Undaunted Courage

  Lepage, Baptiste, 213, 231, 297

  Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 64

  Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Jackson, ed.), 480

  Lewis, Colonel Robert, 21

  Lewis, Fielding, 21

  Lewis, Meriwether:

  accidental shooting of, 395–98, 399–400, 484

  anger of, 355, 358, 391–92, 482

  Army career of, 37–43, 45–48, 49–50, 59–61, 97

  birth of, 19, 20, 22

  botanical and wildlife knowledge of, 25, 32, 37, 67, 76–77, 79, 90–91, 126–27, 141, 150–51, 152–53, 235, 268n, 329–31, 409–10, 432–35

  burial place of, 476n

  celestial observations of, 87, 119–20, 148, 166, 184, 221, 251, 259, 280, 386, 434, 482

  childhood and adolescence of, 22–30

  compensation and reward of, 425

  courage of, 24, 25, 27, 484

  courtships of, 422, 429, 437–38, 439–440, 441, 449

  debts incurred by, 416, 435–36, 439, 457, 460, 465–66, 468–70, 472, 478

  depressions of, 63, 311–12, 440–41, 471–75, 477

  Detachment Orders of, 141, 144–46

  drinking habits of, 31–32, 312, 436–437, 440, 441, 460, 471, 473, 483

  education and training of, 25–29, 67, 76–77, 79–81, 84, 87–88, 89–92, 100, 120, 126

  elite political connections of, 63–64, 66–67, 90

  ethnology of, 284–88, 337–41

  failed iron-frame boat experiment of, 84–86, 210, 228, 242–50

  family background of, 20–24

  financial accounting of, 209, 435–36, 439

  frontier skills and hunting of, 24–25, 30, 50, 76, 80–81, 90, 126, 166–68, 177

  fur trade plan of, 377–78, 407–9, 414, 420, 425, 442–44, 454, 459, 460–62

  as governor of Louisiana Territory, 425, 429, 436, 440–70, 483

  horsemanship of, 30, 50, 115, 122, 188, 190

  horses acquired from Indians by, 279, 281–83, 290, 352, 354, 356, 361–362, 365, 369

  idealism of, 31, 280

  illnesses of, 119, 235, 299–302, 358, 426, 441, 453, 460

  impact of success and idleness on, 436–438, 440–41

  Indian diplomacy of, 178–85, 189–90, 193–200, 206–11, 268–83, 286, 287, 303–4, 321, 324–25, 343, 346–47, 354–65, 397, 405, 450–51

  introspection and self-criticism of, 280

  journals of, 67, 76, 95, 96, 108–10, 119, 138, 150, 166–68, 196, 197, 200, 212, 213, 217, 225, 227–28, 239, 243, 245, 247–50, 255–56, 259, 279–80, 284–88, 294, 297, 320, 328–31, 336, 337–41, 353, 367, 370–71, 372, 378, 414–16, 417, 420–21, 426, 431–32, 452, 467, 469, 471, 473, 478–81

  land speculation of, 42, 47–48, 439, 447, 450, 454, 483

  last will and testament of, 471

  leadership qualities of, 129, 141, 144–146, 192, 233, 272–73, 298–99, 404, 411, 441, 481–83

  as Mason, 47, 453

  medical practices of, 196–97, 223, 235, 241–42, 243, 259, 260, 325–26, 364

  natural-history specimens collected by, 127, 137, 141, 150, 152–53, 177–178, 204, 206–7, 218, 226, 268, 330, 350, 367, 409, 417, 429–30, 432–33

  new species of plants and animals discovered by, 151, 165, 166, 297, 404n, 432–33

  perseverance and self-possession of, 27, 29, 31, 272, 484

  physical appearance of, 27, 117

  as planter and head of household, 28–32, 37, 47–48, 100, 138, 205, 355

  politics of, 45, 49–50, 60–61, 115, 117

  portraits and wax figure of, 418, 433

  as presidential secretary, 59–67, 75–79, 85, 320, 410, 447

  roving penchant of, 27, 37, 39, 43, 47, 50

  scant attention to mineral deposits by, 254

  suicide of, 475–78, 479, 481

  suicide attempts of, 471–72

  TJ’s letter of credit for, 306, 314, 452

  traveling library of, 91, 226, 432

  wild animal encounters of, 238–39

  writing style of, 67, 108–10, 167–68, 237

  see also Lewis and Clark

  Lewis, Nicholas, 22, 25, 27

  Lewis, Reuben, 22, 27, 28, 41, 42, 201

  ML’s relationship with, 26, 47, 343–344, 350, 440, 441, 454, 457, 462

  Lewis, Robert (Lewis’s ancestor), 20–21

  Lewis, Robert (Lewis’s cousin), 26

  Lewis, Thomas, 21

  Lewis, William, 21–22, 43, 63, 311

  Lewis and Clark:

  co-command of, 97–99, 104, 127, 135

  complementary qualities of, 97

  decision making of, 230–35, 243, 245–246, 255–56, 261–62, 315–16, 371–72, 404

  differences of opinion between, 249, 255–56, 261, 315–16, 327

  early Army association of, 46, 97

  friendship and trust of, 97, 98, 104, 115, 134, 298, 411, 441, 448, 457

  joyful return and reception of, 403, 412, 413–14, 417–23

  naming of rivers by, 149, 161, 169n, 222, 227, 229, 242, 252, 258–59, 289, 298, 417, 484

  plants named for, 433n

  separations risked by, 294–99, 305, 313–14, 318, 356, 376–77

  traders encountered by, 397–99, 401–403

  Lewis and Clark College, 484

  Lewis and Clark Expedition:

  arms and ammunition on, 84–85, 89, 127–28, 145, 154, 155, 164, 245, 283, 300, 306, 334

  auction of artifacts from, 416, 432

  canoes of, 210, 212, 249–50, 251, 301

  costs of, 93, 96–97, 130, 435–36

  flora and fauna seen on, 130, 133, 140, 149, 150–51, 152–54, 165–68, 176–78, 203, 216–19, 223–24, 228, 232, 238–39, 244, 251–52, 297, 421

  horses killed for food on, 293–94, 297

  Indian guides used on, 289–91, 293, 297–98, 302, 373–75, 378–80

  Indian policy of, 154–64, 170, 171

  justice and punishment on, 130, 148–150, 159, 181–82, 192

  keelboat and pirogues of, 98, 103–7, 110–11, 118, 130, 136, 139–41, 144–46, 152, 167, 169, 191, 202, 210, 211

  maps produced on, 137, 207, 331, 336, 350, 351, 398, 406, 410–11, 420, 431–32

  ML offered command of, 76–77, 79, 80

  newspaper accounts of, 350, 412–13, 419–20, 426–27

  notes lost from, 141, 166–67, 168

  oral accounts of, 412–14, 416

  origins of, 68–79

  political consequences of, 342–52

  preparation for, 76–107

  published maps and documents of, 351, 406, 479–80

  purposes of, 81, 94, 95–96, 116, 144, 185, 186

  rumors about loss of, 403

  scientific observations and notes of, 150–51, 152–53, 166, 191, 203–10, 226, 297, 329–31, 404, 421

  security measures on, 145, 149–50, 154, 169–71, 173–74, 184, 187, 192–93

  Spanish plot against, 344–45

  supplying of, 84–90, 92, 99, 113, 122, 123, 125–26, 127–28, 130, 133–34, 137, 210

  TJ’s instructions for, 81, 87, 89, 93–96, 98, 102, 116–17, 123, 126, 154, 161, 170, 221–22, 254, 292, 330–31, 369

  WC offered co-command of, 97–99

  winter of 1804–5 and, 190–202, 308

  winter of 1805–6 and, 317–36

  see also Corps of Discovery

  Lewis and Clark Pass, 252n, 292, 381n

  Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Cutright), 330–31, 404n

  Lewis and Clark River, 316–17

  Library Company, 432

  Lincoln, Abraham, 54

  Lincoln, Levi, 64, 93

  Linnaeus, 76, 91, 226

  Lisa, Manuel, 125–26, 128, 134, 136n, 343, 416, 446, 454

  Little Osage Indians, 451, 457

  Little Raven (chief), 183

  Little Thief (chief), 156, 158–60, 343

  Livingston, Robert, 72–73, 79

  Locust Hill, 21, 23, 25, 27–3
2, 37, 41, 42, 47–48, 64, 418, 439

  Logan, George, 64, 90

  Lolo Hot Springs, 292–93, 373

  Lolo Trail, 266n, 359, 367–78, 380, 404–5, 414, 482

  London, 39, 74, 334, 351, 407

  Lord Dunmore’s War, 19

  Lorimier, Louis, 121–22

  Lost Tribe of Israel, 90, 154

  Louisiana Purchase, 101–2, 114, 116, 124, 136, 145, 348, 349, 363, 408, 425n, 442, 484

  formal transfer of power in, 126, 129–130

  negotiation for, 72–73, 78–79, 96

  political opposition to, 78–79, 101–2, 126, 481

  price of, 78–79

  Louisiana Territory, 55–57, 70–73, 345, 401

  ML as governor of, 425, 429, 436, 440–70, 483

  Spain and, 41, 55–58, 70–72, 77, 93–94, 102, 129

  WC as superintendent of Indian affairs for, 426, 448, 450, 484

  see also New Orleans; Territory of Orleans; Upper Louisiana

  Louisville, Ky., 104, 114, 117, 118, 346, 457–58

  Louis XVI, king of France, 69, 77

  Loyal Land Company, 68

  Lukens, Isaiah, 108

  McClallen, John, 402–3

  McClellan, Robert, 402

  McCracken, Hugh, 185

  Mackay, Alexander, 73

  Mackay, James, 125

  McKean, Thomas, 64, 77, 90

  Mackenzie, Alexander, 73–75, 77, 428

  MacKenzie, Charles, 185, 186, 188, 190, 192, 203–4

  McMahon, Bernard, 429–30, 432

  McNeal, Hugh, 264–66, 274, 276, 325n

  Madison, Dolley, 62–63

  Madison, James, 62, 64, 93, 258, 436, 452, 462, 466, 471–72

  Madoc, Prince, 290

  Magellan, Ferdinand, 139

  Majors, Harry, 289

  Malone, Dumas, 25, 63, 350, 422, 423, 481

  Mandan Indians, 80, 102, 106, 154, 166, 178–81, 182–201, 284, 344, 350, 378, 398–99

  Arikara Indians and, 178–85, 189–90, 398

  ceremonial and social life of, 182, 184, 193–96, 204, 341

  horsemanship of, 183, 190, 195–96

  Lewis and Clark relations with, 178–181, 183–85, 189–90, 193–200, 206, 207, 210–11, 341

  trading customs of, 166, 182, 185, 199

  Mardi Gras, 445–46

  Marias River, 233–34, 247, 249, 294, 370, 376–77, 482

  exploration of, 384–86, 393–94, 404, 414, 481

  Marietta, Ohio, 112, 114

  Marks, John, 22, 24, 27, 32, 42, 43, 47–48

  Marks, John Hastings, 22, 28–29, 46–47, 100, 439, 454, 478

  Marks, Lucy Meriwether Lewis, 21–24, 36, 344, 352, 401, 411, 471, 477

  character and personality of, 22–24, 439

  family background of, 21

  herbal knowledge of, 23, 25, 90

  ML’s correspondence with, 23, 25–26, 27–28, 41, 42–43, 45, 46–47, 99–100, 197, 203, 453–54

  ML’s relationship with, 23, 25–28, 47–48, 64, 418, 439

  Marks, Mary Garland, 22, 28–29, 100, 454

  Marquette, Jacques, 333

  Marshall, Thomas Maitland, 102

  Martínez de Yrujo, Carlos, 77

  Maryland, 38, 103

  Massachusetts, 19

  Matthews, John, 24

  Maury, James, 46

  Maury, Matthew, 26, 30, 46

  Medicine River, 208, 238–39, 243, 292, 381

  Memphis, Tenn., 128, 471

  Meriwether, Colonel Nicholas, 21, 25

  Meriwether, Nicholas, II, 21

  Meriwether, William D., 26, 479

  Michaux, André, 37, 70–71

  Mississippi, 35

  Mississippi River, 37, 51, 52, 54–57, 67, 68–71, 78, 80, 97–98, 100–102, 116, 120, 136, 206

  ascent of, 106, 120–22, 301

  confluence of rivers with, 84, 118–19, 131, 204

  Missouri Gazette, 453, 454, 459, 469–70, 484n

  Missouri Historical Society, 433n

  Missouri Indians, 155, 205, 343

  Missouri River, 55–56, 61, 67, 68–71, 76–78, 80, 84, 94, 97–99, 106, 407–9

  ascent of, 103, 111, 114, 115, 131, 137–90, 213–67, 272, 333, 345

  breaks area of, 226, 230n

  confluence of rivers with, 131, 150, 187, 204, 207–8, 221–22, 230–31, 245

  descent of, 354, 370, 376

  Great Bend of, 80, 92, 400

  Great Falls of, 230, 234–39, 242, 245, 247, 250–52, 272, 312, 333, 353, 367, 370, 375, 381

  portage, 230, 237, 239–40, 241–45, 272, 375, 376, 384

  source of, 266, 280, 351

  Three Forks area of, 187, 208, 222, 255, 257, 290, 312, 370, 474

  White Cliffs area of, 226–29, 230n, 312

  Monongahela River, 51

  Monroe, James, 66, 70, 78, 79

  Montana, University of, 380

  Montana Territory, 221–22, 226, 380–381

  Monticello, 21, 28, 33–34, 52, 53, 62, 64, 120, 418, 425, 429, 433, 436, 455

  expedition plants and artifacts at, 268n, 350, 417, 418, 436

  Indian Hall of, 350, 417

  library of, 67, 76–77

  TJ’s retirement at, 466, 476–79

  Montreal, 73, 179, 378, 407

  Morgan, Daniel, 41

  Morris, Robert, 37, 70

  Moulton, Gary, 108n–9n, 109, 110, 187n, 203, 223, 232n, 234n, 268n, 272n, 325n, 362n, 380n, 480

  Mountain Men, 399, 481

  Mount Vernon, 48, 65

  Museum of the Rockies, 248n

  Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 72–73, 78, 101–2, 124, 145

  Nashville, Tenn., 84, 86, 92

  Natchez, Miss., 97, 351

  Natchez Trace, 473, 474, 476n

  National Park Service, 319n

  Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris, The, 91

  Navy, U.S., 352

  Nebraska Territory, 161–65

  Neely, James, 472, 473, 476

  New and Complete Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences, A, 226

  New Jersey, 38–39, 437

  Newman, John, 181–82, 193, 209, 424

  New Mexico, 115, 116, 123, 126, 205, 346

  New Orleans, 54, 55, 56, 71–73, 78–79, 92, 96, 125, 126, 137, 345, 350, 442, 445, 447, 484

  New York, N.Y., 52, 351, 401, 445

  New York Evening Post, 66

  New-York Historical Society, 433n

  Nez Percé Indians, 199n, 206, 272, 273, 277, 281, 282, 286, 292–93, 298–304, 311, 333, 353, 354, 357–70, 379–80, 385

  horsemanship of, 303, 334, 359, 361–363, 365–66, 370

  Northern Pacific Railroad, 235n

  North West Company, 73, 75, 170, 182, 185, 186, 187, 192, 208, 222, 376, 389, 397, 407, 442–44

  Northwest Ordinance, 57

  Northwest Passage, 69, 349, 418, 420

  Northwest Territory, 57, 68–69, 75–76, 80–81

  Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 35, 204

  Oglesby, Richard, 125, 416

  Ohio River, 19–20, 41, 47, 50, 52, 57, 71, 84, 94, 100, 103, 107, 118–19

  descent of, 100, 105–6, 108–15, 117–119, 301, 480

  portage, 108, 110, 112

  Ohio Territory, 38, 43, 45, 47, 54, 55, 56, 97, 325

  Old Toby (Indian guide), 289–91, 293, 297–98, 302, 375, 414, 474

  Omaha Indians, 125, 138, 155, 160, 172–74

  One Eye (Le Borgne) (chief), 183, 398

  Only One Man Died (Chuinard), 241n, 364n

  Ordway, John, 128–29, 130, 131–32, 133, 145, 148, 150, 158, 180, 181, 191, 220, 376, 393, 394, 417

  journal of, 335, 396, 434–35

  Oregon Historical Society Museum, 234n

  Oregon River, 94, 98, 116

  Oregon Territory, 58, 67, 102, 170, 319, 345n, 378, 405

  Osage Indians, 127, 450, 455

  Washington, D.C., visits of, 126, 130, 133, 136, 137, 200–201, 342–43, 417

  see also Great Osage In
dians; Little Osage Indians

  Osage River, 125, 137, 141, 343, 408, 443, 450

  Oto Indians, 153, 155–60, 204–5, 343, 344n, 345, 352

  Ottawa Indians, 19

  Pacific Ocean, 23, 37, 55, 68, 70–71, 74–77, 84, 94, 98, 122–23

  coastal areas of, 56, 70, 75, 80, 95

  Paine, Thomas, 64

  Paris, 69, 72–73, 79, 410

  Paris, Treaty of, 70

  Parker, Thomas, 87

  Partisan, the (chief), 169–71, 174

  Passage Through the Garden: Lewis and Clark and the Image of the American Northwest (Allen), 75

  Patterson, Robert, 81, 87–88, 91, 111

  Patterson, William, 111

  Pawnee Indians, 343

  Peace River, 73

  Peale, Charles Willson, 64, 350, 418, 433, 479

  Peale’s Museum, 418, 433

  Pennsylvania, 38–41, 64

  Pennsylvania, University of, 90, 91, 113, 479

  Penrose, Clement, 469

  Pernier, John, 453, 460, 471, 473–75, 476

  Philadelphia, Pa., 19, 37, 51, 52, 63, 64, 79, 81, 85–92, 98, 103, 119–20, 126–27, 350, 409–10, 429–38

  Philadelphia Museum, 418

  Piegan Indians, 387–94

  Pike, Zebulon, 402

  Pinckney, Charles, 452

  Pittsburgh, Pa., 41, 47, 51, 59, 85, 92, 99, 102–3, 105, 111, 346

  Pittsburgh Gazette, 412, 427

  Pizarro, Francisco, 335

  Platte River, 141, 144, 150, 155, 157, 201, 204–5, 221, 344, 402

  Poland, 69

  Ponca Indians, 155

  Potomac River, 21, 51

  Potts, John, 148, 416

  Practical Introduction to Spherics and Nautical Astronomy, A, 91

  Pratz, Antoine Simor Le Page du, 76, 91, 432

  President, 401

  President’s House, 59, 62–64, 67, 77, 80, 120, 311, 320, 333, 343, 350, 410, 420, 422–23, 430

  Preston, William, 449–50

  Princeton College, 479

  Prospect Before Us, The (Callender), 65

  Provenchere, Peter, 465

  Pryor, Nathaniel, 105, 118, 131, 148, 161–62, 231, 318, 376, 377, 396–397, 426, 448, 451, 461–62

  Pursh, Frederick, 432–33

  Quaife, Milo, 480

  Quebec, 179, 185

  Quebec Act of 1774, 19–20

  railroads, 53, 484

  Randolph, Martha Jefferson, 53, 63, 426

  Randolph, Thomas Mann, 426

  Rannie, 64

  Raven Man (chief), 183

  Red River, 342, 349, 402

  Reed, Moses B., 158–59, 161, 181, 209

  Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States (Steuben), 44, 45

  Republican Party, 48–49, 50, 60–62, 64, 65–66, 79, 117, 429

  TJ and, 45, 48, 49, 73, 408

  Richard, 401