The Story of Civilization

  prophecy, see soothsaying

  prophets, 559, 562, 564, 567, 568, 576

  propitiation, 64, 65

  Propontis (Sea of Marmara), 516

  proscriptions, 125-126, 128, 130, 132, 141, 146-147, 167, 170, 185, 201-202, 212, 371, 373, 447-448, 628

  prose, 103-104, 108, 113, 158, 160-166, 234, 250-252, 258, 295-315, 319, 433-437, 439-446, 467-468, 483-486, 490-497. 505-507, 514, 520-522, 546, 555-595, 606-616, 635-637, 662-663, 671

  Proserpina, 84;

  Rape of, 256

  prostitution, in Etruria, 7;

  under Rome, 68, 89, 134, 135, 222-223, 244, 245, 267, 272, 276, 285, 290, 297, 313, 317, 324, 328, 342, 352, 354, 369, 378, 382, 458, 487, 488, 512, 522, 562, 569, 627

  prostration, 269, 280

  Protagoras, Greek philosopher (481?-411 B.C.), 494

  Protestantism, 592

  Protogenes, Greek painter (fl. 330-300 B.C.), 338, 352, 355

  Provence, 472

  Proverbs, 540, 541

  Providence, Cicero on, 164;

  Seneca on, 304;

  Marcus Aurelius on, 444; see also God

  Providence, On (Seneca), 302

  provinces, 87-88, 90, 107, 112, 114, 116, 118, 121, 125, 126, 129-130, 132, 140, 142, 171, 175, 177-178, 179, 190, 192, 193-194, 196, 200, 201, 205-206, 208, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216-217, 220-221, 226, 228, 235, 261, 270-271, 275, 285-288, 293, 302-303, 319, 320, 322, 330, 333, 350*, 373, 377, 380, 404-406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 417-420, 423-424, 427, 434, 438, 441, 448-449, 453, 462-549, 619, 621, 626-627, 632-633, 635, 640-645, 651, 659, 661, 666, 668-669, 672

  Prusa (Brusa), 516, 521, 629

  Psalms, 559, 572-573

  Psalms of Solomon, 540

  Psyche, 353, 468

  Ptolemais (Menchieh), 498, 502

  Ptolemies, 186, 187, 208, 226, 327, 344, 498, 500, 507, 631*, 641

  Ptolemy VI Philometor, King of Egypt (181-146 B.C.), 186

  Ptolemy XI Auletes or Neos Dionysos, King of Egypt (reigned 80-51 B.C.), 186-187

  Ptolemy XII, King of Egypt (reigned 51-47 B.C.), 186-188

  Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt (reigned 47-43 B.C.), 188, 189

  Ptolemy, Claudius, Greco-Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and geometer (fl. 127-151), 502-503, 507

  publicans, 126, 129, 139, 140, 141, 171, 192, 196, 340, 463, 556, 562, 563, 569

  public debt, 79, 220, 287, 330, 337

  public lands, see ager publicus

  Publicola, Publius Valerius, consul (?-503 B.C.), 16

  public urinals, 287

  public works, 88, 103, in, 176, 192, 213, 216, 219-220, 225, 270, 274, 287, 290-291, 326, 336, 409, 410, 418-419, 423, 461, 499, 627, 633, 639, 641, 668

  Publilia, wife of Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.), 163

  Pumpkinification (Seneca), see Apocolocyn-tosis

  Punchinello (Punch), 74

  Punic, 621

  Punic Wars, 43, 91, 218, 618;

  First, 43-46, 70, 74, 78, 330, 469;

  Second, 48-54, 70, 80, 105, 252, 455, 469;

  Third, 105-108

  punishment, in the early Republic, 57

  Pupienus (Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus), Roman emperor (?-238), 628

  purgatory, 241-242, 243, 485, 497, 615

  purification, 29, 63, 64, 65, 67, 524-525, 527, 560, 586, 599, 607, 609, 618; see also baptism

  Puritans, 535

  Puteoli (Pozzuoli), 78, 162, 218, 322, 324, 325, 326, 330, 346, 389, 456, 457, 546, 602

  Pydna (battle, 168 B.C.), 86, 96

  Pylades of Cilicia, artist in pantomime (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 378

  Pyramids, 328, 499

  Pyramus, 256

  Pyrenees, 49, 119, 470

  Pyrrha, 247

  Pyrrho, Greek philosopher (365-275 B.C.), 494, 495

  Pyrrhus, King of Epirus (318-272 B.C.), 28, 29, 37, 38, 71, 92, 98, 104

  Pythagoras, Greek philosopher (fl. 540-510 B.C.), 98, 165, 246, 390, 497, 507, 525, 607, 608*

  Pythagoreanism, 242, 301, 343, 390, 525-526, 537, 609

  Pytheas, Greek navigator (fl. ca. 350 B.C.), 475-476

  Pythian games, 283, 486-487

  Q

  quacks, 312

  Quadi, 429, 431, 432

  Quadratus, Christian apologist (fl. 2nd century), 611

  Quaestiones (Papinian), 634

  Quaestiones Naturales (Seneca), 303, 307-308, 311

  quaestors, 28, 29*, 191

  Quebec, 406

  Quietus, Quintus Lusius, general of Trajan (?-118), 413, 414

  Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), rhetorician (ca. 40-118?), 103, 295, 299, 302, 313-315, 316, 319, 356, 367, 380, 403, 439, 440

  Quirinal, 12*, 317, 340, 411

  Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, governor of Syria (?-21 A.D.), 558

  Quirinus, 13

  Quirites, 13

  R

  rabbis, 537-539, 545, 547-548, 564

  Rabelais, Francois, French writer (1490?-1553), 69, 100

  Rabirius, architect (fl. 1st century), 345

  Racine, Jean Baptiste, French dramatist, (1639-1699), 302, 412

  Raetia, 217-218, 429, 480

  Ram, 298

  Raphia (Rafa), 508, 530

  Ravenna, 11, 78, 325, 326, 410, 455

  readings, 234, 296

  real estate, see property

  realism (art), 339, 349, 350, 351, 353, 361, 412, 442-443, 459-460, 634-635, 671

  Reate (Rieti), 102, 286, 288

  Red Sea (anc. Sinus Arabicus), 325, 413, 499, 507, 508, 516, 529

  Reformation, 592

  Refutation of All Heresies (Hippolytus), 618

  Regulus, Marcus Atilius, general (?-ca. 250 B.C.), 44-45, 183

  Regulus (in Pliny), 438

  Reid, James Smith, English classical scholar (1846-1926), 665

  Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, German scholar (1694-1768), 553

  reincarnation, 242, 390, 497, 525, 526, 609

  reliefs, 229, 338, 347-349, 361, 412, 427, 442-443, 453, 455, 474, 601, 635, 662

  religion, in Etruria, 7-8, 18;

  in Carthage, 41-42;

  in Germany, 479;

  before the Principate, 13, 18, 30, 31, 56, 58-67, 72, 93-97, 102, 104, 108, 157, 163-165, 193, 214;

  under the Principate, 222, 225-227, 238-239, 248, 251, 256-257, 259, 266, 269, 291-292, 299, 335, 354, 365-366, 371, 372, 388-390, 426, 429, 443, 449, 486, 488, 497, 512, 515, 522-527, 535-542, 550-619;

  under the monarchy, 625, 628, 639, 640, 646-664, 667-668;

  Judaism, 535-542;

  Christianity, 550-619, 646-664, 667-668;

  Lucretius on, 147-154;

  Varro on, 159-160;

  Cicero on, 161, 164-165;

  Caesar and, 193;

  in Virgil, 242-243;

  in Horace, 248-250;

  in Livy, 251, 256-257;

  Nero’s, 276;

  Domitian’s, 292;

  Hadrian’s, 415;

  Antoninus Pius’, 423;

  Marcus Aurelius’, 425-426, 444;

  Tacitus’, 435-436;

  in The Golden Ass, 467-468;

  Plutarch’s, 484-485;

  Demonax on, 489;

  Epictetus’, 492-494;

  Philo’s 501-502;

  Dion Chrysostomus on, 522

  Rembrandt van Rijn (Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn), Dutch painter (1606-1669), 355

  Remedia Amoris (Ovid), 255

  Remi, 471*

  Remus, twin of Romulus (8th century B.C.), 12, 82, 241

  Renaissance, 4, 95, 243, 258, 307, 352, 353, 356, 406, 505, 661, 672

  Renan, Ernest, French Orientalist and critic (1823-1892), 425, 554, 556

  Republic, the Roman, 15-208, 213, 214, 242, 251, 260, 261, 264, 286, 330, 335, 352, 373, 374, 379, Chap. XVIII, passim, 436, 442, 462, 469

  Republic (Cicero), see Republica, De

  Republic (Plato), 608

  Republic, Plato’s, 427

  Republica, De (Cicero), 163*, 165

  republicanism
, of Cato the Younger, 135, 136

  Rerum Natura, De (Lucretius), 148-154, 239

  Re Rustica, De (Cato the Elder), 103-104

  Re Rustica, De (Columella), 319

  Re Rustica, De (Varro), see Country Life, On

  Resemblances, 243

  Responsa (Papinian), 634

  Resting Mercury, 459

  resurrection, 94, 523-526, 573-574, 575, 585, 592, 595, 601, 604*, 605, 607

  Revelation of St. John the Divine, The, 592-595, 616

  revolution, 108, 111-208, 391, 604*, 631, 666

  Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus (8th century B.C.), 12

  Rhegium (Reggio), 35, 44, 231, 377, 455

  Rheims (anc. Durocortorum), 324, 471*

  rhetoric, 29, 95, 103, 141, 160-162, 167, 168, 169, 236, 244, 250, 251, 258, 287, 295-206, 301, 313, 317, 324, 367-368, 423, 425, 434, 436, 437, 438, 441, 465, 467, 470, 486-490, 510, 512, 514, 515, 521-522, 612, 661

  Rhine (anc. Rhenus), 6, 118, 174-176, 178, 179, 194, 217-218, 291, 417, 431, 441, 470, 474, 475, 478, 479, 480, 523, 627, 628, 631*, 639, 653

  Rhineland, 479, 480

  Rhodes, 86, 96, 97, 105, 133, 139, 141, 168, 187, 203, 231, 259, 329, 368, 388, 418, 462, 490, 512, 514, 516, 534, 588*, 630

  Rhone (anc. Rhodanus), 6, 470, 474

  Richardson, Samuel, English novelist (1689-1760, 637

  Rimini, see Ariminum

  Rio Tinto, see Minas de Rio Tinto

  ritual, 64, 65, 67, 94, 147-148, 149, 226, 242, 354, 388, 389, 425, 523-525, 527, 536, 548, 575, 578-579, 582, 595, 599, 602, 618-619, 626, 656

  roads, 77-78, 116, 193, 219, 291, 324, 326-327, 340-341, 343, 410, 411, 417, 453, 464, 465, 466, 469, 473, 477, 480, 499, 512, 579, 602, 627, 632, 671

  Robertson, John Mackinnon, British journalist and scholar (1856-1933), 554

  Roland de la Platière, Marie Jeanne, French Girondist (1754-1793), 484

  Roma, 381, 388, 389

  Roman Catholics, 66

  Romance languages, 73, 671

  Romanesque architecture, 421

  Roman Games, 381

  Romans, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 554, 587*

  Romanticism, 249, 258

  Rome, founding of, 11-13;

  city of, in 2nd and 3rd centuries B.C., 81-82, 92-93;

  under Augustus, 219-220;

  burning and rebuilding, 280-281;

  fire and plague, 289;

  Flavian Rome, 338-362;

  under Hadrian, 420-421

  Rome, Council of, 618

  Rome, History of (Dion Cassius Cocceianus), 636

  Romeo, 255

  Romulus, first King of Rome (8th century B.C.), 12, 13, 15*, 18, 21, 82, 120, 136, 145, 233, 241, 359, 636

  Romulus, House of, 4, 359

  Romulus Augustulus (Flavius Momyllus Romulus Augustus), Roman emperor in the West (?-476), 670

  Roscius Gallus, Quintus, comedian (?-62 B.C.), 160, 378

  Rostovtzeff, Michael, American historian (b. 1870), 642

  rostrum, 340

  rotation of crops, 76, 320

  Rothschild, Meyer Anselm, Jewish banker (1743-1812), 131

  Rouen (anc. Rotomagus), 324

  Rousseau, Jean Jacques, French philosopher (1712-1778), 152, 367, 440

  Rubens, Peter Paul, Flemish painter (1577-1640), 354

  Rubicon (Fiumicino), 48, 81, 163, 182, 654

  Rufus, Caesetius, proscribed by Antony (?-43 B.C.), 202

  Rufus, Corellius, friend of Pliny the Younger (?-96?), 311

  Rufus, Musonius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 282, 300-301, 400, 521

  Rufus, Virginius, governor and guardian of Pliny the Younger (14-97), 439

  Rufus of Ephesus, Greek physician (fl. 98-117)’505

  Ruins of Empire (Volney), 553

  Rumania, 410, 480

  Rumanian, 73

  Russia, 112, 218, 326, 448, 478, 520, 528, 669

  Rusticus, Quintus Junius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 425

  Rutuli, 15, 240

  S

  Saba (Bib.Sheba), 508

  Sabbath, 598, 599

  Sabellians, 605

  Sabidius, 318

  Sabina, Poppaea, wife of Nero 0 -65), 277, 279-282, 366, 372-373

  Sabina, Vivia, wife of Hadrian (?-138), 414, 419, 442, 624

  Sabine (language), 274

  Sabines, 5, 12, 13, 14, 21, 35, 244, 246, 254, 286, 288;

  rape of women, 13

  Sabinus, Poppaeus, accused of conspiracy (?-27 A.D.), 264

  Sabrata, 465

  Saccas, Ammonius, Alexandrian Neoplatonist (fl. 3rd century), 608, 614

  sacraments, seven, 600, 602, 658

  Sacra Via (Sacred Way), 341

  Sacred History (Euhemerus), 98

  Sacred Mount, 22

  sacrifice, in Etruria, 7;

  under Rome, 52, 59, 60, 63-64, 65, 76, 83, 100, 104, 149, 164, 197, 239, 265, 290, 292, 354, 381, 388, 429, 444, 522, 524-525, 526, 531, 533, 547, 570, 583, 588, 599-600, 648, 651

  Sadducees, 536-538, 545, 562, 576

  sadism, Caligula’s, 267

  Saguntum (Sagunto), 47, 48

  Sahara, 40, 217, 448, 464, 466

  St. Barbara, Baths of, 474

  St. Mark’s, in Venice, 351

  St. Peter’s, in Rome, 18, 420, 421, 578, 635, 661

  Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin de, French writer of romance (1737-1814), 637

  St. Quentin (anc. Augusta Veromanduorum), 474

  Sais, 498

  Salamis (in Cyprus), 196

  Salamis (island), naval battle in 480 B.C., 383

  Salaria, Via, 283

  Salernum (Salerno), 456

  Salii, 63

  Sallust (Caius Sallustius Crispus), historian (86-35 B.C.), 42, 123, 142-144, 146, 160, 190, 233, 340, 436, 455, 557

  “Sallust, House of,” 353

  Salome, daughter of Herodias (ist century), 560

  Salome, visitor at the tomb of Jesus, 573

  Salome Alexandra, Queen of the Jews (reigned 78-69 B.C..), 530

  Salona (Spalato), 480

  salons, 113, 131-132, 135, 230, 234, 279, 621

  Salvius, leader of slave rebellion (end of 2nd century B.C.), 121

  Samaria, 530, 576, 577, 604, 611

  Samaria-Sebaste (Sebustieh), 508

  Samaritans, 535, 567

  Samaritis, 535

  Samnites, 35, 37, 38, 43, 51, 125, 519

  Samnium, 455

  Samos, 133, 139

  Samosata, 322, 495, 513

  Samothrace, 139

  sanctuary, 398, 518

  Sanhedrin, 536, 539, 545, 547-548, 568, 570-571, 576, 580, 586

  sanitation, see sewage system

  San Lorenzo, Church of, 427*

  San Lorenzo outside the Walls, Church of, 662

  San Paolo fuori le Mura, Basilica of, 591

  Sanskrit, 73

  Santa Maria degli Angeli, Church of, 635

  Saône (anc. Arar), 470, 474

  Sappho, Greek poet (fl. 7th century B.C.), 155, 156, 158, 247, 256

  Saracens, 658

  Saragossa (anc. Caesaraugusta), 504

  Sardinia, 38, 40, 43, 46, 52, 53, 97, 111, 112, 279, 365*, 447, 463-464

  Sardis, 516, 546, 592

  Sarmatians, 431, 432, 480, 630, 669

  Sarmizegetusa, 410, 431, 480

  Sarsina, 455

  Sassanids, 530, 627, 641

  Satan, 524, 540, 589, 591, 593, 595, 599, 606, 614, 663

  satire, 73, 74, 97, 99, 235, 241, 245-246, 248, 250, 275, 295, 296-299, 312, 317-318, 333, 369, 437-439, 509, 671

  Satires (Horace), 245-246, 248, 250

  Saturn, 59, 61, 63, 66, 205, 225, 237, 242, 253, 358, 500

  Saturn (planet), 309

  Saturn, Temple of, 341, 358

  Saturnalia, 66

  Saturnian verse, 74, 98

  Saturniaregna, 61, 66, 205, 225, 236-237, 242, 253

  Saturninus, Antoninus, governor (fl. 1st century), 291, 292


  Saturninus, Caius Sentius, governor of Syria (fl. 1st century B.C.), 558

  Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius, radical leader (?-100 B.C.), 120, 519

  Saturninus, Pompeius, friend of Pliny the Younger (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 441

  Satyricon (Petronius), 296-299, 466

  Save, 410, 480, 640

  Saviour, see Messiah Saxa Rubra, 654

  Scaevola, Caius Mucius, hero (fl. 6th century B.C.), 385

  Scaevola, Publius Mucius, statesman and lawyer (fl. second half of 2nd century B.C.), 391

  Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, jurist (?-82 B.C.), 391, 406

  Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, jurist (2nd-1st centuries B.C.), 141, 159, 391, 406

  Scaliger, Joseph Justus, French critic and scholar (1540-1609), 302

  Scandinavia, 326

  Scandinavians, 475

  Scantinia, lex, 398

  Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, general and governor (fl. 1st century B.C.), 133, 334, 482

  schism, 618, 657-658

  Schola Medicorum, 312

  scholarship, 158-161, 234, 250, 252, 269, 272, 415, 635-636

  Scholasticism, 548

  schools, see education

  Schweitzer, Albert, Alsatian philosopher, theologian, physician, and musician (b. 1875), 556

  science, 75, 102, 108, (in Lucretius) 148-154, 233, 269, 307-313, 314, 356, 392, 393, 406, 500, 502-507, 514, 520-521, 671

  Scipio, Publius Cornelius, general, father of Scipio Africanus Major (?-211 B.C.), 49, 52, 91

  Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, Publius Cornelius, general (ca. 185-129 B.C.), 41, 57, 87, 91, 96-97, 101, 107, 113, 114, 115, 379, 490

  Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, son of Scipio Africanus (2nd century B.C.), 96

  Scipio Africanus Maior, Publius Cornelius, general (234-183 B.C.), 51, 52-55, 57, 82, 85, 86, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 104, 113, 424

  Scipio Asiaticus, Lucius Cornelius, general (fl. 190 B.C.), 86, 91, 104, 113

  Scipio, Calvus Cneius Cornelius, general (?-211 B.C.), 52

  Scipio Nasica Corculum, Publius Cornelius (fl. 158 B.C..), 66

  Scipio Nasica Serapio, Publius Cornelius, senator (fl. 133 B.C.), 115

  Scipionic circle, 96-97, 101, 104, 113

  Scipios, patrician family, 85, 86, 97, 372, 469

  Scopas, Greek sculptor (400-ca. 340 B.C.), 96, 351, 358

  Scotland (anc. Caledonia), 36, 291, 406, 448, 476, 622, 669

  Scribes, 536, 538, 567, 568, 662

  Scribonia, second wife of Augustus (fl. 1st century B.C.), 205, 229

  Scriptures, see Bible

  Scudéry, Madeleine de, French novelist (1607-1701), 637

  sculpture, Etruscan, 9-10, 18;

  Carthaginian, 41, 42;

  Pompeian, 459-460;