The Age of Voltaire

on George II, 113;

  on Germans and German culture, 400–401, 403, 410, 440;

  and La Mettrie, 465, 617, 621–22;

  his marriage, 442, 460;

  and Maupertuis, 442, 448–49, 466–69, 514, 516, 719;

  as musician, 407, 417, 439, 440, 441, 450, 455, 460;

  opera and music fostered by, 408, 410–12, 417, 421, 455;

  as poet, 407, 439, 441, 450, 455, 460, 461, 463, 465, 466;

  and Mme. de Pompadour, 285;

  his regimen, 460;

  religion, contempt for, 402, 410, 428, 440, 441, 445, 502, 617, 715, 718;

  religious toleration under, 402, 448, 452, 772–73;

  and Sanssouci, 309, 311, 406–7, 460, 461;

  science fostered by, 283, 441, 448–49, 460, 477, 510, 511, 514, 516, 621;

  on superstition, 736;

  his suppers, 460, 461;

  and Voltaire, see FREDERICK AND VOLTAIRE below;

  and Wilhelmine, 405, 439, 441, 442, 460, 469, 470;

  and Wolff, 401, 402, 442–44

  passim, 448

  AT WAR: his army, 439, 449, 450, 459, 460;

  his demand for Silesia rejected, 436, 451;

  invades and conquers Silesia (1740–41), 109, 271, 436, 451–52, 514, 772, 779;

  negotiates secret truce with Austria (1741), 272, 453–54;

  reenters war, 454;

  in Second Silesian War (1744–45), 276, 455–57;

  signs separate peace with Austria in both wars, 278, 454, 457;

  justifies his actions, 458;

  and Seven Years’ War, 285, 316, 400, 410, 489, 768

  FREDERICK AND VOLTAIRE: praises V.’s Henriade, 40;

  beginning of their friendship, 372, 378;

  his early correspondence with V., as crown prince (1736–40), 378, 442–46, 718, 740;

  sends V. his Anti-Machiavel, 446;

  his letters to V. on his accession, 447;

  V.’s influence on his reign, 447–48, 450;

  his first meeting with V., at Cleves (1740), 379, 448–49;

  V. visits him in Berlin (1740) as French agent, 379, 449–50;

  is dubbed “Great” by V., 431, 458;

  is reproved by V. for making war, 458, 779;

  his answer, 458;

  V.’s second visit as French agent, at Aachen (1742), 381;

  invites V. to live at Berlin-Potsdam, 382, 445, 455;

  V.’s third visit as French agent, at Berlin (1743), 382, 455;

  renews his invitations to V. (1748–50), offers post, 388–90, 393;

  V. at his court (1750–53), 461 f., 621–22, 715, 718, 740;

  is dissuaded by V. from hiring Fréron, 463, 760;

  attacks V. for Hirsch and Maupertuis disputes, 462–63, 467–68, 719;

  compels V. to return his poems, 469–70;

  supports V.’s campaigns, 733, 735–36, 739, 744;

  both answer d’Holbach, 711, 713;

  on V.’s joining the Capuchins, 751–52;

  pays tribute to V., 736, 785

  Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (r. 1694–1733), see Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland

  Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony (r. 1733–63), see Augustus III, King of Poland

  Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales (1707–51), 81, 94, 99, 100, 179, 235, 236, 241

  Frederick William I, King of Prussia (r. 1713–40), 399–400, 402, 403, 405, 431–42, 447, 448;

  army of, 437, 438–39, 450, 459;

  death of, 446–47;

  and Frederick II, 437, 439–40, 440–42, 450;

  and Pragmatic Sanction, 436, 451

  Frederick William II, King of Prussia (r. 1786–97), 496, 511, 752

  Frederick William IV, King of Prussia (r. 1840–61), 543

  free donations, see dons gratuits

  free enterprise, 54, 262, 647

  Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers … in the Christian Church, A (Middleton), 122–23

  Freemasonry, 79, 294–95, 344, 432, 446, 610, 767

  free trade, 98, 156, 262, 279, 475, 647

  free will, doctrine of, 118, 134, 356, 583, 758;

  rejected, 143, 339, 528, 612;

  Voltaire on, 445, 715, 716, 748

  Freiberg, Saxony, 408

  Freiberg School of Mines, 556

  Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 276

  French Academy (Académie Française, Forty Immortals), 24, 291, 344, 679, 697, 699, 762, 763, 784;

  d’Alembert and, 337, 498, 782;

  Buffon’s discourse to, 573–75;

  liberalized by Duclos, 323, 337, 498;

  Voltaire’s campaign for admission to, 283, 299, 356–57, 381–82, 385

  French language, 294, 302;

  pre-eminence of in Europe, 323, 336, 400, 779

  French Revolution, 251, 309, 325, 575, 594, 598, 658, 690, 692, 780;

  censorship a cause of, 497;

  education under, 286;

  feudalism and, 252, 259;

  Lagrange and, 512;

  Laplace and, 512, 547, 549;

  Lavoisier and, 512, 534–36;

  Meslier’s influence on, 617;

  Montesquieu’s influence on, 347, 360;

  reaction against, 430, 785;

  metric system established by, 263, 512, 549;

  philosopher’ influence on, 583, 649, 682, 689, 691, 693, 713;

  predicted by d’Argenson, 279, 291–292, 510;

  Priestley’s defense of, 529;

  Raynal shocked by, 694;

  Rousseau and, 498, 693, 710, 713;

  supported by bourgeoisie, 264, 266, 290, 535;

  —by parish priests, 256;

  and theaters, 325;

  wars of, 532, 551;

  and women’s status, 299

  “frères” (cohorts of Voltaire), 739, 744, 751, 752, 765, 767, 777, 781

  Fréret, Nicolas (1688–1749), historian, 500

  Fréron, Élie (1719–76), critic, 498, 760–61, 784;

  attacks Encyclopédie, 640, 761;

  and Diderot, 670, 671, 764–65;

  philosophes’ attempts to silence, 497, 641, 761, 763, 783;

  and Voltaire, 380, 384, 498, 760, 761, 764–65

  Frescobaldi, Girolamo (1583–1644), 414

  Frey, Father (fl. 1761), French Jesuit, 769

  Freytag, Prussian resident at Frankfurt, 469–70

  Fribourg, canton of, 473, 475

  Friendly (Tonga) Islands, 559

  Frizoni, Donato (fl. 1704), 398

  Füchsel, Georg Christian (1722–73), 556

  Furnes, 276

  furniture: Chinese style, 505;

  Georgian, 76;

  German, 403;

  rococo, 24, 214, 281, 282;

  Louis Quinze, 303–4, 309, 315

  gabelle, 260

  Gabriel, Jacques Ange (1698–1782), 307

  Gabriel, Jacques Jules (1667–1742), 307

  Gabriel, Jean Jacques, 308

  Gaeta, Italy, battle of (1734), 109

  Gaetano, Juan (fl. 1555), 559

  Gainsborough, Thomas (1727–88), 216, 223

  Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England, 55

  Galbraith, Agnes (fl. 1734), 141

  Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642), 507, 543, 550, 584, 633

  Galiani, Abbé Ferdinando (1728–87), 498, 680, 681, 696, 763

  Galland, Antoine (1646–1715), 341, 502

  Gallatin, Albert (1761–1849), 479

  Gallican Articles (1682), 769, 770

  Galuppi, Baldassare (1706–85), 660

  Galvani, Luigi (1737–98), 507, 522–23

  Gänsemarkt Theater, Hamburg, 409, 410

  gardens, 77–78, 81, 215, 403, 405, 505

  Garrick, David (1717–79), 124, 132, 183, 184, 226;

  Hogarth paints portrait of, 220;

  and Smollett, 200, 202;

  philosophes and, 672, 696, 784

  Gärtner, Joseph (1732–91), 566

  Gassendi, Pierre (1592–1655), 247, 609

  Gates, Bernar
d (fl. 1732), 235

  Gatti, Angelo (1730–98), 596

  Gauchat, Abbé (fl. 1755), 755

  Gaussin, Mlle. (Jeanne Catherine Gaussem; 1711–67), 295

  Gay, John (1685–1732), 63, 65, 95, 99, 185–87, 205, 207, 215;

  and Handel, 231, 233;

  and Italian opera, 233–34;

  and Lady Mary, 207, 209–210;

  and Pope, 169, 171, 185, 207, 210;

  and Swift, 210, 233;

  and Robert Walpole, 99, 183

  Gellert, Christian Fürchtegott (1717–69), 193, 400, 409

  Gemaldegalerie, Dresden, 399

  Geminiani, Francesco (1667?–1761), 231

  General Advertiser, The, 243

  Genera Plantarum (Linnaeus), 562, 563

  Geneva, 474, 476, 478–82;

  d’Alembert’s article on, see “Geneva”;

  art and science in, 481, 551, 568, 578, 601;

  book burning in, 496, 724, 737, 742;

  Grand Conseil, 479, 481, 482, 724;

  Petit Conseil (Council of Twenty-five), 479, 742;

  publishing in, 324, 348, 476, 497;

  Voltaire settles at, 472–73;

  watch and instrument making in, 475, 479, 550, 551

  “Geneva” (d’Alembert), 479, 480–81, 482, 489, 641, 682, 719

  Geneva, Lake of, 474

  Geneva, University of, 481, 561

  Genoa, 10, 109, 212, 398

  Gentleman’s Magazine, The, 162, 627

  geodesy, 550, 552–53

  Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet (1699–1777), 291, 300, 322, 635, 762, 781;

  and Diderot, 582, 673–74, 677, 678, 679;

  on d’Holbach, 697

  geography, 485, 500, 524, 549, 550, 557–61;

  and Christianity, 585

  geology, 341, 481, 550, 553–57, 561, 563, 569;

  its impact on civilization, 584, 585

  geometry, 369, 509–12

  passim, 514, 544, 548

  George I (George Louis), King of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1714–27), and Elector of Hanover (r. 1698–1727), 60, 66, 82, 89–94, 127, 157, 206, 400, 437;

  and French Regency, 8, 32;

  Handel’s patron, 229–32

  passim, 242;

  his mistresses, 63, 65, 82, 89–90, 94;

  and South Sea Bubble, 57–58;

  and Spain, 101;

  and Voltaire, 245, 248;

  and Walpole, 90, 96, 97

  George II (George Augustus), King of Great Britain and Ireland, and Elector of Hanover (r. 1727–60), 61, 69, 81, 94–95, 111, 127, 183, 192, 344, 477;

  accession of, 94, 96;

  at Caroline’s deathbed, 95;

  his Dettingen victory, 94, 113, 240–41;

  and his father, 90, 94, 96, 232;

  his fears for Hanover hold England from war, 452, 454, 456–57;

  and Frederick Louis, 99, 235, 236;

  and gambling, 65, 66;

  and Handel, 95, 232, 234, 235, 236, 240–41;

  and Jacobite rebellion, 110–12, 221, 224–25;

  mistresses of, 65, 82, 94, 95, 97, 117;

  and Pitt, 114–15;

  and Voltaire, 245, 248;

  and Walpole, 94, 96, 103

  George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1760–1820), Elector and (from 1815) King of Hanover, 100, 135, 213, 245, 508, 542, 552

  George Louis, Elector of Hanover, see George I, King of England

  Georgia, colony of, 74, 130, 131, 132

  Georgian style, 76

  Gérin, Jacques (d. 1702), 26

  German Empire (1871–1918), 430

  German language, 397, 400, 401;

  in Prussian Lutheran liturgy, 437

  Germany (German states), 397–430;

  arts in, 397, 398–99, 404–7;

  Empire, relation to, 431;

  literature and music of, see under literature and music;

  population of, 59, 397;

  religion in, 495, 747

  germ theory, 592

  Gersaint, Paris art dealer (fl. 1721), 26–27, 317

  Gerusalemme liberata (Tasso), 230

  Gervais, Dr. (fl. 1723), 40

  Gessner, Salomon (1730–88), 477

  Gewandhaus Orchestra, Leipzig, 409, 421

  Gex, county of, 751

  Ghebers, 343

  Ghent, 278

  Gibbon, Edward, grandfather of the historian, 59

  Gibbon, Edward (1737–94), historian, 59, 63, 127, 213, 323, 475, 523, 593, 692, 693, 780;

  and Hume, 156, 158, 160;

  and Montesquieu, 346, 347, 359–60;

  on the Paris philosophes, 696;

  and Voltaire, 381, 486, 488–89, 731

  Gibbon, Hester, 128

  Gibbs, James (1682–1754), 215–16

  Gibraltar, 101, 102

  Gibson, Edmund (1669–1748), bishop of London (1720–48), 117, 235

  Gilbert, William (1540–1603), 518

  Gil Blas (Lesage), 29–30, 33, 188, 202

  Gillot, Claude (1673–1722), 25–26

  gin, 66–67, 71

  Giornale dei letterati d’Italia, 408, 499

  Giovan Gastone de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1723–37), 228

  Giuliani, Giovanni, Italian sculptor, 433

  Giustino (Handel), 236

  Gizziello (Gioacchino Conti; 1714–61), 236

  Glareanus, Henricus (Heinrich Loris; 1488–1563), Swiss humanist, 347

  Glarus, 473, 474, 476

  Glasgow, 92, 107, 111, 139, 587

  Glasgow, University of, 108, 139, 200, 517

  glassmaking, 215, 261, 404

  Glatz, county of, 457

  Glenfinnan, Scotland, 110

  Glorious Revolution (England, 1688–89), 238

  Gloucester, England, 54, 125, 132

  Gluck, Christoph Willibald (1714–87), 297, 410, 411

  Glume, Johann Gottlieb (1711–98), 404

  Gobelin tapestry works, 261, 305, 311, 312, 315

  Goddams, 377

  Godfrey, Thomas (1704–49), 537

  Godin, Louis (1704–60), 552

  Godolphin, Henrietta, Countess of (nee Churchill), 2d Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1733), 232, 242

  “God Save the King,” 224–25

  Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–97), 691

  Godwin, William (1756–1836), 691, 713

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), 401, 438, 474, 477, 565, 779;

  and Bach, 421, 430;

  and Diderot, 659, 668, 679;

  on the philosophies’ influence, 784–85;

  plant-development theory of, 566, 579

  Goldberg, Johann Theophilus (fl. 1740), 420

  Goldoni, Carlo (1707–93), 193, 600, 670

  Goldsmith, Oliver (1728–74), 74, 192, 403, 448, 504, 508

  goldsmiths, 79, 306, 404

  Goncourt, Edmond de (1822–96) and Jules de (1830–70), 28, 644*

  Good Hope, Cape of, 545, 558, 559

  Goodman’s Fields Theatre, London, 183

  Görtz, Baron Georg Heinrich von (1668–1719), 362

  Göteborg, Sweden, 524

  Gotha, 469

  Gothic style, 165, 352, 433, 486, 692;

  in poetry, 178

  Goths, 340

  Göttingen, University of, 400, 429, 477, 538, 562

  Gottsched, Johann Christoph (1700–66), 400, 477

  Gounod, Charles François (1818–93), 419

  Goupy, Joseph (d. 1763), 235

  Gournay, Vincent de (1712–59), 262

  Gouvernet, Marquis de, 36

  Gouvernet, Suzanne de Livry, Marquise de, 35–36

  Gozzi, Carlo (1720–1806), 505

  Gracchi, the (Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Caius Sempronius Gracchus, Roman statesmen of 2d cent, B.C.), 347, 354

  Graffigny, Françoise d’Issembourg d’Happoncourt de (1695–1758), 372, 374, 680

  Graham, George (1675–1751), 537, 538, 540

  Graham, James (fl. 1780), 594

  G
ralath, Daniel (fl. 1746), 520

  Gramont, Béatrixe de Choiseul, Duchesse de (1731–94), 301, 782

  Gran, Daniel (1694–1757), 434

  Grand Alliance (1692–97), 8, 31

  Grand Dictionnaire historique (Moreri), 499

  Grandison (Richardson), see Sir Charles

  Grandison Grandval, 695

  Grand Vocabulaire, 292

  Graun, Karl Heinrich (1701–59), 409, 411–12, 427, 429

  Graupner, Christoph (fl. 1722), 415

  Gravelines, France, 109

  gravitation, 248, 507, 517, 546, 547–48;

  of double stars, 542–43

  Gray, Stephen (d. 1736), 518, 520

  Gray, Thomas (1716–71), 169, 180–83, 193, 213, 262, 332

  Great Britain, see England

  Great Fire of London (1666), 60

  Great Northern War (1700–21), 438

  Great Rebellion, see Civil Wars, English

  Greene, Maurice (c.1696–1755), 225

  Greenland, 554

  Green Park, London, 242–43

  Greenwich Fair, 245

  Greenwich Hospital, 217

  Greenwich Observatory, 537, 539

  Greenwich time, 538

  Gregorian calendar, 82, 540–41

  Grenoble, 181, 582, 781

  Grenoble, Parlement of, 23, 771

  Gretna Green, Scotland, 64

  Greuze, Jean Baptiste (1725–1805), 322, 665, 667, 668, 673

  Greuze, Mme., nee Babuti, 668, 675

  Grew, Nehemiah (1641–1712), 565

  Grimani, Vincenzo, Cardinal (1655–1710), Viceroy of Naples (1708–10), 229

  Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, later Baron von Grimm (1723–1807), 209, 297, 301, 322, 325, 605, 641, 680, 761, 785;

  art criticisms of, 311, 312, 316;

  on Buffon, 555, 573;

  and Diderot, 313, 632–33, 648, 657, 658, 666, 667, 671, 673–78

  passim, 693;

  and Mme. d’Épinay, 338, 666, 671, 674, 781;

  on Helvétius, 681, 691;

  and new morality, 777;

  on Raynal’s book, 693;

  on d’Holbach, 697;

  and Rousseau, 573, 632–33, 671, 697;

  on Voltaire, 752

  Grimm, Peter (fl. 1771), 510

  Griselda (Bononcini), 232

  Grisons (Graubünden), 474

  Grolée, Comtesse de, 23

  Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645), 83, 349, 359*

  Grub Street, London, 164

  Grub Street Journal, The, 64, 162, 171

  Grumbling Hive, The (Mandeville), 138

  Grummert, Dresden physicist (fl. 1747), 520

  Gua de Malves, Abbé Jean Paul de (1712–86), 634

  Guastalla, duchy of, 278

  Guelphs, 89

  Guéneau de Montbéliard, Philibert (1720–85), 569

  Guénée, Antoine (b. 1717), 488, 756

  Guericke, Otto von (1602–86), 518

  Guerre des Bouffons, 297

  Guettard, Jean (1715–86), 532, 555

  Gueudeville, Nicolas (d. 1722), 341