  Plate tectonics, theory of, 136, 138, 157

  Pleistocene ice sheets, 156

  Plinian Society, 26

  Ponce de Leon, Juan, 63

  “Pop ethology,” 239–42

  Pope, Alexander, 69

  Portmann, Adolf, 70–71, 72, 73, 74

  Postnatal development, 73–74

  Posture, upright, 207–13

  Preadaptation, principle of, 107–8, 110

  Precocial mammals, 71

  Predator satiation, hypothesis of, 101

  Preformationism, 202–6

  Press, Frank, 193

  Princess Ida (Gilbert), 222

  Principles of Biology (Spencer), 36–37

  Principles of Geology (Lyell), 148

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1973, 123

  Prokaryotic cells, 115

  Prokaryotic organisms, 115–16

  Prokaryotic unicells (Monera), 117

  Punch, 49

  r- and K-selection, theory of, 94–95

  Racism, 237

  IQ tests and, 243–47

  recapitulation theory, 214–21

  Raup, D. M., 131

  Recapitulation theory, racism and, 214–21

  belly button theory, 218

  black inferiority, 214–18

  “evidence,” 219–20

  IQ debate, 220

  justification of imperialism, 218–19

  neotenic hypothesis, 219–21

  Rheingold, Das (Wagner), 175

  Ridley, W. Ian, 194

  Rite of Spring (Stravinsky), 135

  Romanes, G. J., 268

  Ross, Sir James Clark, 28–29

  Rossini, Gioacchino, 21

  Sacred Theory of the Earth (Burnet), 141–46, 154

  Sagan, Carl, 196

  Samuelson, Paul, 259

  Sayers, Dorothy, 21

  Schopf, J. W., 115

  Schopf, T. J. M., 131, 138

  Schuchert, Charles, 164–65, 166

  Schultz, A. H., 74–75

  Science, 199–265

  and human nature, 229–65

  and society, 199–228

  Science, 54, 114, 236, 258, 265

  Scopes, John, 141–42, 146

  Sedgwick, A., 149

  Selander, R. K., 236

  Sepkoski, J. J., 128, 131

  Serres, Etienne, 218

  Sex, 116

  Sexual Politics (Millett), 242

  Shockley, William, 238

  Sibling species, 53

  Siever, Raymond, 193

  Simberloff, D. S., 131, 138

  Simpson, George Gaylord, 43, 44, 208

  Size and shape, 169–98

  geometry of space, 171

  human intelligence, 179–85

  of medieval churches, 176–78

  planetary, 192–98

  vertebrate brain, 186–91

  Smith, Adam, 12, 100

  Smith, G. E., 208

  Social Darwinism, 37

  Sociobiology, 16, 250–67, 269