The Age of Voltaire

  Inquiry concerning Virtue and Merit (Shaftesbury), 625

  Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of the Variolae Vaccine (Jenner), 596

  Inquisition, 693, 721, 737, 783;

  Montesquieu and, 343, 356;

  Voltaire on, 371, 377, 486, 735

  insanity, treatment of, 597–98, 701, 786

  Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 727–28

  Institut et Musée Voltaire, Geneva, 392* 472*

  Institutions de physique (Du Châtelet), 379

  Instruction chrétienne (Vernes), 480

  intendants, 253, 255, 271

  Introduction à la connoissance de l’esprit humain (Vauvenargues), 338–39

  Inverness county, Scotland, 112

  interior decoration, 214, 281, 304–5, 505

  inventions, see technological advances

  inverse squares, law of, 522

  Ireland, 82, 103–7, 132, 163, 216, 358;

  anti-Catholic laws in, 105–6, 495;

  Parliament of, see Parliament, Irish;

  population of, 59, 106–7, 343

  iron, 49–50, 51, 577

  ironwork, 308, 404

  Irving, Sir Henry (1838–1905), 672

  Isidore of Seville, Saint (c.560–636), 499

  Israel in Egypt (Handel), 238, 244

  Issy, France, 270, 272

  Italy, War of Austrian Succession in, 278, 454, 455, 457

  Ivan VI, Czar of Russia (r. 1740–41), 451

  Ivry, battle of (1590), 40

  Jacobite rebellions, 157;

  the Fifteen (1715), 91, 92–93;

  the Forty-five (1745), 54, 82, 107, 109–12, 221, 224–25, 456

  Jacobites, English, 93, 99, 103, 162, 225, 294;

  fail to revolt, 92, 110, 111

  Jacobites, Scottish, 95, 107, 109, 112

  Jacobsen, Theodore (fl. 1739), architect, 69

  Jacquard loom, 262

  Jacqueries, 252

  Jacques le fataliste et son maître (Diderot), 376, 658–59, 664, 678–79

  Jägerndorf, margraviate of, 451

  J’ai-vus, 18, 34–35

  Jamaica, West Indies, 200, 264

  James I, King of England (r. 1603–25) and Scotland (r. 1567–1625, as James VI), 89, 107, 110, 156

  James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (r. 1685–88), 89, 92, 164

  “James III” of England, see Stuart, James Francis Edward

  James VI of Scotland, see James I, King of England

  Jameson, Robert (1774–1854), 557

  Jansenists, 3, 21, 256–57, 270, 300, 609, 617, 643;

  and fall of Jesuits, 737, 768–72;

  Louis XIV’s persecution of, 8, 17, 256, 765, 768;

  Montesquieu and, 343, 356;

  in the parlements, 256, 370, 638, 718, 727, 737, 743, 768–72;

  and Prades affair, 638;

  in retreat, 784;

  and Voltaire, 39, 370, 718, 743

  Japan, 281, 304, 350

  Jardin du Roi (present Jardin des Plantes), Paris, 295, 532, 562, 565, 575;

  under Buff on, 569, 570

  Jaucourt, Chevalier Louis de (1704–79), 641, 646

  Jeanne d’Arc (Joan of Arc; 1412–31), 361, 376–77, 483

  Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), 479, 530, 649

  Jélyotte, Pierre de (1713–87), 280

  Jenkins, Robert (fl. 1731–38), 101–2

  Jenkins’ Ear, War of (1739–41), 101–3, 200, 558

  Jennens, Charles (1700–73), 238

  Jenner, Edward (1749–1823), 507, 590, 596

  Jephtha (Handel), 238, 241, 243, 244

  Jerome, Saint (340?–420), 708

  Jesty, Benjamin (fl. 1774–89), 596

  Jesuits, 256, 765–72;

  and China, 503–6 passim;

  conflict with Jansenists, 17, 35, 256, 300, 343, 727, 737, 765, 768 f.;

  dissolution of Society, 773;

  and education in France, 256, 286–87, 498, 691, 765–67, 769–70;

  fall of (in France), 284, 286, 644, 759, 765–72, 784;

  Frederick II welcomes them, 772–73;

  and Louis XV, 256, 269, 272, 283–84, 641, 759, 767, 769, 770–71;

  in Paraguay, 351;

  and the philosophes, 766–67, 770–71;

  in Poland and Russia, 773;

  Mme. de Pompadour denounced by, 283–84;

  in Portugal, 721, 767;

  in Tibet, 560;

  oppose toleration for French Protestants, 17

  “Jesus, Lover of My Soul” (Charles Wesley), 133

  Jeu de l’amour et du hasard, Le (Marivaux), 330

  Jewish Contributions to Civilization (Roth), 541*

  Jewish Encyclopedia, The, 541*

  Jews in England, 65, 119, 241

  Joan of Arc, see Jeanne d’Arc Jodin, Mlle., 672

  Johann Adolf, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, 227

  Johann, Meister (fl. 1343), 433

  John III (Jan) Sobieski, King of Poland (r. 1674–96), 109, 328

  John V, King of Portugal (r. 1689–1750), 508

  John Bull, The History of (Arbuthnot), 169

  John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, 94

  Johnson, Dr. Samuel (1709–84), 51, 60, 79, 162, 164, 178, 192, 213;

  Bolingbroke’s influence on, 101;

  and Chesterfield, 82, 87, 162;

  description of by Warburton, 124;

  his dictionary, 82, 181, 292, 635;

  on Gray, 183;

  on Pope, 164, 169, 176;

  on prison conditions, 73, 74;

  on religious enthusiasm, 117;

  on Switzerland, 473;

  other observations and opinions, 67, 71, 127–28, 495

  joint-stock companies, 56

  Jommelli, Niccoló (1714–74), 660

  Jonson, Ben (1573?–1637), 588

  Jordan, C. E. (1700–45), 449, 450

  Jore, Rouen printer (fl. 1733), 366, 371

  Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1705–11), 435, 436

  Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1765–90), 436, 452, 453, 504, 600;

  and philosophes, 776, 784

  Joseph Andrews (Fielding), 192, 194–95

  Journal (Gray), 182

  Journal (Wesley), 130, 131–32, 134, 137

  Journal des savants, Le, 498, 620, 627

  Journal de Trévaux, 356, 375, 498, 605*, 627, 637–39, 649, 757–59, 767

  Journal de Verdun, 29

  Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon (Fielding), 199

  Juan Fernández Islands, 558

  Judas Maccabaeus, see Maccabaeus, Judas

  Judas Maccabaeus (Handel), 241, 244

  Judea, 357

  Juilly, France, 341

  Julian the Apostate (Flavius Claudius Julianus), Emperor of Rome (r. 361–63), 355, 357, 445, 486, 692, 739

  Jülich, duchy of, 436, 451

  Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere), Pope (r. 1503–13), 485

  Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 246

  Junker, 397

  Jupiter (planet), 545;

  satellites of, 511, 548

  Jura Mts., 254, 471

  Jurieu, Pierre (1637–1713), 731*

  Jussieu, Adrien de (1797–1853), 565

  Jussieu, Antoine de (1686–1758), 565, 569

  Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1748–1836), 565

  Jussieu, Bernard de (1699–1777), 562, 565, 569

  Jussieu, Joseph de (1704–79), 565

  Justinian I the Great, Eastern Roman Emperor (r. 527–65), 4

  Kamchatka, 557, 558

  Kamel, George Joseph (1661–1706), 563

  Karnes, Lord, see Home, Henry

  Kändler, Johann Joachim (1706–75), 404

  Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 127, 146, 335, 401, 438, 690, 779, 784;

  categorical imperative of, 718;

  as critic of reason, 160, 584, 607;

  Hume’s influence on, 160, 713;

  and Laplacian hypothesis, 547

  Karamzin, Nikolai (1766–
1826), 474–75

  Karl Alexander of Lorraine, Prince, see Charles Alexander

  Karlsruhe, 406

  Karlsruhe, University of, 566

  Katte, Johann Hermann von (d. 1730), 440, 441–42

  Kaunitz, Count Wenzel Anton von (1711–94), 285

  Kay, John (1704–79), 48, 51, 52

  Kayserling, Count Hermann (fl. 1740), 420

  Keats, John (1795–1821), 169, 179, 338

  Keeper of the Seals, French (1727–37), see Chauvelin

  Keiser, Reinhard (1674–1739), 228, 237–38, 242, 244, 409–10

  Keith, Lieutenant (fl. 1730), 440, 441

  Kendal, Ehrengard Melusina von der Schulenburg, Duchess of (1667–1743), 82, 89–90, 94, 104

  Kensington Gardens, 70

  Kensington Palace, 215

  Kent, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of (1664–1740), 78

  Kent, William (1684–1748), 78, 215, 222, 231

  Kepler, Johann (1571–1630), 518, 540, 633

  Kesselsdorf, Saxony, battle of (1745), 457

  Kew Palace, 169, 540;

  gardens of, 78

  Khevenhüller, Count Ludwig Andreas von (1683–1744), 454

  Kielmannsegge, Charlotte Sophia von, see Darlington, Countess of

  Kilian, Georg (1683–1745), 404

  kinetic theory of gases, 516–17

  King, Gregory (fl. 1696), English statistician, 46

  King’s Band, 225

  Kingscliffle, Northamptonshire, England, 128

  “King’s Friends,” 101

  Kingston, Elizabeth, Duchess of, nee Chudleigh (1720–88), 72

  Kingston, Sir Evelyn Pierrepont, 5th Earl and 1st Duke of (1665?–1726), 205, 212

  Kingston, Sir Evelyn Pierrepont, 2d Duke of (1711–73), 569

  Kingston, Mary, Countess of, nee Feilding (1668–1693?), 205

  “king’s touch,” 494, 594

  Kircher, Athanasius (1601–80), 503, 592

  Kirk, Scottish, see Scotland, Kirk of

  Kit-Cat Club, 205

  Klein Matterhorn, 561

  Kleist, E. G. von (fl. 1745), clergyman-physicist, 519

  Kleist, Ewald Christian von (1715–59), poet and soldier, 400–401

  Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724–1803), 193, 398, 401, 477

  Kneller, Sir Godfrey (1646–1723), 209–10, 222

  Knights Templar, 4

  Knobelsdorff, Georg Wenzeslaus von (1699–1753), architect and painter, 404, 406

  Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles (d. 1777), 202

  Knox, John (1505–72), 110

  Knutzen, Martin (1713–51), 402

  Knoller, Martin (1725–1804), 406

  Koenig, Samuel (1712–57), 466–67

  Kölreuter, Josef Gottlieb (1733–1806), 566

  Königsberg, University of, 402

  Königsegg-Rothenfels, Count Lothar von (1673–1751), 272

  Königsmarck, Countess Maria Aurora von (1668?–1728), 277

  Königsmarck, Count Philipp von (1662–1694?), 89

  Koran, 502

  Kratzenstein, Gottlieb (fl. 1744), 519

  Kuhnau, Johann (1660–1722), 415

  Kunersdorf, battle of (1759), 401

  Kunie (Isle of Pines), 559

  Kurland, duchy of, 277, 327

  La Barre, Chevalier Jean François Lefebre de (1747–66), 718, 734–36, 737, 751, 772

  Labat de Grandcour our, 472

  La Bletterie, Abbé Jean Philippe René de (1698–1772), 751

  labor: agricultural (England), 45–48, 98, 103;

  child, 53;

  English urban, 47, 48, 50, 52–54, 98;

  French urban, 261–63, 666, 781;

  hostile to machines, 50, 51, 262;

  Locke’s views on, 155, 707;

  religion among, 129, 133, 135, 137, 781

  labor, division of, 48, 49, 53, 262, 647

  La Bourdonnais, Bertrand François Mahé de (1699–1753), 264–65

  Labrador, 559

  La Brède, domain of, 340–41, 344, 359

  La Bruyère, Jean de (1645–96), 84

  Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de (1713–62), 542, 545

  Lacépède, B. G. Étienne de la Ville, Comte de (1756–1825), 570

  La Chalotais, Louis René de Caradeuc de (1701–85), 691, 770, 772, 773–74

  Laclos, Choderlos de, see Choderlos de Laclos, Pierre

  La Condamine, Charles de (1701–74), 361, 552, 560

  Lacroix, Paul (1806–84), French scholar, 22, 253

  La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Comtesse de (1634–93), 300, 331

  Lafayette, Yves Roch Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de (1757–1834), 370, 594

  La Fare, Marquis de (fl. 1710), 5

  La Ferté, Duchesse de, 289

  La Flèche, France, Jesuit college at, 149

  La Fontaine, Jean de (1621–95), 312, 327, 657

  La Force, Henri Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duc de (1675–1726), 14

  Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736–1813), 349, 507, 510–15, 514, 515, 536, 589

  La Grenée, Jean Louis François (1724–1805), 667

  La Harpe, Jean François de (1739–1803), 384, 757

  laissez faire, 54, 139, 155, 262, 641, 708

  Lake Country, England, 182

  Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Le François de (1732–1807), 248, 536, 545

  Lalande Prize, 545

  Lally, Thomas Arthur de, Baron de Tollendal (1702–66), 736

  Lally-Tollendal, Trophime Gérard de (1751–1830), 736

  Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de Monet, Chevalier de (1744–1829), 507, 536, 580, 581, 583, 653

  Lamarck, 536

  Lamballe, Marie Thérèse Louise de Savoie-Carignan, Princess de (1749–92), 594

  Lambert, Anne Thérèse de Courcelles, Marquise de (c.1647–1733), 23–24, 344

  Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1728–77), 518

  La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de (1709–51), 116, 369, 572, 600, 605, 617–22, 638;

  Diderot and, 619, 625;

  Voltaire and, 465, 619, 621–22, 741

  Lamothe-Langon, 782

  Lam our, Jean (1698–1771), 308, 404

  La Muette, Château, 26

  Lancret, Nicolas (1690–1743), 25, 28

  Land’s End, England, 110

  Langres, France, 623, 624, 675, 700

  Languedoc, 259

  Lansdowne, 1st Marquis of, see Shelburne, Earl of

  Lanson, Gustave (1857–1934), 671

  Laokoon (Lessing), 633

  Laon, France, 75, 254, 493

  La Pérouse, Jean François de Galaup, Comte de (1741–1788?), 560

  La Peyronie, François de (1678–1747), 598, 599

  Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749–1827), 507, 517, 544, 546–49, 583, 589;

  his cosmic-dynamics system, 537, 546–48;

  and metric system, 512, 549

  Laplace equations, 548

  Lapland, 357, 448;

  scientific expeditions to, 514, 544, 545, 552, 562

  La Popelinière, Alexandre Joseph de (1692–1762), 266, 295, 322, 324, 611

  Laporte, Abbé Joseph de (1713–79), 694

  La Quadra, Spanish chief minister, 102

  Larcher, Pierre Henri (1726–1812), 488

  Largillière, Nicolas de (1656–1746), 25

  La Rochefoucauld, Duc François de (1613–80), 84, 149, 301, 340, 459, 688

  La Rochelle, France, 18

  Las Casas, Bartolomé de (1474–1566), 777

  La Strada, soprano, see Strada del Pò

  Latitudinarianism, 118, 124

  La Tour, Maurice Quentin de (1704–88), 311, 319, 320–22, 404, 667;

  and Mme. de Pompadour, 281, 282, 315, 321–22

  La Tournelle, Marie Anne de Nesle de, see Châteauroux, Duchesse de

  La Trémouille, Duc de, 289

  Latvia, 277

  Launay de Staal, Mme. de, see Staal de Launay, Mme. de

  Lauraguais, Duchesse de, see Nesle, Adélaïde de

  Lausanne, 473, 475, 476, 478, 482, 600, 719
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  Lauzun, Antoine Nompar de Caumont, Duc de (1633–1723), 291

  La Valette, Antoine de (fl. 1755), 768–69

  La Vallière, Louise de La Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de (1644–1710), 274

  Lavaysse, Gaubert (fl. 1761), 728–30

  Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent de (1743–94), 508, 517, 531–36, 583, 594;

  execution of, 512, 532, 536;

  proposes social reforms, 534–35;

  work in chemistry, 507, 524, 526, 528, 589, 592

  Lavoisier, Marie Paulze (d. 1836), 532, 536

  Law, John (1671–1729), financier, 10–16, 18, 265;

  “System” of (Mississippi Bubble), 11–16, 19, 33, 35, 37, 57, 58, 93, 323, 330, 342

  Law, William (1686–1761), mystic, 127–28, 130

  law: courts and procedures, 72, 196, 198, 252, 267–68 (see also parlements);

  Mosaic, 742, 745;

  “natural,” 100, 348–49, 714;

  philosophy of, 347–60, 401;

  reform of, 270, 447, 778, 786;

  schools, 71, 400, 403, 498

  least action, principle of, 466, 514

  Leblanc, Nicolas (1742–1806), 584

  Le Blon, Jacques (1667–1741), 311

  Le Breton, André François (fl. 1750), 634, 639, 648

  Le Brun, A. L. (fl. 1717), political satirist, 35

  Le Brun, Charles (1619–90), 25, 322, 464

  Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (1838–1903), historian, 103, 781

  Le Comte, Louis (1656–1729), 503–4

  Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1692–1730), 39, 41, 277, 326–29;

  Voltaire’s poem about, 329, 361

  Leeds, Yorkshire, England, 51, 526

  Leek, Staffordshire, England, 52

  Lefèvre de Genonville (fl. 1717), friend of Voltaire, 35

  Legendre, Adrien Marie (1752–1833), 511, 513

  Legouvé, Ernest (1807–1903), 328*

  Le Grand, Marc Antoine (1673–1728), 326

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646–1716), 94, 584, 633, 637;

  his antisensationism, influence of, 401, 583, 690, 747;

  atheists’ view of, 616, 705;

  and Berlin Academy, 448, 466;

  Bolingbroke on, 123;

  on China, 504;

  his law of continuity, 573, 578;

  his monadism, 379, 539;

  and Newton, 507, 508–9;

  his optimism ridiculed by Voltaire, 721, 723–26;

  his theodicy, 172, 718

  Leicester House, London, 90

  Leiden, 378, 562, 618, 621

  Leiden, University of, 477, 519–20, 562, 601, 618, 695

  Leiden jars, 519–20, 521, 522

  Leipzig, 400, 466;

  Lutheranism in, 415, 416;

  music in, 234, 409, 411, 415 f.; see also Leipziger Messe

  Leipzig, University of, 400, 416, 424, 519*

  Leipziger Messe, 397–98

  Leith, Scotland, 112

  Lekain (Cain), Henri Louis (1728–78), 482