The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined

  278. Intellectual abilities and democracy: Rindermann, 2008.

  279. Democracy and violence: Gleditsch, 2008; Harff, 2003, 2005; Lacina, 2006; Pate, 2008; Rummel, 1994; Russett, 2008; Russett & Oneal, 2001.

  280. Flynn Effect in Kenya and Dominica: Flynn, 2007, p. 144.

  281. Education and civil war: Thyne, 2006.

  282. Pacifying effect of education: Thyne, 2006, p. 733.

  283. Integrative complexity: Suedfeld & Coren, 1992; Tetlock, 1985; Tetlock, Peterson, & Lerner, 1996.

  284. Low but significant correlation between IQ and integrative complexity: Suedfeld & Coren, 1992. Correlation of 0.58 among presidents: Simonton, 2006.

  285. Integrative complexity and violence: Tetlock, 1985, pp. 1567–68.

  286. Integrative complexity and major wars: Suedfeld & Tetlock, 1977.

  287. Integrative complexity and Arab-Israeli wars: Suedfeld, Tetlock, & Ramirez, 1977. Integrative complexity and U.S.-Soviet actions: Tetlock, 1985.

  288. Teasing apart effects of integrative complexity: Tetlock, 1985; Tetlock et al., 1996.

  289. Integrative complexity of American political discourse: Rosenau & Fagen, 1997.

  290. Inane 1917 congressman: Quoted in Rosenau & Fagen, 1997, p. 676.

  291. Inane 1972 senator: Quoted in Rosenau & Fagen, 1997, p. 677.

  292. Sophistication of U.S. presidential debates: Gorton & Diels, 2010.

  293. Inhabitant of the breast: Smith, 1759/1976, p. 136.

  Chapter 10: On Angels’ Wings

  1. Hitler was not an atheist: Murphy, 1999.

  2. Nazism and Christianity: Ericksen & Heschel, 1999; Goldhagen, 1996; Heschel, 2008; Steigmann-Gall, 2003; Chirot & McCauley, 2006, p. 144.

  3. Common cause between Nazism and the church: Ericksen & Heschel, 1999, p. 11.

  4. Marxism and Christianity: Chirot & McCauley, 2006, pp. 142–43; Chirot, 1995.

  5. Gifts and amity: Mauss, 1924/1990.

  6. Unsexy merchants: Mueller, 1999, 2010b.

  7. Only nursing mothers should command nuclear forces: D. Garner, “After atom bomb’s shock, the real horrors began unfolding,” New York Times, Jan. 20, 2010.

  8. Handbagged: Shultz, 2009.

  9. Surplus of men, deficit of peace: Hudson & den Boer, 2002.

  10. Sparing bare branches: Hudson & den Boer, 2002, p. 26.

  11. Bolus of men: Hudson & den Boer, 2002.

  12. Number of young men and odds of war: Fearon & Laitin, 2003; Mesquida & Wiener, 1996.

  13. Sex and War: Potts, Campbell, & Hayden, 2008.

  14. Mixing of peoples fosters humanism: Examples include the findings that countries in which women are more influential have less domestic violence (Archer, 2006a); that people who know gay people are less homophobic (see note 232 to chap. 7); and that American counties along coasts and waterways are more liberal (Haidt & Graham, 2007).

  15. Escalator of reason, expanding circle: Both are taken from Singer, 1981/2011.

  16. The idea of decline: Herman, 1997.

  17. Rational optimists: Bettmann, 1974; Easterbrook, 2003; Goklany, 2007; Kenny, 2011; Ridley, 2010; Robinson, 2009; Wattenberg, 1984.

  18. A higher power?: Payne, 2004, p. 29.

  19. Evidence of divinity?: Wright, 2000, p. 319. Divinely imparted meaning?: Wright, 2000, p. 320. Cosmic author?: Wright, 2000, p. 334.

  20. Moral realism: Nagel, 1970; Railton, 1986; Sayre-McCord, 1988; Shafer-Landau, 2003; Harris, 2010.

  21. “hot and forcing violation”: Henry V, act 3, scene 3.

  22. Hundreds of millions murdered: Rummel, 1994, 1997. “Naked ape”: from Desmond Morris.

  23. While this planet has gone cycling on: Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, final sentence.

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