The Age of Louis XIV

  78. Voltaire, 233; Michelet, V, 95.

  79. Rowse, Early Churchills, 254.

  80. Trevelyan, English Social History, 294.

  81. Martin, II, 474.

  82. In Hoover, H., and Gibbons, H. A., Conditions of a Lasting Peace, 33.

  83. In Hazard, 437.

  84. Voltaire, 306.

  85. Martin, II, 493.

  86. Lewis, Splendid Century, 181.

  87. E.g., cf. Cruttwell, 284.

  88. Saint-Amand, Court of Louis XIV, 51.

  89. Martin, II, 540n.

  90. Cruttwell, 347.

  91. Martin, II, 539.

  92. Saint-Simon, II, 354; Guizot, History of France, IV, 483.

  93. Boulenger, 317.

  94. Saint-Simon, II, 355.

  95. Ibid., 356.

  96. Boulenger, 318.

  97. Michelet, V, 125.

  98. Martin, H., Histoire de France, XV, 7.

  99. Duclos, Secret Memoirs of the Regency, 21.

  100. Voltaire, 308–9.

  101. Michelet, IV, 392.

  102. Quoted by Voltaire, in Works, XIXb, 99.

  103. Parton, Life of Voltaire, II, 493.

  104. Saint-Amand, 53.

  105. Acton, 234.

  Index

  Dates in parentheses following a name are of birth and death except when preceded by r., when they indicate duration of reign for popes and rulers of states. A single date preceded by fl. denotes a floruit. A footnote is indicated by an asterisk. Italicized page numbers indicate principal treatment. All dates are A.D. unless otherwise noted.

  Abbeville, France, 23

  Abélard, Pierre (1079–1142), 609, 686

  abiogenesis, 520, 521

  Abjuration Act (England, 1702), 705

  Aboab, Isaac, da Fonseca (1605–93), 459

  Abrabanel, Isaac (1437–1508), 609

  Absalom and Achitophel (Dryden), 223, 224–226, 505*

  absolutism and divine right, 286, 308, 368, 369, 413, 414, 453

  of Alexis of Russia, 375

  Anglican Church position on, 253, 301

  Bossuet’s treatise on, 77–78

  Charles II of England and, 277

  of Charles XII of Sweden, 369

  Cromwell and, 191, 254

  English Parliament’s modification of, 298–99

  Fénelon’s views on, 84

  Filmer’s treatise on, 253, 579–580

  Hobbes’s formulations on, 549, 556–57, 560, 561, 563

  James II and, 288–89, 290

  Locke’s views on, 580

  Louis XIV and, 6, 10, 12, 14–15, 290, 721

  Peter the Great and, 375, 396

  popes and, 49, 431

  Spinoza’s views on, 652, 659

  Academia Secretorum Naturae (Naples), 495

  Académie de l’Opéra (Paris), 33

  Académie de Musique (Paris), 33

  Académie de Peinture et de Sculpture (Paris), 87

  Académie des Beaux-Arts (Paris), 87, 89, 97, 98, 99, 434

  see also French Academy

  Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (Paris), 130

  Académie des Sciences (Paris), 23, 496, 499, 533, 618

  Académie Française, see French Academy

  Académie Royale de Danse (Paris), 32

  Académie Royale de France (Rome), 88

  Académie Royale de l’ Architecture (Paris), 88

  Academy of Medals and Inscriptions (Paris), 95

  Academy of St. Petersburg, 403, 410, 495, 677

  Accademia dei Lincei (Rome), 495

  Accademia del Cimento (Florence), 495, 506

  Acosta, Uriel (c. 1591–1647?), 458, 476–78, 609, 621, 653

  Acta Eruditorum, Leipzig, 484, 498, 534

  Acta Sanctorum, 490

  Act for the Settling of Ireland (England, 1652), 187, 302

  Act of Seclusion (United Provinces, 1654), 174

  Act of Settlement (England, 1701), 310

  Act of Toleration (England, 1689), 252, 301, 483, 589

  Act of Uniformity (England, 1662), 252, 519

  Acton, John Emerich, Lord (1834–1902), 686–697, 721

  Adam and Eve, and original sin, 53–54, 167, 567–68, 610, 611

  in Paradise Lost, 236–37

  in Quaker theology, 196

  fall of, explained as allegory, 507, 567

  Leibniz’ conclusion from, 674.

  adding machines, 56, 662

  Addison, Joseph (1627–1719), 243, 275, 306, 311, 313, 340–46, 529

  aid political office, 312, 342, 346, 353

  and success of Cato, 321, 345

  and Swift, 345, 352, 353, 354

  “Adeste Fideles” (Anonymous), 690

  Adrian, Patriarch (d. 1700), 399

  Adrianople, 423, 455, 473, 474

  adultery, 28, 31–32, 34, 195, 248, 271, 315, 415

  Aeneid, The (Virgil), 162, 235, 327, 343

  Aeschylus (525–456 B.C.), 135, 241, 318

  Aesop (fl. 560 B.C.), 144, 145, 615

  Affirmation Act (England, 1696), 301

  Africa, Dutch settlements in, 172, 259

  Afrosinia (fl. 1717), 407, 408

  Age of Enlightenment, The (Fellows and Torrey), 697*

  Agésilas (Corneille), 132

  Agnès, Mère, see Arnauld, Jeanne

  Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1703–30), 387–388

  Aire, France, 714

  air pollution in London, 260–61, 501

  air pump, 495, 498, 511, 512, 518, 528

  Aix-en-Provence, 89

  Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1668), 43, 164, 175

  Akiba ben Joseph (c.50–132), 609

  Alacoque, Saint Marguerite Marie (1647–90), 47

  Albania, 474

  Albertus Magnus, Saint (1193?–1280), 585

  alchemy, 270, 481, 515, 531–32, 661

  Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher (Berkeley), 596–97

  Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ (1717?–83), 60, 588, 609, 697*

  Aleppo, Syria, 455

  Alexander VII (Fabio Chigi), Pope (r. 1655–1667), 60, 67, 367, 430, 431, 434, 439, 441

  Alexander VIII (Pietro Ottoboni), Pope (r. 1689–91), 432, 445, 689

  Alexander III the Great, King of Macedon (r. 336–323 B.C.), 96, 101, 369, 571

  Alexander I, Czar of Russia (r. 1801–25), 381

  Alexander II, Czar of Russia (r. 1855–81), 410

  “Alexander’s Feast” (Dryden), 327

  Alexandre (Racine), 134–35

  Alexis, Czar of Russia (r. 1645–76), 367, 370–371, 375–77, 394, 398, 403, 404

  Alexis Petrovich (1690–1718), 406–8

  Alfonso VI, King of Portugal (r. 1656–83), 446

  Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara (r. 1559–97), 442

  Algarotti, Count Francisco (1712–64), 397*

  algebra, 528, 533

  All for Love (Dryden), 323

  All Souls College, Oxford, 263

  Almira (Handel), 419

  Alsace, 11, 44, 712, 714

  Altdorf, Bavaria, 495, 661

  Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (1508–73), 449

  Amati, Andrea (1530?–1611?), 443

  Amati, Nicolò (1596–1684), 443

  Amboyna, 173

  America: developing democracy in, 563

  English colonies in, 200, 259, 311, 713, 714, 715

  English migration to, trade with, 183, 185, 248, 254

  French colonies in, 26, 699, 711, 713, 714

  gold and silver from, 200, 446, 448, 711

  Portuguese colonies in, 248, 446, 448

  slave trade with, 704, 713, 714

  Spanish colonies in, 200, 446, 448, 699, 700, 704, 713, 714

  American Revolution, 583

  Aminta (Tasso), 374

  Amontons, Guillaume (1663–1705), 498

  Amour médecin, L’ (Moliere), 120

  Amour tyrannique, L’ (Scudéry), 56

  Amphitryon (Molière), 123

  Amsterdam,
43, 69, 167, 168, 173, 175, 176, 202, 230, 261, 395, 502, 607, 663

  Jews of, 458–61

  passim, 468–77

  passim, 620–24

  passim; labor strike in, 166

  Peter the Great’s visit to, 380, 381, 382

  and St. Petersburg, 396

  Spinoza in, 167, 620–25

  passim, 630

  Amyot, Jacques (1513–93), 130

  Anabaptists, 194, 246, 278, 280, 590

  see also Baptists

  anatomy, 495, 497, 498, 508, 521, 522–24, 528, 530

  ancients versus moderns, debate on, 147, 161–163, 331, 348, 491, 530, 615–17

  Ancona, Italy, 439, 456

  Andromaque (Racine), 129, 135–37, 140, 142, 143, 162

  Andromède (Corneille), 131

  Andrusovo, Peace of (1667), 371

  anesthesia, 528

  Angélique, Mère, see Arnauld, Jacqueline

  Anglican Church, 269, 327, 340–41, 486, 497, 507, 519, 543, 571

  and Charles II, 204, 251–254, 256, 278–79, 560

  under Cromwell, 189, 193, 194, 201, 560

  and divine right of kings, 253, 301, 580

  and episcopacy conflict, 218–220, 252, 277

  High and Broad Churchmen in, 219, 253–54

  and Hobbes, 560, 563

  in Ireland and Scotland, 252, 277, 352

  and James II, 285, 289, 291–94, 299, 580

  Milton’s denunciations of, 212–13, 218–20

  and persecution of nonconformists, 209–10, 212, 252–56, 292, 301, 336

  and Queen Anne’s Bounty, 307, 352

  re-establishment of, 246, 251–52

  and Savoy Conference, 252

  and Test Act, 278–79, 352

  upper-class, identification with, 194, 268–69

  and William III, 295–96, 299, 301

  Angoumois, 74

  Anguier, François (1604–69), 100

  Anguier, Michel (1614–86), 100

  Anjou, Philip, Duke of, see Philip V, King of Spain

  Anne, Queen of England (r. 1702–14), 265, 279, 297, 305–11, 312, 321, 330, 336, 338, 345, 351, 352, 545, 572, 678, 712–13

  Anne of Austria (1601–66

  Queen Regent of France 1643–61), 4–9, 12, 29, 34, 35, 39, 40, 61, 87, 90, 115, 155, 160

  Bossuet’s funeral oration for, 76

  Mignard’s portrait of, 98

  Annus Mirabilis (Dryden), 322, 323

  Antidote to Atheism (More), 482

  Antonio, Dom (1531–94), 460

  Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), 323

  Antwerp, 164, 165, 175, 439, 704, 708

  expulsion of Jews from, 457–58

  Aphorisms (Christina), 441–42

  Apollonius of Perga (c.240 B.C.), 505

  Apollonius of Tyana (fl. 1st cent.), 567

  Aqueduct de Maintcnon, 92, 685

  Aquinas, Saint Thomas (1225?–74), 133, 585, 602, 667*

  his definition of eternity, 550

  studied by Spinoza, 621, 638, 641, 654

  and geometrical exposition, 654

  Arabia, 423, 471

  Arabic language, 489, 490, 492–93, 505, 576

  Arabs, 492–93

  Arbuthnot, John (1667–1735), 330, 360

  Arcadian Academy (Rome), 442

  Archangel, Russia, 375, 378, 379, 400

  Archimedes (287?–212 B.C.), 500

  architecture: Austrian, 426–27

  English, 263–65, 507, 593

  Flemish, 165

  French, 87, 90–93, 102, 162, 163

  German, 418

  Italian, 90, 432–434

  Mexican, 450

  Polish, 374

  Russian, 404

  Spanish, 449–50

  Swedish, 368

  Areopagitica (Milton), 224–26, 227, 243, 313

  Argenson, Marquis Marc René de Voyer d’ (1652–1721), 16–17

  Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of (1629–85), 289–90

  Arianism, 239, 590

  Ariosto, Lodovico (1474–1533), 133

  Aristarchus of Samos (fl. 280–264 B.C.), 217

  Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 218, 488, 520, 530, 554, 560, 570, 576, 588, 591, 653, 654, 667, 670

  Arithmetica Infinitorum (Wallis), 500

  Aries, France, 88

  Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (1618–85), 277, 278

  Armagh, Archbishop (Catholic) of, see Plunket, Oliver

  Armentières, 43

  Arminianism, 167, 239, 577, 590

  Arnauld family, 50–51

  Arnauld, Antoine I (1560–1619), 50

  Arnauld, Antoine II (1612–94), 51, 52, 54, 55, 59, 67, 74, 79, 100, 139, 153, 493, 604, 662

  Arnauld, Jacqueline Marie, Mère Angélique (1591–1661), 47, 50–52, 61, 67, 96

  Arnauld, Jeanne Catherine, Mère Agnès (1593–1671), 50, 67, 96

  Arnauld d’ Andilly, Robert (1589–1674), 51, 52, 96

  Arnold, Matthew (1822–88), 657

  Arnstadt, 420

  Arouet, François (b. 1651), father of Voltaire, 30

  Ars poetica (Horace), 147

  art: French domination of in Europe, 3, 102–103, 163

  French organization of artists, 87–90

  see also architecture; painting; sculpture

  Artagnan, Charles de Baatz, Sieur d’ (1611–73), 19

  Art de pevser, V (Nicole and Arnauld), 52

  Articles of Union (1707), 308

  Artois, province of, 11, 42, 164

  Art poétique, V (Boileau), 147–49

  Arundel, Earl of, portrait of by J. Rilcy, 265

  Arundell, Henry Arundell, 3d Baron (c.1607–1694), 277, 280

  Ashkenazi, Solomon ben Nathan (fl. 1571), 455

  Ashoka, King of Magadha (r. 273–232 B.C.), 563

  Asia, English rule in, 200

  “Astraea Redux” (Dryden), 322

  Astrakhan, 375, 405

  astrology, 270, 481, 525, 531

  astronomy, 62, 496–501

  passim, 502–5, 528–31

  passim, 535–39

  passim, 547, 617

  Athalie (Racine), 128, 137, 138, 141

  Athanasian Creed, 589.

  atheism, 80, 85, 570, 572, 591, 593, 606–8, 660

  attributions of, to noted men, 119–20, 251, 300, 491, 587, 599, 608, 611, 612, 625, 630, 641, 655, 656

  Molière play on, 118–20

  and Newton cosmology, 491, 547, 566–67, 676

  religious freedom denied to, 226, 239, 589, 608

  and witchcraft, 482

  Athens, 105, 225, 424, 472

  Athlone, Godert de Ginkel, 1st Earl of (1644–1703), 303

  atmospheric pressure, 506, 511, 512

  Attila (Corneille), 132

  Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d’ (1552–1630), 38

  Aubrey, John (1626–97), 222, 234, 239–40, 250, 502*, 525, 526, 538, 548, 549, 561, 565

  and Minutes of Lives, 330

  Aubusson tapestry factory, 94

  Audenaarde, 43, 710

  Aufklärung (German Enlightenment), 485, 656, 660

  Augsburg, Bavaria, 490

  Augsburg, League of (1686), 691

  Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 70–71

  Augustine, Saint (354–430), 53, 55, 128, 146, 153, 600, 610, 633, 679

  Augustinians, religious order, 53, 598

  Augustinus (Jansen), 53, 54, 55, 67

  Augustus, Roman emperor (r. 27 B.C.-A.D. 14), 3, 13, 161

  Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland (r. 1697–1704, 1709–33), Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus I, r. 1694–1733), 369, 374, 382–85

  passim, 387, 391, 413, 415, 418, 419

  Austria, 3, 296, 383, 420–21, 464

  arts in, 421, 426–27

  and Turks, 373, 383, 420–27

  and War of Spanish Succession, 453, 700–8, 710–15

  Auteuil, 123, 126*

  autos-da-fé, 375, 429, 449, 455, 477

  Auvergne, 16, 56, 58

&nbs
p; Avare, L’ (Molière), 123, 124

  Aventures de Télémaque, Les (Fénelon), 84

  Avignon, 432, 472

  Avvakum, Russian religious leader, 376

  Aymer, Jacques (fl. 1692), 481

  Azov, Russia, 379, 386, 388

  Bach family, 33, 420, 501

  Bach, Ambrosius (1645–95), 420

  Bach, Christoph (1613–61), 420

  Bach, Heinrich (1615–92), 420

  Bach, Johann (1604–73), 420

  Bach, Johann Christian (1640–82), 420

  Bach, Johann Christoph (1642–1703), 420

  Bach, Johann Egidius (1645–1716), 420

  Bach, Johann Michael (1648–94), 420

  Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750), 34, 419, 420, 443, 657

  Baciccio, II, see Gaulli, Giovanni Battista

  Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 66, 74, 359, 506, 521, 528, 564, 570, 597, 680, 681

  comment on religious wars, 75

  inspiration for Royal Society, 496

  influence on Hobbes, 548, 550, 564

  and Spinoza, 621, 624, 636, 654

  bacteria, discovery of, 521

  Baden, 692

  Baius, Michael (1513–89), 53

  Bajazet (Racine), 138, 143

  Baku, 409

  Baltic Sea, struggle for control of, 365–90, 397

  Bamberg, cathedral at, 418

  Bank of Amsterdam, 166

  Bank of England, 304

  Banz, abbey church at, 418

  Baptists, 193, 194, 197, 209, 211

  Barbados, Irish deported to, 187

  Barbezieux, Marquis Louis de (1668–1701), 694

  Barcelona, 707, 708

  Barclay, Robert (1648–90), 196, 255, 256, 416

  Barebon, Praise God (1596?–1679), 191, 460

  Barèges, France, 40

  barometer, 56, 498, 506, 512, 528

  Barelli, Agostino (fl. 1663), 418

  Baron, Michael (fl. 1673), 127

  Baroni, Leonora (fl. 1675), 444

  Barrière, Pierre (d. 1594), 50

  Barrow, Isaac (1630–77), 500, 531, 533

  Barry, Elizabeth (1658–1713), 315

  Bartholin, Thomas (1616–80), 522

  Barton, Catherine (fl. 1695), 545

  Basel, University of, 501

  Basile, Adriana (fl. 1665), 444

  Bastille, 161, 317

  Place de la, 10

  Basnage, Jacques (1653–1725), 673

  Bath, England, 275

  Báthory, Stephen, King of Poland (r. 1575–1586), 465

  Battle of the Books, The (Swift), 348, 491

  Bavaria, 425, 691, 700

  in War of Spanish Succession, 702, 703, 706, 707, 714

  Bavaria, Elector of (r. 1679–1726), see Maximilian II Emanuel

  Baxter, Richard (1615–91), 254–55

  Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), 85, 150–51, 442, 484, 486, 505, 509, 563, 571, 576, 589, 591, 596, 605–13, 680, 681

  flight to Holland, 167

  his literary periodical, 484, 617

  his literary style, 564