The Age of Voltaire

  Guevara, Luis Vélez de, see Vélez de Guevara, Luis

  Guienne, France, 340

  guilds, 52–53, 54, 68, 261, 262, 316, 474, 479;

  physiocrats’ view of, 647

  Guillaume, Louis (fl. 1746), physicist, 520

  Guillotin, Joseph Ignace (1738–1814), 601

  Guise, Prince de, 383

  Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 170, 188, 246, 387

  Gumpp, Georg (1682–1754), 433

  Günther, Johann Christian (1695–1723), 409

  Gurk, Austria, 434

  Gustavus III, King of Sweden (r. 1771–92), 785

  Gutenberg, Johann (1400?–1468), 606

  Guy de Lusignan (1140–94), 364

  Guyon, Abbé (fl. 1759), 755

  Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard (1737–1816), 534

  habeas corpus, 71, 267, 368

  Habeas Corpus Act (England, 1679), 105

  Hadley, John (1682–1744), 537–38

  Hadrian, Emperor of Rome (r. 117–138), 347

  Hague, The, 5, 81, 82;

  publishing in, 324, 446, 468, 471, 476, 484, 497, 740

  Hague, The, Treaty of (1720), 32, 93

  Hakluyt, Richard (1552?–1616), 503

  Halde, Jean Baptiste du, see Du Halde

  Hales, Stephen (1677–1761), 524, 526, 567, 569, 593

  Halifax, Marchioness of, 81

  Halifax, George Savile, Marquis of (1633–95), 81

  Hall, Chester Moor (1703–71), 537

  Halle, Upper Saxony, 227, 229, 231, 232, 234, 411, 414

  Halle, University of, 227, 400–403

  passim, 477, 524

  Haller, Albrecht von (1708–77), 476, 477–78, 507, 588, 601, 620

  Halley, Edmund (1656–1742), 511, 537, 539, 551

  Halley’s comet, 545

  Hamann, Johann Georg (1730–88), 160

  Hamburg, 10, 397, 398, 783;

  opera in, 227–28, 230, 398, 407, 409–10, 411, 413

  Hamburg, Academy of, 502

  Hamburgische Dramaturgie (Lessing), 398

  Hamilton, Emma Lyon, Lady (1761?–1815), 594

  Hamilton family, 107

  Hamlet (Shakespeare), 326, 672

  Hampton Court Palace, 77, 166, 169

  Handel, Georg Friedrich, later George Frederick (1685–1759), 45, 69, 214, 215, 217, 226–45, 399, 407, 410–12

  passim, 422;

  accepts appointment to Hanover, 229, 398;

  his appearance and manners, 243;

  and Bach, 227, 234, 241, 242, 244, 407, 413, 417, 427, 429;

  his blindness, 243–44, 429, 593;

  Bononcini rivalry, 232–33;

  and Queen Caroline, 95, 236;

  commemorative program for, 225, 245;

  in England, 230 f.;

  in Hamburg, 227–28, 398;

  as harpsichordist, 228, 230, 231;

  in Italy, 228–29, 234;

  and Mattheson, 227–28, 407, 413;

  his Messiah premiere in Dublin, 239–40;

  his operas, 228–38

  passim, 244;

  his oratorios, 69, 228, 235–42

  passim, 244;

  as organist, 227, 417, 428;

  Porpora rivalry, 235–36

  Hanover (city), 229, 398

  Hanover (electorate), 89, 402;

  George I’s visits to, 58, 89, 90, 94, 231;

  George II’s visits to, 94, 111;

  in Seven Years’ War, 541;

  and War of Austrian Succession, 113, 452–454

  passim, 457

  Hanover, Peace of (1745), 457

  Hanoverian dynasty (England), 32, 63, 89, 494;

  and Anglican Church, 117;

  father-son enmities in, 94;

  France recognizes, 457;

  Jacobite threat to, 221, 224–25;

  Parliament’s sovereignty over, 45, 93;

  Puritanism and, 214;

  and Tories, 91

  Hapsburg, house of, 285, 431, 433;

  end of male line, 436

  Harderwijk, University of, 562

  Hardouin-Mansard, Jules (1646–1708), 307, 308

  Harley, Robert, 1st Earl of Oxford (1661–1724), 66, 168

  Harrington, James (1611–77), political theorist, 353

  Harrison, John (1693–1776), 510, 538

  Hartley, David (1705–57), 528, 581, 583

  Harvey, William (1578–1657), 567, 576

  Hasse, Johann Adolf (1699–1783), 399, 410, 419, 660

  Hauksbee, Francis (d. 1713?), 518, 520

  Haute-Marne, département of, 371

  Havel River, 406

  Hawaiian Islands, 559–60

  Hawkins, Sir John (1719–89), magistrate and writer, 237

  Hawkins, Sir Richard (1562?–1622), naval commander, 591

  Hawley, Henry (1679–1759), 111

  Hay, Lord Charles (1745), 278

  Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809), 409, 420

  Haymarket theaters, London, 183, 226, 230, 231–38 passim

  heat, physics of, 509, 514, 517, 584, 585

  Hedwig, Johann (1730–99), 566

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 345, 430

  Heidegger, John James (1659?–1749), 230, 231, 234–37 passim

  Heidelberg, 398

  Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), 370

  Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–94), 629

  Héloïse (d. 1164), 167

  Helvétius, Mme., see Ligniville d’Autricourt, Anne Catherine

  Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715–71), 283, 287, 300, 498, 605, 638, 680–92, 762;

  his character, 266, 691;

  in anti-Church campaign, 337, 611, 684–85;

  his De l’Esprit rouses furor, 642, 680–81, 720, 734, 755;

  his dinners, 681, 694;

  goes to England, 248, 692;

  and d’Holbach, 337, 680, 681, 692, 695, 703, 706;

  his influence, 689–91, 713;

  and Montesquieu, 348, 356, 680;

  his views on education, 583, 609, 682, 683–84, 688, 690–91, 774, 775;

  —on egoism and altruism, 301, 687–88, 691, 706;

  —on environment, 199, 683–84, 690–91;

  —on evolution, 580;

  —on ethics, 336, 376, 686–88, 691, 776;

  —on government and economics, 688–90;

  —on religion, 685–86, 703;

  in Voltaire’s campaign against l’infâme, 740, 744

  Helvétius, Dr. Jean Claude Adrien, 680, 681

  Hemmer, J. J. (fl. 1780), 551

  Hénault, Charles Jean François (1685–1770), 38, 300, 301, 348

  Hennersdorf, battle of (1745), 457

  Henriade, La (Voltaire), 36, 38, 40, 248, 321, 766–67

  Henrici, Christian Friedrich, see Picander

  Henriette de France, Madame (1727–52), dau. of Louis XV, 283, 285

  Henry, Margrave of Bayreuth, 442

  Henry II, King of England (r. 1154–89), 158

  Henry III, King of France (r. 1574–89), 381, 617

  Henry IV (Henri Quatre, Henry of Navarre), King of France (r. 1589–1610), 34, 97, 343, 505;

  assassination of, 381, 605, 617, 765;

  Voltaire’s writings on, 17, 36, 40, 381, 750

  Henry IV (Shakespeare), 217

  Henry VII, King of England (r. 1485–1509), 156

  Henry of Navarre, see Henry IV, King of France

  Henry VIII, King of England (r. 1509–47), 357

  Henry of Prussia, Prince (1726–1802), brother of Frederick the Great, 575

  Henry the Lion (b.1129–1195), Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, 89

  Henzi, Samuel (1701–49), Swiss patriot, 466

  Herbert, Edward, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (1583–1648), 120

  Herculaneum, 215, 500–501

  Heder, Johann Gottfried von (1744–1803), 401, 779

  Héré de Corny, Emmanuel (1705–63), 308

  heredity and environment, 621, 647, 683–84, 690–91, 702–3

  Her Majes
ty’s Theatre, Haymarket, London, 230; see also His Majesty’s Theatre

  Herodotus (5th cent. B.C.), Greek historian, 342, 487

  heroic couplet, 168

  Hero of Alexandria (3d? cent.), 52

  Herrnhut, Saxony, 132, 133, 403

  Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750–1848), 541–43 passim

  Herschel, Isaac, 541*

  Herschel, Jacob, 541

  Herschel, Sir William (1738–1822), 507, 537, 541–43, 545

  Hertford, Francis Seymour-Conway, Earl and Marquis of (1719–94), 158, 159

  Hervey, John, Baron Hervey of Ickworth (1696–1743), 90, 116–17, 175, 211, 216

  Herzogenburg Abbey, Austria, 433

  Hesse, 402

  Hessians, 112

  Highmore, Joseph (1692–1780), 217

  Hilary of Poitiers, Saint (fl. c. 353), 599–600

  Hildebrandt, Johann Lukas von (1668–1745), 406, 433

  Hildesheim, bishopric of, 397

  Hill, Aaron (1685–1750), 230

  Hiller, Johann Adam (1728–1804), 429

  Hipparchus (2d cent. B.C.), Greek astronomer, 540

  Hippocrates (460?–377? B.C.), 359*

  Hippolyte et Aricie (Rameau-Pellegrin), 296

  Hirsch, Abraham (fl. 1750), 462–63, 719

  His Majesty’s Theatre, Haymarket, London, 183, 231–38 passim; see also Her Majesty’s Theatre

  Histoire de Charles XII, L’ (Voltaire), 361, 362–63, 365, 767

  Histoire de la baronne de Luz, L’ (Duclos), 337

  Histoire de la destruction des Jésuites, L’ (Alembert), 771

  Histoire de la philosophie paienne, L’ (Burigny), 502

  Histoire de l’Empire d’Allemagne, L’ (Fréron), 760

  Histoire de Marie Stuart, L’ (Fréron), 760

  Histoire de mon temps, L’ (Frederick II), 458

  Histoire d’un bon Brahmin, L’ (Voltaire), 749–50

  Histoire du Parlement, L’ (Voltaire), 743

  Histoire générale des voyages, L’ (Prévost), 334

  Histoire littéraire de la France, L’ (Rivet de la Grange), 501

  Histoire naturelle de l’âme, L’ (La Mettrie), 618

  Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, L’ (Buffon), 569–73, 651

  Histoire philosophique et politique des … Européens dans les deux Indes (Raynal), 693–95

  Histoire universelle (Bossuet), see Discours sur l’histoire universelle

  Histoire universelle, L’ (Calmet), 501

  Historia critica Philosophiae (Brucker), 645

  Historia del reino de la China (Mendoza), 503

  Historical Fragments on India (Voltaire), 736

  History and Present State of Electricity, The (Priestley), 526

  History of England (Hume), 156–58, 163, 334, 488

  History of England (Smollett), 202

  History of John Bull (Arbuthnot), 169

  History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the 18th Century (A. Wolf), 507

  History of Sir Charles Grandison, The (Richardson), see Sir Charles Grandison

  History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, The (Fielding), see Joseph Andrews

  History of the Corruptions of Christianity (Priestley), 528–29

  History of the Crusades (Voltaire), 484

  History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V (Robertson), 488, 784

  History of the Saracens (Ockley), 163–64

  History of Tom Jones, The (Fielding), see Tom Jones

  Hjorter, Scandinavian meteorologist (fl. 1741), 551

  Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 108, 340, 356, 581, 583, 633, 645;

  influence on the English, 119, 125;

  influence on French freethinkers, 116, 609, 616, 625, 682, 686, 692, 752

  Hogarth, William (1697–1764), 45, 69, 74, 79, 183, 205, 217–24, 240;

  denounced by Diderot, 667;

  and “Hogarth’s Act,” 220;

  A Rake’s Progress, 66, 220, 224

  Hohenfriedberg, Silesia, battle of (1745), 456

  Hohenzollern, house of, 437

  Hokkaido, Japan, 560

  Holbach, Baron Paul Henri Dietrich d’ (1723–89), 159, 605, 611, 622, 644, 692, 695–714, 782;

  his atheism, 337, 611, 617, 678, 696, 697, 700, 703–6, 710, 771;

  and Diderot, 611, 665, 678, 680, 695–96, 697, 699–700, 704, 710;

  his dinners, 665, 678, 680, 693–96

  passim, 699;

  his economic and political views, 707–11;

  his educational views, 609, 706, 707;

  and Helvétius, 337, 680, 681, 692, 695, 703, 706;

  his moral code, 698–99, 705–7, 776, 777;

  refutations of his works, 711–13, 756;

  and Voltaire, 710, 711–13, 740, 752

  Holbach, Baronne d’ (d. 1754), 695, 697

  Holbach, Baronne d’ (2), 697, 699

  Holden, Edward Singleton (1846–1914), 541*

  Holkham Hall, Norfolk, 215

  Holland, Henry Fox, Baron, see Fox, Henry

  Holland (present-day Netherlands), see United Provinces

  Holstein, duchy of, 371

  Holstein, Duke of, 407

  Holy Alliance (1815), 336

  Holy Club, 130, 132

  Holy Living and Holy Dying (Taylor), 130

  Holy Roman Empire, 89, 397, 398, 431–36, 454, 680

  Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, 110–11

  Homberg, Willem (1652–1715), 7

  Home, Alexander, 9th Earl of Home (d. 1786), 140

  Home, Sir Alexander Frederick Douglas (1903–), Prime Minister of Great Britain (1963–64), 140*

  Home, George, 141

  Home, Henry, Lord Kames (1696–1782), 142, 184, 556

  Home, John, brother of Hume, 140, 149

  Home, John (1722–1808), Scottish clergyman-playwright, 184, 556

  Homer (9th cent, B.C.), 36, 40, 178, 193, 650;

  translated by Pope, 168–69, 209;

  F. Wolf’s research on, 500

  Homme machine, L’ (La Mettrie), 618–21

  Homme plante, L’ (La Mettrie), 619

  Hooke, Robert (1635–1703), 539

  Hopkey, Sophia (fl. 1737), 131

  Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus; 65–8 B.C.) , 165, 177, 178, 393, 637, 671

  Hörmann, Martin (1688–1782), 406

  Horn, Cape, 558, 559

  Horner, York (fl. 1725), 64

  Horse Guards House, London, 215

  hospitals, 68–69, 252, 256, 288, 534, 591–92

  Hôtel des Invalides, Paris, 285

  Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, 591–92, 597

  Houdon, Jean Antoine (1741–1828), 310

  Houghton Hall, Norfolk, 97, 215, 216

  Houteville, Abbé (fl. 1722), 755

  Howard, John (1726?–90), prison reformer, 74

  “How Sleep the Brave” (Collins), 180

  Hoyle, Edmond (1672–1769), 77

  Hudibras (Butler), 217

  Hudson, Thomas (1701–79), 217

  Huet, Jean Baptiste (1745–1811), 305

  Huet, Pierre Daniel (1630–1721), bishop of Avranches, 550–51

  Hugo, Victor (1802–85), 30, 575

  Huguenots, 495;

  emigration of, 479;

  in England, 49;

  persecution of in France, 257, 343, 608, 609, 727–33, 784;

  restriction relaxed, 257, 783

  Hume, David (1711–76), 45, 56, 77, 108, 116, 122, 125, 132, 138, 140–61, 199–200, 213, 528, 692;

  his appearance, 147, 159;

  on Buffon, 575;

  his Edinburgh salon, 159;

  on the French art of conversation, 292;

  on Germany, 397;

  on government and economics, 153–56;

  his history of England, 156–58, 163, 334, 488–89;

  denounces intolerance, 184;

  on morality, 146–50

  passim, 178;

  in Paris, 158–59, 681, 696–97, 780;

  and Pope, 172, 176;
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  reason dethroned by, 142–47, 607;

  on religion, 118, 148–49, 150–53;

  and Rousseau, 145, 154, 159;

  and the Scottish Enlightenment, 107, 556;

  “seventeen atheists” incident, 678, 696;

  and Adam Smith, 155–56, 159, 690;

  and Spinoza, 145, 159–60, 610;

  and Voltaire, 156–60

  passim, 376, 738, 784

  Humphrey Clinker (Smollett), 203–4

  Hungary, 431, 436;

  supports Maria Theresa, 453–56 passim

  Hunter, John (1728–93), 507, 587–88, 589, 599

  Hunter, William (1718–83), 587, 588

  Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, 587

  Hunterian Museum, London, 588

  Huntsman, Benjamin (fl. 1740), 50

  Huss, John (Jan Hus; 1369?–1415), 488

  Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1746), 107, 108, 139–40, 149, 556, 687

  Hutton, Charles (1737–1823), 553

  Hutton, James (1726–97), geologist, 556–57, 584

  Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–95), 127

  Huygens, Christian (1629–95), 52, 517, 633

  Hyde Park, London, 70

  Hydrodynamics (D. Bernoulli), 516–17

  hydrogen, 524, 534;

  discovery of, 531

  hygrometers, 550, 551

  Idea of a Patriot King, The (Bolingbroke), 100–101, 246

  Idyllen (Gessner), 477

  Ignorant Philosopher, The (Voltaire), 748–49, 752

  Il faut prendre un Parti (Voltaire), 752

  Iliad (Homer), 36, 40, 163, 168–69, 194

  illumination, salvation by, 131–32

  Illustrations of Huttonian Theory (Playfair), 557

  Imeneo (Handel), 238

  Imitation of Christ (Thomas à Kempis), 130

  Immortals, see French Academy

  Impressionists, 28

  impressment, 67, 369, 439

  Independents (Puritans), 62, 90, 118

  Indes galantes, Les (Rameau), 296

  Index Expurgatorius, 539

  India, 188, 350, 599;

  commerce with, 55, 113, 294;

  cultural impact of on Europe, 484, 502, 506;

  French-British military struggle for, 264–65, 503, 607, 708, 736

  Indian Ocean, 264, 558

  Indians, American, 131, 694, 743, 778

  Industrial Revolution, 45, 47, 48–52, 155, 584–85

  infâme, l’, Voltaire’s campaign against, 160, 248, 617, 730, 736–44, 752, 759, 785

  infant mortality, 48, 62, 69, 261, 589, 590, 595

  Ingenhousz, Jan (1730–99), 568, 596

  Ingénu, L’ (Voltaire), 743

  Innocent XII (Antonio Pignatelli), Pope (r. 1691–1700), 228

  Innocent XIII (Michelangelo Conti), Pope (r. 1721–24), 32, 257

  Inns of Court, London, 71

  inoculation, 95, 209, 210, 248, 594–96, 598, 600, 601; see also vaccination

  Inquiry concerning Moral Good and Evil (Hutcheson), 139