The Story of Civilization

  Parliament, Houses of, 635

  Parma, 11, 455

  Parmenides of Elea, Greek* philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 455

  Paros, 322, 411

  Parousia (Second Appearance), 591, 603-604

  Parseeism, see Zoroastrianism

  Parthenius, Roman freedman (fl. 1st century), 316

  Parthenon, 328, 348, 359

  Parthia, 131, 178-179, 181, 194, 197, 205-206, 217, 253, 275, 322, 329, 337, 350*, 366, 390, 412-413, 414, 428, 448, 508, 512, 513, 528-530, 531, 546, 622, 623, 641

  Pasiphaë, 284, 352, 385

  Pasiteles, Greek artist in Rome (fl. 60-30 B.C.), 349

  Passover, Feast of the, 542, 559, 570-571, 579, 588*

  pastoral poetry, 235, 236

  Patavium, see Padua

  paterfamilias, see father

  pater patriae, 221

  Patmos, 592

  Patrae (Patras), 125, 325, 486, 546

  patricians, see aristocracy

  patriotism, 67, 72, 74, 85, 242, 251-252, 300, 650, 668

  Patroclus, 381

  patronage, 233-234, 316-317, 333, 335, 339, 374, 415, 423, 621, 661

  patronus, 22

  Paul, St. (Saul), apostle to the Gentiles (10?-64?), 271, 282, 325, 404, 470, 492, 513, 515, 554-556, 559, 568*, 570*, 571, 573, 575, 576, 578, 579-592, 604, 605, 646

  Paul, Epistles of St., 553, 555, 579, 585, 587-591, 592, 605

  Paul of Samosata, Syrian heretic (fl. 2nd century), 605

  Paul the Hermit, Egyptian Christian monk (fl. 3rd and 4th centuries), 657

  Paul-Louis, 642

  Paul and Virginia (Saint-Pierre), 637

  Paulina, Pompeia, wife of Seneca (1st century), 301, 306-307, 371

  Paulinus, Caius Suetonius, governor and general (fl. 1st century), 271, 476

  Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, German Protestant theologian (1761-1851), 553

  Paulus, Julius, jurist (fl. 2nd and 3rd centuries), 392, 621, 634

  Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, consul and general (?-216 B.C.), 50, 86, 92

  Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius, general (229-160 B.C.), 86, 92, 96, 101

  Pauly, August, German classical philologist (1796-1845), 504*

  Pausanias, Greek traveler and topographer (fl. 2nd century), 324

  Pausanias, Greek sophist (fl. 2nd century), 506

  Pavia (anc. Ticinum), 49

  Pax, 287, 348

  Pax Augusta, 232

  Pax Romana, 194, 217, 218, 232, 325, 424, 473, 631, 670

  Peace, Goddess of, see Pax

  Peace, Temple of, 358

  Pedanius Secundus, prefect (fl. 1st century), 366, 397

  pederasty, 158, 282, 369, 398, 408

  Pedius, Quintus, painter (fl. reign of Augustus), 352

  Pedum (Gallicano), 252

  Peel Sir Robert, English statesman (1788-1850), 324

  Peisistratus, Athenian tyrant (605-527 B.C..) 418

  Peleus, 157

  “Peleus and Thetis” (Catullus), 157

  Pelicitas, 342

  Pella, 483, 530, 577

  Peloponnesian War, 383

  Peloponnesus, 322, 454, 486, 497

  penalties, legal, 403-404

  penance, 600, 652

  Penates, 7, 58, 69

  Penelope, 256

  Pennsylvania Station (in New York), 360*

  Pentateuch, 535, 547

  Pentecost, 543, 579, 585

  Pentelicus, 487

  Pentheus, 178, 531

  Pera, Brutus, aristocrat (?-264 B.C.), 382

  Peraea, 535, 560

  Peregrinus, Greek Cynic philosopher (?-165), 489

  Perennis, Praetorian Prefect (?-185), 447

  perfumes, in Carthage, 41;

  under Rome, 132, 134, 144, 266, 286, 298, 328-329, 337, 342, 345, 376, 377, 438, 498

  Perga (Murtana), 582

  Pergamum (Bergama), 86, 94, 95, 114, 312, 334, 348, 418, 430, 504, 505, 515, 516, 518, 534, 592

  Pergamum, library of, 635

  Periclean Age, 258, 351, 370, 418, 522

  Pericles, Athenian statesman (495?-429 B.C.), 214, 428, 442

  Perinthus, 483

  Peripatetic, see Aristotelian

  Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, 326

  peristylium, 343, 345

  Perpenna (or Perperna) Vento, Marcus, general (?-72 B.C.), 137

  Perpetua, Carthaginian Christian martyr (?-203), 649

  Perpetual Edict, see Praetorian Perpetual Edict

  Persephone, 525;

  Temple of, 516

  Perseus, last King of Macedon (reigned 178-168 B.C.), 86, 88, 96

  Perseus (mythology), 256

  Perseus and Andromeda, 349

  Persia, 77, 92*, 212, 320, 323, 329, 500, 524, 526, 528-530, 540, 595, 605, 608, 623, 627, 628, 629, 638, 639, 641, 644, 650, 653

  Persian Gulf, 413

  Persiles y Sigismunda (Cervantes), 637

  Persius Flaccus, Aulus, satirical poet (34-62), 437

  Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax), Roman emperor (?-193), 333, 620, 633, 665, 668

  Peru, 409, 600*

  Perusia (Perugia), 6, 205, 454

  perversion, see abortion, birth control, bi-sexuality, homosexuality, incest, pederasty

  Pervigilium Veneris, 637-638

  Pessinus, 94, 513

  Peter, St., also called Simon or Simon Peter, apostle (?-64?), 404, 555, 557, 563, 569, 575-579, 581-582, 583, 587, 590, 591-592, 604, 617, 618, 646

  Peter, The First Epistle General of, 575, 577-578

  Petra* 508, 602

  Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), Italian poet (1304-1374), 307

  Petronia, lex, 397

  Petronius Arbiter, Gaius, author (?-66), 60, 247*, 276, 282, 295, 296-299, 312, 317, 319, 333, 336, 347, 363, 368, 401, 435, 466, 636, 637

  Phaedo (Plato), 190

  Phaedra, 256

  Phaëthon, 256

  Phainomena (Aratus), 584*

  phallic worship, 60, 66, 458

  Phanuel, 542

  Phaon, freedman (fl. 1st century), 283

  Pharaohs, 5, 226, 266, 507

  Pharisees, 530, 532, 536-539, 545, 547, 562, 566, 567-570, 576, 579-580, 586

  Pharnaces, King of Pontus (?-47 B.C.), 188, 519

  Pharos, 188, 207

  Pharsalia (Lucan), 296

  Pharsalus (Pharsala), battle in 48 B.C., 185-186, 189, 208

  Pheidias, Greek sculptor (ca. 490-432 B.C.), 96, 338, 354, 412, 442, 459, 486, 522

  Philadelphia, 508, 535

  Phile, municipal officer of Priene (fl. 1st century B.C.), 514

  Philemon, Greek comic dramatist (361-263 B.C.), 99

  Philemon, The Epistle of Paul to, 587*

  Philemon (mythology), 256

  Philip II, King of Macedon (382-336 B.C..), 483

  Philip V, King of Macedon (220-179 B.C.), 51, 85, 86

  Philip, Asiarch (fl. 155), 648

  Philip, King of the Jews (fl. 1st century), 535

  Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus “Arabs”), Roman emperor (reigned 244-249), 628

  Philippi, battle in 42 B.C., 203, 221, 358, 546, 583, 585

  Philippians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*, 591

  “Philippics,” Cicero’s, 201, 202

  Philippopolis, 483

  Philo Judaeus, Jewish Hellenistic philosopher (ca. 20 B.C..-ca. 54 A.D.), 424, 500, 546, 589, 594-595, 604, 611, 614, 658

  Philodemus of Gadara, Epicurean philosopher and poet (fl. 1st century .B.C.), 510

  Philosophus Platonicus, 467

  philosophy, 93, 95-97, 102, 104, 108, 113, 133, 135, 136, 141, 144, 146-154, 163-166, 168, 190, 196, 200, 203, 205, 231, 233, 244, 250, 251, 259, 267, 269, 274, 286, 292, 295-296, 297-298, 209-307, 308, 310, 314, 324, 356, 367-368, 370, 373, 376, 388-389, 392, 393, 406, 415, 417, 421, 424, 425-428, 431, 432, 435, 438, 441, 443, 449, 465, 467, 485-497, 500-502, 505-506, 509, 512, 513, 514, 515, 521-522, 584, 594-595, 604, 607-615, 620, 621, 629, 630, 633, 635-636, 661, 671;

  L
ucretius’, 146-154;

  Cicero’s, 163-166;

  Horace’s, 248-250;

  Ovid’s, 256;

  Pliny’s, 310-311;

  Marcus Aurelius’, 425, 431, 443-446;

  Plutarch’s, 485-486;

  Epictetus’, 490-494;

  Sextus Empiricus’, 494-495;

  Lucian’s, 495-497;

  Plotinus’, 607-611

  Philostratus, Flavius, Greek rhetorician and biographer (fl. first half of 3rd century), 488, 504, 513, 515, 526, 621

  Phoceans, 7

  Phoebe, servant of Julia (1st century B.C.), 231

  Phoebus, see Apollo

  Phoenicia, 39, 41, 48, 105, 204, 240, 465, 468, 488, 500, 505, 510-511, 546, 621

  Phormio (Terence), 101

  Phrygia, 94, 133, 147, 366, 472, 490, 513, 523, 528, 583, 595, 605, 649

  Phyllis, 247

  Physeos, Peri, 148

  physical characteristics, of Etruscans, 6;

  of Romans, 69-70, 349-351, 372, 415

  Physicians, see medicine

  physics, 504

  Picenum, 182

  Pictones, 471*

  Pierson, Dutch biblical scholar, 554

  piety (pietas), 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 67, 148, 149, 162, 238-242, 250, 251, 265, 357, 366, 371, 390, 423, 425, 444, 447, 467, 484, 492-494, 497, 526, 530, 537, 599, 625, 663

  Pilate, Pontius, Procurator of Judea (fl. first half of 1st century), 281, 571-573

  Pillars of Hercules, 40

  pinacotheca, 343

  Pincian hill, 132, 340

  piracy, 43, 47, 78, 112, 139-140, 167-168, 170, 211, 219, 275, 325, 632

  Piraeus, 630

  Pisa (anc. Pisae), 78, 454

  Pisa, in the Peloponnesus, 454

  Pisidia, 513, 582

  Piso family, 249

  Piso, Caius Calpurnius, conspirator (?-65), 266, 282, 296, 306, 316, 371

  Piso, Cnaeus Calpurnius, governor (?-20 A.D.), 262

  Piso, Lucius Calpurnius, politician and governor (fl. 1st century B.C.), 161, 172, 174

  Pistoia (anc. Pistoria), 144

  Placentia (Piacenza), 47, 78, 454, 455

  Place Vendee, 412

  plague, 428-429, 432, 448, 638, 649, 666, 667

  Plancus, Lucius Munatius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C.), 233

  Plantianus, Praetorian Prefect (fl. 3rd century), 666

  plastic surgery, 313

  Plataea, 482, 483

  Plato, Greek philosopher (427-347 B.C.), 72, 96, 136, 164, 165, 180, 196, 208, 243, 304, 389, 421, 427, 485, 489, 494, 497, 501-502, 541, 607, 608, 610, 611, 634, 658

  Platonic (Academic) philosophy, 95, 432, 489, 540, 588, 608, 611, 614, 635, 658

  Platonopolis, 608

  Plautus, Titus Maccius, comic dramatist (ca. 254-184 B.C.), 7, 65, 70, 90, 93, 98, 99-101, 102, 234, 455

  Plebeian Games, 381

  plebeians, 21-31, 35, 37, 44, 80, 90, 93, 95, 98, 99, 102, 111-208, 216, 243, 252, 282, 286, 297, 332-333, 335, 339-340, 341-342, 351, 384, 438, 446

  Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), naturalist and encyclopedist (23-79), 3, 10, 60, 269, 295, 308-311, 312, 313, 319, 320, 325, 327, 328, 337, 347, 373, 439, 453, 456, 457, 473, 507, 516

  Pliny the Younger (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus), author and orator (61-114?), 252, 289, 295, 309, 311, 314, 315, 318, 320, 344, 368, 371, 387, 402, 409, 411, 433, 435, 437, 438, 439-441, 442, 454, 463, 520, 521, 554, 599, 648

  Plotina, Pompeia, wife of Trajan (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 409, 414, 442

  Plotinus, Egyptian Neoplatonist (203-270?), 497, 501, 514, 608-611, 614-615, 635, 658

  plumbing, 343

  Plutarch, Greek biographer (46?-120?), 41, 72, 85, 113, 119-120, 124, 126, 127, 137, 140, 185, 196, 197*, 304, 324, 367, 403, 424, 463, 483-486, 487, 497, 546

  Pluto, 63, 84

  Pneumatica (Hero), 504

  Po (anc. Padus), 4, 36, 37, 49, 120, 158, 235, 250, 320, 454, 455

  “Poem of Consolation to Flavius Ursus” (Statius), 335

  Poetelia, lex, 400

  poetry, 74-75, 82, 97-102, 135, 146-158, 159, 233-250, 252-258, 277-279, 289, 291, 295-296, 315-318, 354, 369, 370, 376, 379, 386, 388-389, 415, 422, 437-439, 440, 456, 486-487, 509-510, 621, 637-638;

  Horace on, 249; see also comedy, drama, epic poetry, lyric poetry, pastoral poetry, satire, tragedy

  Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco, Italian scholar (1380-1459), 154

  pogroms, 544, 546, 548

  Poitiers (anc. Limonum), 471*

  Pola, 455

  Poland, 406

  Polemo (Polemon), Antonius, Greek sophist and rhetorician (fl. 2nd century), 515-516

  police, 216, 220, 429, 668-669

  Politta, suicide in Nero’s reign (1st century), 371

  Pollentia (Pollensa, Spain), 470

  Pollentia (Pollenza, Italy), 322

  pollice verso, 386-387

  Pollio, Asinius, orator, poet, and historian (76 B.C.-A.D. 4), 159, 161, 236

  Pollio, Vedius, friend of Augustus (?-15 B.C.) 376

  Pollux, 35, 62

  Polybius, Greek historian (204?-122? B.C.), 3, 25, 34, 36, 41, 44, 46, 51, 71, 86, 90, 93, 96, 97, 160, 251, 514, 520, 521

  Polycarp, Saint, Bishop of Smyrna and martyr (69?-155), 588, 617, 648

  Polycleitus, Greek sculptor (fl. 452-412 B.C.), 96, 350, 355

  polygamy, in Parthia, 529;

  in Judea, 534

  Polygnotus, Greek painter (fl. 465 B.C.), 351 Pomona, 59

  Pompeia, third wife of Caesar (1st century B.C.), 168, 172

  Pompeii, 10, 35, 162, 289, 321-322, 338, 347, 352-354, 367, 370, 455, 456, 457-460, 546, 601, 634

  Pompey, Sextus (Sextus Pompeius Magnus), commander (?-35 B.C.), 189, 194, 205, 219, 237

  Pompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus), general and triumvir (106-48 B.C.), 125, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137-140, 163, 168, 170-186, 188-190, 194-195, 197, 199, 205, 211, 212, 214, 278, 293, 296, 340, 346, 347, 349, 350, 360, 365, 373, 391, 419, 448, 482, 508, 514, 517, 519, 524, 528, 530-531, 632

  Pomponii, Roman clan, 255

  Pontia (Ponza), 264

  pontifex maximus, 63, 388, 619, 672;

  Caesar as, 147, 170, 172, 191, 193;

  Augustus as, 225-227;

  Hadrian as, 415;

  Constantine as, 656

  pontiffs, 63, 66

  Pontine marshes, 193, 311*, 410, 666

  Pontus, 122, 124, 132, 140, 170, 188, 216, 320, 516-519, 520, 528, 578, 603, 629

  Pope, the, 11, 613, 617-619, 672

  Pope, Alexander, English poet (1688-1744), 249*, 671

  Popilia, Via, 78

  Popilius, see Laenas, Caius Popilius

  Poppaea, see Sabina, Poppaea

  population, of Rome, in 560 B.C., 15;

  of Carthage, 40;

  of Italy south of Rubicon, 81;

  of Rome, in 2nd and 1st centuries B.C., 81, 90, 126, 159, 193;

  under the Principate, 221-222, 363-366, 436;

  under the monarchy, 665-666;

  of Italy, 461;

  of Sicily, 464;

  of Germany, 218;

  of Egypt, 499-500;

  of Syria, 510, 512;

  in Asia Minor, 513, 515, 520;

  of Palestine, 535

  Populonia, 6

  populus Romanus, 21

  Porch, the, 75

  Porphyry, Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher (233-304?), 608, 635, 636*

  Porsena, Lars, chief magistrate of Clusium (fl. 6th century B.C.), 17, 35

  Porta Capena, 340

  Porta Nigra, 474

  portents, see omens

  Portia, wife of Brutus (1st century B.C.), 196, 197

  Portia (in The Merchant of Venice), 303

  Portico of Octavia, 290

  Portland, third Duke of, Wm. Henry Caven-dish-Bentinck (1738-1809), 347*

  Portland, sixth Duke of, Wm. John Caven-dish-Bentinck (1857-1943), 347*

  Portland Vase, 347

  ports,
see harbors

  Portugal, see Lusitania

  Portuguese (language), 73

  Portus Romanus, 270, 325, 453

  Poseidon, 63, 500

  Poseidonia, see Paestum

  Poseidonius, Greek Stoic philosopher (135?-51? B.C.), 141, 164, 308, 471, 472, 490, 503, 514, 521

  post, 271, 323-324

  Postumian Way, 78

  Postumius, Aulus, dictator (406 B.C.), 35

  Postumus, pretender in Gaul (reigned 258-267), 629, 638

  Postumus (in Horace), 250

  Postumus (in Juvenal), 438

  Pothinus, vizier of Ptolemy XII (fl. 1st century B.C.), 186, 187

  Pothinus, Bishop of Lyons (87-177), 649

  Poussin, Nicolas, French painter (1594-1665), 353

  praefectus urbi, 216

  Praeneste (Palestrina), 11, 121, 125, 454

  Praetorian Guard, 29*, 216, 263-264, 268, 269, 272-273, 275, 283-285, 286, 293, 340, 384, 407-408, 427, 620-621, 625, 628, 634, 639, 653, 669

  Praetorian Perpetual Edict, 392, 416

  praetors, 24, 28, 29, 32, 125, 191;

  piaetorian law, 57

  prandium, 70

  Praxiteles, Greek sculptor (385-ca. 320 B.C.), 96, 338, 355, 459

  prayer, 64, 67, 75, 311, 444, 495-496, 523, 525, 537, 547, 568, 598, 599, 650, 651, 667

  predestination, 592

  prefects, 216-217

  Priam, 12

  Priapeia, 369

  Priapus, 60, 254, 354, 625

  prices, 184, 331, 632, 642-643

  Priene, 514

  priests, 63-64, 94, 226, 268, 291-292, 348, 349, 388, 390, 425, 498-499, 522-526, 527, 531, 532, 533, 535-539, 545, 547, 567, 568, 570-571, 576, 581, 586, 588*, 596, 598, 600-601, 606, 615, 651, 656, 657, 660*, 669, 670

  Prima Porta, 350, 354

  princeps senatus, 214, 216, 260

  Principate, the, 34, 209-621

  printing, 346-347

  Priscilla, Montanist heretic (2nd century), 605

  Priscus, Helvidius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 279, 282, 286, 371, 426, 441

  Priscus, Marius, governor in Africa (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 441

  Probus (Marcus Aurelius Probus), Roman emperor (reigned 276-282), 638-639, 665

  proconsuls, see governors

  procurators, 216-217, 271, 281

  Prodicus, Greek philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 486

  proletariat, 77, 90, 111, 113, 116-118, 119, 130, 142-145, 180, 189-192, 287, 333, 465, 596, 622, 633, 666

  Prometheus Unbound (Shelley), 635

  promiscuity, in Carthage, 41;

  under Rome, 54, 65, 94, 147, (Caesar’s) 168, (Julia’s) 230-231, 232, 254, 288, 290, 369, 590, 599

  Propertius, Sextus, poet (49-15 B.C.), 155, 234, 235, 252, 253, 455

  property, 57, 58, 68, 76-77, 113, 118, 125, 126, 130, 160, 172, 189, 205, 211, 212, 220-221, 257, 269, 370, 396, 397, 398, 399-400, 407, 479, 487, 650, 651, 654-655, 657, 658, 670