Mysteries of the Middle Ages

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Permissions Acknowledgments

The author has endeavored to credit all known persons holding copyright or reproduction rights for passages quoted and for illustrations reproduced in this book, especially:

Anvil Press Poetry for the passages from Dante: The Divine Comedy, translated by Peter Dale, copyright © 1996 by Peter Dale.

New City Press, Hyde Park, N.Y. (www.newcitypress.com), for the passages from Francis of Assisi: Early Documents, Volume 1: The Saint, Volume 2: The Founder, Volume 3: The Prophet, copyright © 1999, 2000, 2001 by the Franciscan Institute of St. Bonaventure, New York.

Oxford University Press for The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen, Volumes I, II, III, translated by Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman, copyright © 1994, 1998, 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Paulist Press, New York/Mahwah, New Jersey (www.paulistpress.com), for the passages from Hildegard of Bingen: Scivias, translated by Mother Columba Hart and Jane Bishop (in the Classics of Western Spirituality series), copyright © 1990 by the Abbey of Regina Laudis: Benedictine Congregation of the Strict Observance, Inc.

Penguin Group, UK, for the passages from The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, translated by Betty Radice (Penguin Classics, 1974), copyright © Betty Radice, 1974.

Photography Credits

1.4 Hildegard von Bingen, Wisse Die Wege “Scivias” © Otto Müller Verlag, 9. Auflage Salzburg 1996

1.5 Hildegard von Bingen, Wisse Die Wege “Scivias” © Otto Müller Verlag, 9. Auflage Salzburg 1996

1.6 Scala / Art Resource, NY

1.7 Scala / Art Resource, NY

1.8 © J. Schwanke / Alamy

1.9 St. Peter’s, Louvain, Belgium / Bridgeman Art Library

1.10 akg-images / Schütze / Rodemann

1.11 Scala / Art Resource, NY

1.12 Marka / age fotostock

1.13 Scala / Art Resource, NY

1.14 Courtesy Achim Bednorz

1.15 Courtesy Achim Bednorz

1.16 © François Guénet

1.17 Peter Willi / Bridgeman Art Library

1.18 © François Guénet

1.19 The Art Archive / Dagli Orti

1.20 age fotostock / SuperStock

2.1 Courtesy Achim Bednorz

2.2 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY

2.3 akg-images / Amelot

2.5 Scala / Art Resource, NY

2.6 Scala / Art Resource, NY

5.1 Musee National du Moyen Age et des Thermes de Cluny, Paris / Bridgeman Art Library

5.2 Index S.A.S.

5.3 Index S.A.S.

5.4 The Art Archive / San Clemente Basilica Rome / Dagli Orti (A)

5.5 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.1 Courtesy Achim Bednorz

6.2 The Art Archive / Dagli Orti

6.3 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY

6.4 Giraudon / Bridgeman Art Library

6.5 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.6 Index S.A.S.

6.7 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.8 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.9 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY

6.10 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.11 The Art Archive / San Francesco Assisi / Dagli Orti (A)

6.12 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.13 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.14 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.15 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.16 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.17 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.18 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.19 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.20 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.21 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.22 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.23 Scala / Art Resource, NY

6.24 Scala / Art Resource, NY (detail)

6.26 Cameraphoto / Art Resource, NY

6.27 Courtesy Achim Bednorz

6.28 Alinari / Art Resource, NY

6.29 Courtesy Achim Bednorz

7.2 Courtesy Achim Bednorz

7.3 © Alessandro Chiarini / Alamy

7.4 © Archivo Iconografico, S.A. / CORBIS

7.5 Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence, Italy / Bridgeman Art Library

8.1 Scala / Art Resource, NY

8.2 Scala / Art Resource, NY

Details of the Apse of San Clemente pages itr.2, itr.3, 1.2, 2.5a, 2.6a, 2.6b, 2.7a, and 3.1: Index S.A.S.

Index

Italicized references indicate illustrations.

A

Abbey of Saint Hildegard of Bingen

Abelard, Peter, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1

Bernard of Clairvaux and

death of

Héloïse and

persecution for heresy

philosophy of

physical appearance and personal qualities

writings, 4.1, 4.2

Absolute authority

Adams, Henry, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1

Adela of Champagne

“Adeste Fideles” (Wade)

“Adoro te devote, latens Deitas” (Thomas Aquinas)

Adrian V, Pope

Adultery, culture of, 2.1, 2.2

Aenor, duchess of Aquitaine, 2.1, 2.2

Albert the Great, Count, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1

Albigensians

Alchemy, 5.1, 5.2

Alcuin

Alexander, brother of Philo

Alexander III, Pope

Alexander IV, Pope, 3.1, 3.2

Alexander the Great, fm2.1, fm2.2, fm2.3, itr.1

Alexandria, fm1.1, fm2.1, fm2.2, itr.1

Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons, 3.1, 8.1

Alix, Princess, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Anastasius IV, Pope

Anchorites, 1.1, 1.2

Andreas Capellanus

Anekdota (Procopius)

Anselm de Laon

Antipopes

Antony, Mark

Apathics

Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas

Aquitaine

Architecture

cathedrals, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Giotto’s works, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2

Arezzo, 6.1, 6.2

Aristarchus of Samos

Aristotle, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2

philosophy of, 4.1, 4.2

Thomas Aquinas and, 4.1, 4.2

Arius, fm2.1, fm2.2

Arnold, Matthew

Arnolfo di Cambio

Ars Amatoria (Ovid), 2.1, 2.2

Art

beginning of Western art

crucifixion art, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

eucharistic messages in

Francis of Assisi’s influence, 6.1, 6.2

fresco technique

happiness, demonstrations of

ikonic tradition, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2

Madonna and Son imagery, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6

stained-glass windows, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 5.1

statuary, 1.1, 1.2

storytelling with pictures

three-dimensionality in painting, 6.1, 6.2

See also Giotto di Bondone

Arthur, British king, 2.1, itr.1

Arthur of Brittany

Assisi

Assisi basilica paintings (Giotto), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7

Astralabe, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

Astrology

Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, fm2.1, fm2.2

Attila the Hun

Augustine (monk), itr.1, itr.2

Augustine of Hippo, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

Augustus, Caesar, fm2.1, itr.1, itr.2

Autobiography

Ave Maria, 2.1, 2.2

Averroës

B

Bacon, Roger, fm2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

Franciscan order, membership in

life and work

Ballad of the White Horse, The (Chesterton)

Baptism, salvation through

Baptistery of San Giovanni, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

Barbarians, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, it
r.4

Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua

Basilica of Santa Maria (Trastevere), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1

Becket, Thomas, fm1.1, 1.1

Benedictines

Benedict of Nursia, Saint, 1.1, 8.1

Benedict XVI, Pope

Benigni, Roberto

Bernardo, Oportulo de

Bernard of Clairvaux, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 8.1

Abelard and

Dante’s portrayal of

Eleanor of Aquitaine and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Hildegard of Bingen and, 1.1, 1.2

Second Crusade, 2.1, 2.2

Bernardone, Pietro di, 2.1, 2.2

Bertolf, Abbot

Bestiaries

Bible

Bishoprics

Black Death

Blanche of Castile

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1

Bogomils

Bohemund

Bonaventure, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1

Boniface, Saint

Boniface VIII, Pope, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1

Book of Marvels, The (Polo)

Book of Wisdom

Bouts, Dirk

Boyce, Frank Cottrell

Brendan the Navigator

Brown, Peter, fm2.1, fm2.2

Brunelleschi, Filippo, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Buber, Martin

Buddhism, fm2.1, itr.1

Bulgaria

Buridan, Jean

Bush, George W.

Byzantine empire, itr.1, itr.2

C

Cacciaguida

Caesar, Julius, fm2.1, fm2.2, itr.1

Calendars

Caligula, Roman emperor

Call to Action

Campanile di Giotto, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2

Canonical hours

Canterbury

Canterbury Tales (Chaucer)

“Canticle of the Creatures, The” (Francis of Assisi)

Carmina Burana

Carraia Bridge, 6.1, 7.1

Cassiodorus

Castrillon Hoyos, Cardinal Dario

Cathars

Cathedrals, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Siena, 8.1, 9.1

Catullus

Cavafy, Constantine

Cavalcanti, Guido

Cavallini, Pietro

“Celestial Omnibus, The” (Forster)

Celestine III, Pope

Celestine V, Pope

Charlemagne, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

Charles de Valois

Charles of Anjou

Chartres Cathedral, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10

Chaucer, Geoffrey, fm1.1, fm1.2, fm1.3, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2

Chemistry

Chesterton, G. K., 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1

Chiarini, Marco

Chrétien de Troyes

Christianity

Abelard’s views on

abuse of power by Christian leadership

anchorites, 1.1, 1.2

antipopes

Aristotelianism and, 4.1, 4.2

baptism, salvation through

barbarians and, itr.1, itr.2

bishoprics

canonical hours

Catholic Church of today

Christmas celebrations

Christmas Martyrology

clerics

conversion of classical Greeks and Romans to

Dante’s conception of. See Divine Comedy, The

The Da Vinci Code and

deicide charge against Jews

education for clergy

Eucharist, mystery of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1

Francis of Assisi’s career, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1

friars, 4.1, 6.1

God in

guilt and

heretical sects

Holy Grail

Incarnation (Word becoming flesh), itr.1, itr.2

Inquisition

interdict punishment

Limbo, doctrine of

liturgy and prayer

magi tradition

manners for Christians

monasticism, 1.1, 1.2, 9.1

mysteries of, 4.1, 5.1

Original Sin, doctrine of, 4.1, 4.2

Orthodoxy

papacy, itr.1, 7.1

Philo’s influence

Platonism and, 4.1, 4.2

political and legal issues

Purgatory concept

rationalism and, 5.1, 6.1

reformation sensibility

Roman civilization and, itr.1, itr.2

Rome’s rebuilding into Christian shrine

the rosary

royals’ piety

sacrifice, tradition of

sexual attitudes in, fm2.1, fm2.2

storytelling with pictures

theological controversies of early church, fm2.1, itr.1

Thomas Aquinas’s career

Trinity concept, fm2.1, itr.1

unbelievers

women, attitudes toward

See also Hildegard of Bingen; Jesus of Nazareth; Virgin Mary cult

Christmas celebrations

Christmas Martyrology

Christ Sein (Kung)

Chronica Majora (Paris)

Chronicle of Touraine

Cicero, fm2.1, itr.1, itr.2

Cimabue, Giovanni, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1

Circumcision

Cistercians

Clare of Assisi, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Class system, 1.1, 4.1

Claudius, Roman emperor

Clement V, Pope

Clement of Alexandria, fm2.1, fm2.2, fm2.3, itr.1, itr.2

Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt, fm2.1, fm2.2

Clerics

Cligés (Chrétien de Troyes)

Color preferences

Conrad III, German emperor

Constantine I (the Great), Roman emperor, fm2.1, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, itr.5, 7.1, 8.1

Cosmopolitanism of medieval Europe

Craft guilds

Crèche tradition, 6.1, 6.2

Crucifixion

Crucifixion art, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

Crucifix of San Damiano, 2.1, 2.2

Crusades

First, 1.1, 2.1

Second, 1.1, 2.1

Third, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Fourth

Fifth

Children’s Crusade

Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, fm2.1, fm2.2

D

Dale, Peter, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Dancing

Dangerosa

Dante Alighieri, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

banishment from Florence, 7.1, 7.2

death of

exile experience, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1

Florentine identity

physical appearance, 7.1, 7.2

political views, 8.1, 8.2

sexual attitudes

theology of

writings, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3. See also Divine Comedy, The

Da Vinci Code, The (book)

De Amore (Andreas Capellanus)

Death, ideas about

Death penalty

De natura rerum (Albert the Great)

Denmark

De Sica, Vittorio

Disibod, Saint

Disibodenberg, 1.1, 1.2

Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

on bitterness of exile

Dante’s assignments to the afterlife

Dante’s intentions regarding

Dante’s personal story and

English translations

Inferno, 7.1, 7.2

language of

moral dimension, 7.1, 8.1

Paradiso, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

pilgrimage theme

Purgatorio, 7.1, 7.2

rhyme scheme

structure of

Dominicans, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2

Dominic de Guzmán, Saint, 2.1, 6.1

Donati, Corso, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Donati, For
ese

Donation of Constantine, 7.1, 7.2

Duomo di Santa Maria del Fiore, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

E

Eco, Umberto

Education. See Universities

Egan, Cardinal Archbishop Edward

Einstein, Albert

ElBaradei, Mohamed

Eleanor, queen of Castile

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 8.1

Bernard of Clairvaux and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Crusade experience, 2.1, 2.2

dream vision

early years, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

education of

family history, 2.1, 2.2

feminism and

final years, 2.1, 2.2

generosity of

Guinevere’s story and

imprisonment of

letters

marriage to Henry II of England

marriage to Louis VII of France

as mother, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

physical appearance, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Raymond of Poitiers and

as reigning monarch of Plantagenet territories

religious attitudes

Elements (Euclid)

Eliot, T. S.

Encratites, fm2.1, fm2.2, fm2.3

Epictetus the Stoic

Epicureanism

Erasistratus, fm2.1, fm2.2

Eratosthenes, fm2.1, fm2.2

Etruscans

Eucharist, mystery of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1

Eucharist, The (Schillebeeckx)

Euclid, fm2.1, fm2.2, 1.1

Eugene III, Pope, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

F

Female body, social attitudes toward

Feminism, 2.1, 8.1

adultery and, 2.1, 2.2

Eleanor of Aquitaine and

Hildegard of Bingen and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Virgin Mary cult and

Ferdinand III, king of Castile

Feudalism

Flat-earthers

Florence, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2

Dante and

Flores d’Arcais, Francesca

Florin coins

Forster, E. M., fm2.1, fm2.2, 7.1

Franciscans, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, 6.2

Francis of Assisi, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

art, influence on, 6.1, 6.2

change of character

Cimabue’s portrait of

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