Warrior Queens

  23 Gesta Stephani (X–17), pp. 179–84.

  24 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, edited and translated by D. Whitelock, D. C. Douglas and S. I. Tucker (1961), p. 200.

  25 Cit. DNB (X–I).

  26 Strickland (X–15), p. 225 gives the various contemporary references; Gesta Stephani (X–17), pp. 94–5; William of Malmesbury (X–6), III, Part 1, pp. 421–2.

  27 Onslow (X–I), p. 106; Pain (X–I), p. 102.

  28 Cit. Pain (X–I), pp. 85, 91.

  29 Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, edited by H. R. Luard (part of Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores or, Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during The Middle Ages), Vol. II (1874), p. 324; DNB (X–I).

  CHAPTER ELEVEN: Lion of the Caucasus

  The principal sources for this chapter are W. E. D. Allen’s History of the Georgian People (XI–3) and D. M. Lang’s The Georgians (XI–7).

  1 Professor Mariam Lordkipanidze, communication to the author; Kelly, Lawrence, Lermontov: Tragedy in the Caucasus (1983 pbk), p. 78.

  2 ‘The Demon’ translated by Robert Burness (Edinburgh 1918), cit. Kelly (XI–I). p. 79.

  3 Thubron, Colin, Among the Russians (1985 pbk), p. 165; Allen, W. E. D., A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century (1932), pp. 40, 103.

  4 Allen (XI–3), p. 2.

  5 Shota Rustaveli, The Knight in Panther’s Skin, a free translation in prose by Katharine Vivian, Foreword by David Lang (1977), p. 39.

  6 Allen (XI–3), pp. 39–40.

  7 Cit. Lang, D. M., The Georgians (1966), pp. 112, 28.

  8 Lang (XI–7), pp. 64f. gives a good summary.

  9 Cit. Allen (XI–3), p. 107.

  10 Cit. Maclean, Sir Fitzroy, To Caucasus (1976), p. 20.

  11 Allen (XI–3), p. 102.

  12 d’Auriac, Eugène, Thamar Reine de Géorgie (Paris 1892), p. 2.

  13 Allen (XI–3), p. 103.

  14 Lang (XI–7), p. 225.

  15 Allen (XI–3), p. 106.

  16 d’Auriac (XI–12), pp. 9, 12.

  17 Cit. Katharine Vivian to author.

  18 d’Auriac (XI–12), p. 12.

  19 Allen (XI–3), p. 103.

  20 Titus Andronicus, Act v, scene iii; Georgian Shakespeariana, III, edited and with a Foreword and notes by Nico Kiasashvili (seminar in Georgia to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s birth) (Tbilisi 1964), p. 336.

  21 Rustaveli (XI–5), p. 9.

  22 Rustaveli (XI–5), p. 11.

  23 The Georgian Chronicle, cit. David Lang’s Foreword to Rustaveli (XI–5), p. 18.

  24 Urushadze, Venera, Shota Rustaveli’s The Knight in Panther’s Skin, translated from the Georgian, Introduction by David M. Lang (Tbilisi 1979), p. 11.

  25 Bowra, C. M., Inspiration and Poetry (1955), pp. 45–67.

  26 Allen (XI–3), p. 244: his own translation.

  CHAPTER TWELVE: Isabella with her Prayers

  The principal modern sources consulted for this chapter are J. H. Elliott’s Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (XII–I), J.N. Hillgarth’s The Spanish Kingdoms 1250–1516 (XII–4) and F. Fernández-Armesto’s joint biography of Ferdinand and Isabella (XII–2).

  1 J. H. Elliott’s Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (1963), p. 65.

  2 Cit. Fernández-Armesto, F., Ferdinand and Isabella (1975), p. 96.

  3 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 149.

  4 Bernáldez cit. Hillgarth, J. N., The Spanish Kingdoms 1250–1516 (Oxford 1978), p. 451.

  5 Hillgarth (XII–4), p. 483.

  6 Cit. Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 53.

  7 See Elliott (XII–I), p. 11: ‘a consideration lately gives her the benefit of the doubt’.

  8 Elliott (XII–I), pp. 10, 66.

  9 Walsh, W. T., Isabella of Spain (1931), p. 137.

  10 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 83.

  11 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 27.

  12 Prescott, W. H., History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic (new and revised edition 1885), p. 592 note 3.

  13 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 64.

  14 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 41.

  15 Prescott (XII–12), pp. 591f.; Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), pp. 106f.

  16 Hillgarth (XII–4), p. 363; and see Walsh (XII–9), p. 616 note 2 writing in 1931: ‘The canonization of Isabel as a saint has been urged strongly in Spain during the past year.’

  17 Elliott (XII–I), p. 11.

  18 Viaggio cit. Prescott (XII–12), p. 596.

  19 Prescott (XII–12), p. 240.

  20 Laffin, John, Women in Battle (1967), pp. 20–1.

  21 Walsh (XII–9), p. 365.

  22 Prescott (XII–12), p. 244.

  23 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 90.

  24 Elliott (XII–I), p. 20.

  25 Prescott (XII–12), p. 240; Walsh (XII–9), p. 325.

  26 Nervo, Baron de, Isabella the Catholic: Queen of Spain. Her Life, Reign and Times 1451–1504 (1897), p. 203.

  27 Nervo (XII–26), p. 195.

  28 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 49; Walsh (XII–9), p. 22.

  29 See Colby, Kenneth Mark, ‘Gentlemen, the Queen’, Psychoanalytic Review, Vol. 40 (1953), pp. 144–8.

  30 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 136.

  31 Ernst Breisach’s biography of Caterina Sforza (I–21) is the basis of the ensuing pages; see also Kelly (I–7), pp. 31f.

  32 See Breisach (I–21), p. 296 note 99 for sources of the various versions.

  33 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 55.

  34 Elliott (XII–I), p. 42; Walsh (XII–9), p. 605.

  CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Elizabetha Triumphans

  1 Harborowe (III–9).

  2 Knox (II–13), p. 12.

  3 Knox (II–13), pp. 31f.

  4 Knox, John, History of the Church of Scotland, cit. Knox (II–13), Appendix.

  5 Abbott, Aishah (I–II), p. 176; see Phillips, James E., Jr, ‘The Background of Spenser’s Attitude Toward Women Rulers’, Huntington Library Quarterly (1941–2), pp. 5f.

  6 Knox (II–13), pp. xvii, 31.

  7 Knox (II–13), Appendix; Phillips, (XIII–5), passim.

  8 Harborowe (III–9), passim.

  9 Ridley, Jasper, Elizabeth 7 (1987), pp. 25–6, 85.

  10 Prescott, H. F. M., Mary Tudor (1953), p. 164.

  11 Erickson, Carolly, Bloody Mary (1978), p. 56.

  12 Waldman, Milton, The Lady Mary: A Biography of Mary Tudor 1516–1558 (1972), p. 204.

  13 Neale, J. E., Queen Elizabeth I (1960 pbk), p. 69.

  14 Williams, Neville, Elizabeth I: Queen of England (1971 pbk), pp. 48, 70.

  15 Fraser, Antonia, Mary Queen of Scots (1969), p. 163; Jewels and Plate of Queen Elizabeth I: the Inventory of 1574, edited by A. Jefferies Collins (1955), p. 112; Neale (XIII–13), p. 288.

  16 Cit. Erickson (XIII–II), p. 388.

  17 The Works of Anne Bradstreet in Prose and Verse, edited by John H. Ellis (Charlestown 1867), p. 361.

  18 Heisch, Allison, ‘Queen Elizabeth I and the Persistence of Patriarchy’, Feminist Review, February 1980, pp. 45–55.

  19 Longford, Elizabeth, Victoria RI (1964), p. 395.

  20 Cit. Erickson (XIII–II), p. 390.

  21 The Memoirs of Sir James Melville of Halhill, edited and with an Introduction by Gordon Donaldson (1969), p. 37.

  22 Buchanan cit. Phillips, James E., Jr, ‘The Woman Ruler in Spenser’s Faerie Queene’, Huntington Library Quarterly (1941–2), p. 220.

  23 Strong, Roy, The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan Portraiture and Pageantry (1977), p. 50.

  24 Williams (XIII–14), p. 168.

  25 Williams (XIII–14), p. 324.

  26 Palliser, D. M., The Age of Elizabeth: England under the Later Tudors 1547–1603 (1983), pp. 12, 107f.; Adams, Simon, ‘The Queen Embattled: Elizabeth 1 and the Conduct of Foreign Policy’ in Queen Elizabeth I: Most Politick Princess, edited by Simon Adams, History Today special issue (1984).
>
  27 Cit. Fraser, Mary (XIII–15), p. 344; Palliser (XIII–26), p. 108.

  28 Creighton, Rev. Mandell, Queen Elizabeth (1896), p. 179.

  29 Nichols, John (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, 2 vols (1780–90), Vol. I, Appendix vii pp. 525–6.

  30 Williams (XIII–14), p. 290.

  31 Williams (XIII–14), pp. 279, 347.

  32 See Strong, Cult (XIII–23), passim; most recently Strong, Roy, Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth 1 (1987).

  33 Strong, Cult (XIII–23), p. 47.

  34 Jewels (XIII–15), p. 112; Williams (XIII–14), pp. 350–1.

  35 Dunlop, Ian, Palaces and Progresses of Elizabeth 1 (1962), p. 85; Williams (XIII–14), p. 250.

  36 Chambers, Anne, Granuaile: The Life and Times of Grace O’Malley, c.1530–1603 (Dublin 1983 pbk), Ch. VI, pp. 127f.

  37 Dunlop (XIII–35), p. 32; cit. Erickson (XIII–II), p. 276.

  38 Henry VI Part III, Act 1, scene iv.

  39 Savile, Henry, The Ende of Nero and the beginning of Galba. Fower bookes of the histories of Cornelius Tacitus. The life of Agricola (1591), Preface.

  40 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 115; Polydore Vergil’s English History, Vol. I, edited by Sir Henry Ellis (1846), pp. 17, 70–2.

  41 The Chronicles of Scotland, compiled by Hector Boëce, translated into Scots by John Bellenden 1531, edited by R. W. Chambers and Edith Batho, Vol. I (Edinburgh 1938), pp. 141–5.

  42 Holinshed (v–27), 1, pp. 43–8.

  43 Ubaldini, Donne (I–5).

  44 Ubaldini, ‘Fatti’ (I–5).

  45 Camden’s Britannia, Introduction by Stuart Piggott (1971 facsimile), pp. 311, 347, 366; Dudley and Webster (I–3), pp. 117, 156 note 10.

  46 Spenser (II–5), Vol. I, p. 297.

  47 Spenser (II–5), Vol. II, p. 199.

  48 Williams (XIII–14), pp. 307, 311; Camden (XIII–45), p. 10.

  49 ‘Elizabetha Triumphans’ in Nichols, John, The Progresses, and Public Processions, of Queen Elizabeth …, Vol. II (1788), p. 22.

  50 This account is based on Christy, Miller, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Tilbury in 1588’, English Historical Review (1919), pp. 43–61; Mattingly, Garrett, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1959), pp. 290–7; also The Queenes visiting of the Campe at Tilburie with her entertainement there, BL c. 181. 2 (64) (1588); ‘Elizabetha Triumphans’ (XIII–49); Ridley (XIII–9), p. 285 and note.

  51 Calendar of State Papers Domestic 1581–90, p. 516; Neale (XIII–13), p. 301.

  52 See Barker, Felix, ‘If Parma had Landed’, History Today (May 1988), p. 40. Recent research dismisses Arden Hall as the Queen’s residence.

  53 Barker (XIII–52), p. 38 questions the text because Aske reports the speech differently; but Sharp would have been closer to the Queen than Aske and, as Leicester’s chaplain, closer to court circles. Letter to The Times, 12 May 1988.

  54 CSP Domestic (XIII–51), p. 514.

  55 Hacker (I–10), p. 653.

  CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Jinga at the Gates

  1 Oakley, Stewart, The Story of Sweden (1966), p. 82.

  2 Kelly (I–7), p. 86.

  3 Cit. Green (II–17), p. 187.

  4 Swift, Jack Frenchman’s Lamentation, cit. Green (II–17), pp. 191, 360 note 28.

  5 Blake, Robert, Disraeli (1966), p. 637.

  6 Bonduca (VII–II), Act III, scene i; Fletcher, John, Bonduca (Malone Society reprint Oxford 1951) suggests it is ‘hardly open to doubt’ that the play is ‘substantially Fletcher’s’.

  7 Bonduca or, The British Heroine, A Tragedy Acted at the Theatre Royal by his Majesty’s Servants (1696); Price, C. A., Henry Purcell and the London Stage (Cambridge 1984), pp. 97, 117–25.

  8 Price (XIV–7), p. 117.

  9 Piggott (IV–9), p. 81; Mossiker, Frances, Pocahontas: The Life and the Legend (1977), pp. 43, 157, 166.

  10 Piggott (IV–9), p. 136; Heywood (II–12), p. 72.

  11 Petition of Women, BL E551 (14) (1649); Shepherd, Simon, Amazons and Warrior Women: Varieties of Feminism in Seventeenth-Century Drama (Brighton 1981), pp. 87f.

  12 Sammes, Aylett, Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, or, The Antiquities of Ancient Britain, Vol. I (1676), pp. 223–9.

  13 The British Princes, An Heroick Poem Written by the Honourable Edward Howard Esq. (1669).

  14 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 125.

  15 See Piggott, Stuart, William Stukeley: An Eighteenth-Century Antiquary (Oxford 1950), passim, especially pp. 54–5 and note 1; Lincolnshire Notes – Queries, MS in the possession of W. A. Cragg of Threckingham, Vol. 10 (1909), pp. 177–80.

  16 Piggott, Stukeley (XIV–15), p. 56.

  17 G.E.C. (Cokayne), The Complete Peerage (reprint 1981), XII/I, p. 81; The Complete Poetical Works of James Thomson, edited by J. Logie Robertson (1908), p. 413.

  18 The Works of William Cowper, 8 vols (1853–5), Vol. v, pp. 265–6.

  19 Information supplied to the author from resident in Angola in 1987.

  20 Buttinger, Joseph, Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol. II: Vietnam at War (New York 1970), pp. 54–6. Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History (New York 1983), p. 100.

  21 Ladner, Joyce A., ‘Racism and Tradition: Black Womanhood in Perspective’ in Carroll (II–7), pp. 179–93; Diner (II–6), pp. 221–7; Laffin (XII–20), pp. 47–51.

  22 Diner (II–6), pp. 223; Spectator (London), 29 October 1987.

  23 The main sources for the life of Queen Jinga are: Birmingham, David, Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese 1483–1790 (Oxford 1966); Boxer, C. R., Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415–1825 (Oxford 1963) and Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola 1602–1686 (1952); Chilcote, B., Portuguese Africa (1967); Duffy, James, Portuguese Africa (1959).

  24 Birmingham (XIV–23), pp. 92–5.

  25 Boxer, Salvador (XIV–23), p. 243.

  26 Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 25.

  27 Ogilby (I–6), II, pp. 563–5.

  28 Cit. Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 29.

  29 Cit. Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 30.

  30 Ogilby (I–6), II, p. 563.

  31 Child, Mrs, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans called Africans (Boston 1833), p. 161.

  32 Birmingham (XIV–23), p. 125.

  33 Child (XIV–31), p. 161.

  CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Queen versus Monster

  1 Napoleon (II–14), p. 488.

  2 Napoleon (II–14), p. 326; Gluck’s Armide: libretto by Philippe Quenault, Act V, scene v.

  3 Voss, Sophie Marie Countess von, Sixty-Nine Years at the Court of Prussia: From the recollections of the Mistress of the Household, 2 vols (1876), Vol. II, p. 42.

  4 Burke, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France …, edited and with an Introduction by Conor Cruise O’Brien (1969 pbk), p. 170; Life of General Sir Robert Wilson, edited by Rev. Herbert Randolph, Vol. II (1862), p. 53.

  5 Wilson (XV–4), p. 53; Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302.

  6 Biographies consulted for Maria Theresa and Catherine respectively are: Crankshaw, Edward, Maria Theresa (1971 pbk); Cronin, Vincent, Catherine Empress of all the Russias (1978); Gooch, G. P., Catherine the Great and Other Studies (1954); Troyat, Henri, Catherine the Great (I–16).

  7 Saint Simon at Versailles, selected and translated by Lucy Norton. With a preface by Nancy Mitford (1985 pbk edn), p. 241.

  8 Cit. Crankshaw (XV–6), pp. 59, 61; The Love Letters of Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh, edited by Alexander Carlyle, 2 vols (1909), Vol. I, p. 41.

  9 Crankshaw (XV–6), p. 78.

  10 Crankshaw (XV–6), pp. 308f.; c.1749 cit. Maria Theresia’s Politisches Testament, edited by J. Kalbrunner and C. Biener (Vienna 1959).

  11 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 32.

  12 Memoirs of Catherine the Great, translated by Katharine Anthony (New York 1927), p. 15.

  13 Memoirs of the Princess Daschkaw [Dashkova], Lady of Honour to Catherine II, Empress of all the Russias, Written by Herself, edited by Mrs W. Bradfo
rd, 2 vols (1840), Vol. I, pp. 78f.

  14 Catherine’s Memoirs (XV–12), p. 266.

  15 Troyat (I–16), p. 187; Gooch (XV–6), p. 95.

  16 Troyat (I–16), p. 270.

  17 Gooch (XV–6), p. 18; Troyat (I–16), p. 166.

  18 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 84.

  19 Voltaire (III–4), IX, passim, esp. pp. 51, 68.

  20 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 84.

  21 Cronin (XV–6), p. 183.

  22 Wright, Constance, Louise, Queen of Prussia (1970), p. 47.

  23 Wright (XV–22), p. 18; Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le Brun, translated by Lionel Strachey, 2 vols (1904), Vol. II, p. 167.

  24 The Diaries and Letters of Sir George Jackson, KCH, from the Peace of Amiens to the Battle of Talavera, edited by Lady Jackson, 2 vols (1872), Vol. I, p. 126.

  25 Voss (XV–3).

  26 Taack, Merete von, Königin Luise: Eine Biographie (Tübigen 1978), pp. 226–7; Delbrück, Hans, ‘Von der Königin Luise, dem Minister v. Stein und dem deutschen Nationalgedanken’, Preussische Jahrbücher, Vol. 136 (1909), p. 452; Maass, Joachim, Kleist: A Biography (1983), pp. 88, 122, 206.

  27 Kleist, Heinrich von, Penthesilea: A Tragedy, English version by Humphrey Trevelyan (1959), Act I, scene xv.

  28 Vigée Le Brun (XV–23), 11, pp. 168–9.

  29 Jackson (XV–24), 1, pp. 153, 241; Klett, Tessa, Königin Luise von Preussen in der Zeit der Napoleonischen Kriege (Berlin 1937), p. 131.

  30 Voss (XV–3), 11, pp. 29–30.

  31 Voss (XV–3), II, p. 30.

  32 Napoleon (II–14), p. 425.

  33 Klett (XV–29), p. 72.

  34 Wright (XV–22), p. 81.

  35 Krieger, Bogdan, ‘Russischer Besuch am preussischen Hof vor 100 Jahren’, Deutsche Revue, Vol. 29 (1904), p. 348.

  36 Aretz, Gertrude, Queen Louise of Prussia 1776–1810 (New York 1929), p. 144.

  37 Wright, (XV–22), p. 141.

  38 Napoleon (II–14), p. 324; Delbrück (XV–26), p. 520.

  39 Hardy, Thomas, The Dynasts: An Epic Drama (1920), p. 155.

  40 Taack (XV–26), p. 371.

  41 Mémoires et lettres inédits du Chevalier de Gentz (Stuttgart 1841), p. 296.

  42 Napoleon (II–14), p. 363; Princess Louise of Prussia (Princess Anton Radziwill), Forty-five Years of My Life 1770–1815 (1912), p. 228.