The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
Brecke, P. 1999. Violent conflicts 1400 A.D. to the present in different regions of the world. Paper presented at the 1999 Meeting of the Peace Science Society (International).
Brecke, P. 2002. Taxonomy of violent conflicts. http://www.inta.gatech.edu/peter/power.html.
Breiner, S. J. 1990. Slaughter of the innocents: Child abuse through the ages and today. New York: Plenum.
Brezina, T., Agnew, R., Cullen, F. T., & Wright, J. P. 2004. The code of the street: A quantitative assessment of Elijah Anderson’s subculture of violence thesis and its contribution to youth violence research. Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice, 2, 303–28.
Brock, D. W. 1993. Life and death: Philosophical essays in biomedical ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bronowski, J. 1973. The ascent of man. Boston: Little, Brown.
Broude, G. J., & Greene, S. J. 1976. Cross-cultural codes on twenty sexual attitudes and practices. Ethnology, 15, 409–29.
Brown, B. R. 1968. The effects of need to maintain face on interpersonal bargaining. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 107–22.
Brown, D. E. 1988. Hierarchy, history, and human nature: The social origins of historical consciousness. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Brown, D. E. 1991. Human universals. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brown, D. E. 2000. Human universals and their implications. In N. Roughley, ed., Being humans: Anthropological universality and particularity in transdisciplinary perspectives. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Brown, M. E. 1997. The impact of government policies on ethnic relations. In M. Brown & S. Ganguly, eds., Government policies and ethnic relations in Asia and the Pacific. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Brown, R. 1985. Social psychology: The second edition. New York: Free Press.
Browne, A., & Williams, K. R. 1989. Exploring the effect of resource availability and the likelihood of female-perpetrated homicides. Law & Society Review, 23, 75–94.
Browne, K. 2002. Biology at work. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Browning, C. R. 1992. Ordinary men: Reserve police battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins.
Brownmiller, S. 1975. Against our will: Men, women, and rape. New York: Fawcett Columbine.
Broyles, W. J. 1984. Why men love war. Esquire (November).
Brunner, H. G., Nelen, M., Breakfield, X. O., Ropers, H. H., & van Oost, B. A. 1993. Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science, 262, 578–80.
Buhaug, H. 2010. Climate not to blame for African civil wars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 16477–82.
Bullock, A. 1991. Hitler and Stalin: Parallel lives. London: HarperCollins.
Burch, E. S. 2005. Alliance and conflict. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Burger, J. M. 2009. Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today? American Psychologist, 64, 1–11. Burke, E. 1790/1967. Reflections on the revolution in France. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.
Burks, S. V., Carpenter, J. P., Goette, L., & Rustichini, A. 2009. Cognitive skills affect economic preferences, strategic behavior, and job attachment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 7745–50.
Burnham, G., Lafta, R., Doocy, S., & Roberts, L. 2006. Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: A cross-sectional cluster sample survey. Lancet, 368, 1421–28.
Bushman, B. J. 1997. Effects of alcohol on human aggression: Validity of proposed explanations. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 13, 227–43.
Bushman, B. J., & Cooper, H. M. 1990. Effects of alcohol on human aggression: An integrative research review. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 341–54.
Buss, D. M. 1989. Conflict between the sexes. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 56, 735–47.
Buss, D. M. 1994. The evolution of desire. New York: Basic Books.
Buss, D. M. 2000. The dangerous passion: Why jealousy is as necessary as love and sex. New York: Free Press.
Buss, D. M. 2005. The murderer next door: Why the mind is designed to kill. New York: Penguin.
Buss, D. M., & Duntley, J. D. 2008. Adaptations for exploitation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, & Practice, 12, 53–62.
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. 1993. Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–32.
Bussman, M., & Schneider, G. 2007. When globalization discontent turns violent: Foreign economic liberalization and internal war. International Studies Quarterly, 51, 79–97.
Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. 1999. Gender differences in risk-taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 367–83.
C-SPAN. 2010. C-SPAN 2009 Historians presidential leadership survey. http://legacy.c-span.org/PresidentialSurvey/presidential-leadership-survey.aspx.
Cairns, R. B., Gariépy, J.-L., & Hood, K. E. 1990. Development, microevolution, and social behavior. Psychological Review, 97, 49–65.
Capital Punishment U.K. 2004. The end of capital punishment in Europe. http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/europe.html.
Caplan, B. 2007. The myth of the rational voter: Why democracies choose bad policies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Caplan, B., & Miller, S. C. 2010. Intelligence makes people think like economists: Evidence from the General Social Survey. Intelligence, 38, 636–47.
Caplow, T., Hicks, L., & Wattenberg, B. 2001. The first measured century: An illustrated guide to trends in America, 1900–2000. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press.
Carey, J. 1993. The intellectuals and the masses: Pride and prejudice among the literary intelligentsia, 1880–1939. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Carlin, J. 2008. Playing the enemy: Nelson Mandela and the game that made a nation. New York: Penguin.
Carlsmith, K. M., Darley, J. M., & Robinson, P. H. 2002. Why do we punish? Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83, 284–99.
Carswell, S. 2001. Survey on public attitudes towards the physical punishment of children. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Justice.
Caspi, A. 2000. The child is father of the man: Personality continuities from childhood to adulthood. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 78, 158–72.
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. 2002. Evidence that the cycle of violence in maltreated children depends on genotype. Science, 297, 727–42.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. 2000. Genes, peoples, and languages. New York: North Point Press.
Cederman, L.-E. 2001. Back to Kant: Reinterpreting the democratic peace as a macrohistorical learning process. American Political Science Review, 95, 15–31.
Cederman, L.-E. 2003. Modeling the size of wars: From billiard balls to sandpiles. American Political Science Review, 97, 135–50.
Center for Systemic Peace. 2010. Integrated network for societal conflict research data page. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/inscr.htm.
Centola, D., Willer, R., & Macy, M. 2005. The emperor’s dilemma: A computational model of selfenforcing norms. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 1009–40.
Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ .
Chabris, C. F., Laibson, D., Morris, C. L., Schuldt, J. P., & Taubinsky, D. 2008. Individual laboratorymeasured discount rates predict field behavior. Journal of Risk & Uncertainty, 37, 237–69.
Chagnon, N. A. 1988. Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population. Science, 239, 985–92.
Chagnon, N. A. 1996. Chronic problems in understanding tribal violence and warfare. In G. Bock & J. Goode, eds., The genetics of criminal and antisocial behavior. New York: Wiley.
Chagnon, N. A. 1997. Yanomamö, 5th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Chalk, F., & Jonassohn, K. 1990. The history and sociology of genocide: Analyses and case studies. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Universit
y Press.
Check, J.V.P., & Malamuth, N. 1985. An empirical assessment of some feminist hypotheses about rape. International Journal of Women’s Studies, 8, 414–23.
Chernow, R. 2004. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin.
Chiang, M. C., Barysheva, M., Shattuck, D. W., Lee, A. D., Madsen, S. K., Avedissian, C., Klunder, A. D., Toga, A. W., McMahon, K. L., de Zubicaray, G. I., Wright, M. J., Srivastava, A., Balov, N., & Thompson, P. M. 2009. Genetics of brain fiber architecture and intellectual performance. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 2212–24.
China (Taiwan), Republic of, Department of Statistics, Ministry of the Interior. 2000. The analysis and comparison on statistics of criminal cases in various countries. http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/english/topic.asp.
Chirot, D. 1994. Modern tyrants. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Chirot, D. 1995. Modernism without liberalism: The ideological roots of modern tyranny. Contention, 5, 141–82.
Chirot, D., & McCauley, C. 2006. Why not kill them all? The logic and prevention of mass political murder. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Chu, R., Rivera, C., & Loftin, C. 2000. Herding and homicide: An examination of the Nisbett-Reeves hypothesis. Social Forces, 78, 971–87.
Chwe, M. S.-Y. 2001. Rational ritual: Culture, coordination, and common knowledge. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Claeys, G. 2000. “The survival of the fittest” and the origins of Social Darwinism. Journal of the History of Ideas, 61, 223–40.
Clark, G. 2007a. A farewell to alms: A brief economic history of the world. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Clark, G. 2007b. Genetically capitalist? The Malthusian era and the formation of modern preferences. http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/capitalism%20genes.pdf.
Clark, M. S., Mills, J., & Powell, M. C. 1986. Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 333–38.
Clauset, A., & Young, M. 2005. Scale invariance in global terrorism. arXiv:physics/0502014v2 [physics.soc-ph].
Clauset, A., Young, M., & Gleditsch, K. S. 2007. On the frequency of severe terrorist events. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 58–87.
Cleaver, E. 1968/1999. Soul on ice. New York: Random House.
Cloninger, C. R., & Gottesman, I. I. 1987. Genetic and environmental factors in antisocial behavior disorders. In S. A. Mednick, T. E. Moffitt, & S. A. Stack, eds., The causes of crime: New biological approaches. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Clutton-Brock, T. 2007. Sexual selection in males and females. Science, 318, 1882–85.
Cochran, G., & Harpending, H. 2009. The 10,000 year explosion: How civilization accelerated human evolution. New York: Basic Books.
Cockburn, J. S. 1991. Patterns of violence in English society: Homicide in Kent, 1560–1985. Past & Present, 130, 70–106.
Coghlan, B., Ngoy, P., Mulumba, F., Hardy, C., Bemo, V. N., Stewart, T., Lewis, J., & Brennan, R. 2008. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis. New York: International Rescue Committee. http://www.theirc.org/sites/default/files/migrated/resources/2007/2006-7_congomortalitysurvey.pdf.
Cohen, D., & Nisbett, R. E. 1997. Field experiments examining the culture of honor: The role of institutions in perpetuating norms about violence. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1188–99.
Cohen, D., Nisbett, R. E., Bowdle, B., & Schwarz, N. 1996. Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: An “experimental ethnography.” Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 20, 945–60.
Cole, M., Gay, J., Glick, J., & Sharp, D. W. 1971. The cultural context of learning and thinking. New York: Basic Books.
Collier, P. 2007. The bottom billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. New York: Oxford University Press.
Collins, R. 2008. Violence: A micro-sociological theory. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Cook, P. J., & Moore, M. H. 1999. Guns, gun control, and homicide. In M. D. Smith & M. A. Zahn, eds., Homicide: A sourcebook of social research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Cooney, M. 1997. The decline of elite homicide. Criminology, 35, 381–407.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. 1992. Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby, eds., The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Côté, S. M., Vaillancourt, T., LeBlanc, J. C., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. 2006. The development of physical aggression from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence: A nationwide longitudinal study of Canadian children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 71–85.
Courtois, S., Werth, N., Panné, J.-L., Paczkowski, A., Bartosek, K., & Margolin, J.-L. 1999. The black book of communism: Crimes, terror, repression. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Courtwright, D. T. 1996. Violent land: Single men and social disorder from the frontier to the inner city. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Courtwright, D. T. 2010. No right turn: Conservative politics in a liberal America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Kawabata, Y. 2007. Relational aggression and gender: An overview. In D. J. Flannery, A. T. Vazsonyi, & I. D. Waldman, eds., The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cronin, A. K. 2009. How terrorism ends: Understanding the decline and demise of terrorist campaigns. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Csibra, G. 2008. Action mirroring and action understanding: An alternative account. In P. Haggard, Y. Rosetti, & M. Kawamoto, eds., Attention and performance XXII: Sensorimotor foundations of higher cognition. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press.
Cullen, D. 2009. Columbine. New York: Twelve.
Curtis, V., & Biran, A. 2001. Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes? Perspectives in Biology & Medicine, 44, 17–31.
Dabbs, J. M., & Dabbs, M. G. 2000. Heroes, rogues, and lovers: Testosterone and behavior. New York: McGraw Hill.
Daly, M., Salmon, C., & Wilson, M. 1997. Kinship: The conceptual hole in psychological studies of social cognition and close relationships. In J. Simpson & D. Kenrick, eds., Evolutionary social psychology. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. 1983. Sex, evolution, and behavior, 2nd ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. 1988. Homicide. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. 1999. The truth about Cinderella : A Darwinian view of parental love. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. 2000. Risk-taking, intrasexual competition, and homicide. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. 2005. Carpe diem: Adaptation and devaluing of the future. Quarterly Review of Biology, 80, 55–60.
Daly, M., Wilson, M., & Vasdev, S. 2001. Income inequality and homicide rates in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 43, 219–36.
Damasio, A. R. 1994. Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Putnam.
Darnton, R. 1990. The kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in cultural history. New York: Norton.
Darwin, C. R. 1874. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex, 2nd ed. New York: Hurst & Co.
Davies, N. 1981. Human sacrifice in history and today. New York: Morrow.
Davies, P., Lee, L., Fox, A., & Fox, E. 2004. Could nursery rhymes cause violent behavior? A comparison with television viewing. Archives of Diseases of Childhood, 89, 1103–5.
Davis, D. B. 1984. Slavery and human progress. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dawkins, R. 1976/1989. The selfish gene, new ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dawkins, R., & Brockmann, H. J. 1980. Do digger wasps commit the Concorde fallacy? Animal Behavior, 28, 892–96.
de Quervain, D. J.-F., Fischbacher, U., Tr
eyer, V., Schellhammer, M., Schnyder, U., Buck, A., & Fehr, E. 2004. The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science, 305, 1254–58.
de Swaan, A. 2001. Dyscivilization, mass extermination, and the state. Theory, Culture, & Society, 18, 265–76.
de Waal, F.B.M. 1996. Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
de Waal, F.B.M. 1998. Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among the apes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
de Waal, F.B.M. 2009. The age of empathy: Nature’s lessons for a kinder society. New York: Harmony Books.
de Waal, F.B.M., & Lanting, F. 1997. Bonobo: The forgotten ape. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Deary, I. J. 2001. Intelligence: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Deary, I. J., Batty, G. D., & Gale, C. R. 2008. Bright children become enlightened adults. Psychological Science, 19, 1–6.
Death Penalty Information Center. 2010a. Death penalty for offenses other than murder. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-penalty-offenses-other- murder.
Death Penalty Information Center. 2010b. Facts about the death penalty. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf.
deMause, L. 1974. The history of childhood. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
deMause, L. 1982. Foundations of psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots.
deMause, L. 1998. The history of child abuse. Journal of Psychohistory, 25, 216–36.
deMause, L. 2002. The emotional life of nations. New York: Karnac.
deMause, L. 2008. The childhood origins of World War II and the Holocaust. Journal of Psycho history, 36, 2–35.
Dershowitz, A. M. 2004a. Rights from wrongs: A secular theory of the origins of rights. New York: Basic Books.
Dershowitz, A. M. 2004b. Tortured reasoning. In S. Levinson, ed., Torture: A collection. New York: Oxford University Press.
Descartes, R. 1641/1967. Meditations on first philosophy. In R. Popkin, ed., The philosophy of the 16th and 17th centuries. New York: Free Press.
Deutsch, M., & Gerard, G. B. 1955. A study of normative and informational social influence upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 51, 629–36.