Alexander Hamilton

Ink and watercolor on paper, 1818

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society (1961.13, negative #38794)

  James Madison (1751–1836), by Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827)

  Oil on canvas, 1792

  Collection of the Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma

  John Jay (1745–1829), by Joseph Wright (1756– 1793)

  Oil on canvas, 1786

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift of John Pintard (1817.5, negative #6066)

  790 Illustration Permissions

  The Federalist number 1

  From the New-York Independent Journal, October 27, 1787

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society (negative #52128) George Clinton (1739–1812), by Ezra Ames (1768– 1836)

  Oil on canvas, 1814

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society,

  gift of George Clinton Tallmadge (1858.84, negative #6108) Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), by Mather Brown (1761–1831)

  Oil on canvas, 1786

  National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

  (99.66)/Art Resource, New York

  Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), by James Sharples,

  Sr. (ca. 1751–1811), from life

  Pastel on paper, 1796–1797

  Independence National Historical Park

  Philip Morin Freneau (1752–1832)

  Reprinted from Philip Morin Freneau, Poems

  Relating to the American Revolution (New York:

  W. J. Widdleton, 1865)

  James Monroe (1758–1831), by Jean-Baptiste-Claude

  Sené, (1748–1803)

  Watercolor on ivory, 1794

  Courtesy of James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library, Fredericksburg, Virginia

  William Branch Giles (1762–1830), after Gilbert

  Stuart (1755–1828)

  Photogravure, n.d.

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society

  (PR 052 Portrait File, negative #75966) Edmond Charles Genêt (1763–1834), by GillesLouis Chrétien (1754–1811) after Jean Fouquet

  (active 1793–1798)

  Engraving, restrike from the original copper plate

  of 1793

  Albany Institute of History and Art, bequest of

  George Clinton Genet through the estate of

  Augusta G. K. C. Genet (1912.2.4)

  Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754–

  1838), by Pierre-Paul Prud’hon (1758–1823) Oil on canvas, 1817

  Metropolitan Museum of Art, purchase, Mrs.

  Charles Wrightsman, gift in memory of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (1994.190) John Adams (1735–1826), by Charles Willson Peale

  (1741–1827), from life

  Oil on canvas 1791–1794

  Independence National Historical Park

  Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the

  Public Conduct and Character of John Adams,

  Esq., President of the United States

  New York: printed for John Lang by George F.

  Hopkins, 1800

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift

  of Gulian E. Verplanck, 1809 (negative #51097)

  Timothy Pickering (1745–1829), by Hezekiah W. Smith after Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828) Engraving, ca. 1860

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift

  of Henry O. Havemeyer (PR 025, negative #75964) Oliver Wolcott, Jr. (1760–1833), by Joseph Andrews (1806–1837) and W. H. Tappan after John Trumbull (1756–1843)

  Engraving, ca. 1850 Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift of Henry O. Havemeyer (PR 025, negative #75965) James McHenry (1753–1816), by James Sharples, Sr. (ca. 1751–1811), from life

  Pastel on paper, ca. 1796–1800

  Independence National Historical Park Aaron Burr (1756–1836), attributed to Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828)

  Oil on canvas, ca. 1792

  Collection of The New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey, gift of David A. Hayes for John Chetwood (1854.1)

  Aaron Burr (1756–1836), by John Vanderlyn (1775– 1852)

  Oil on canvas, 1802

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society,

  gift of Dr. John E. Stillwell (1931.58, negative #6227) Aaron Burr (1756–1836), by James Van Dyck (active nineteenth century)

  Oil on canvas, 1834

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society,

  gift of Dr. John E. Stillwell (1931.57, negative #6832) Philip Hamilton (1782–1801)

  Reprinted from Allan McLane Hamilton, The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911)

  Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804), by Ezra Ames (1768–1836)

  Oil on canvas, 1810

  Special Collections, Schaffer Library, Union

  College, gift of General Alexander Hamilton, 1875 Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander Hamilton (1757–1854), attributed to John D. Martin Charcoal and chalk on paper, 1851

  Museum of the City of New York, gift of Mrs.

  Alexander Hamilton and General Pierpont Morgan Hamilton (1971.31.6) Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804), by Giuseppe Ceracchi (1751–1802)

  Marble, ca. 1793

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift

  of James Gore King (1928.18, negative #50044) Hamilton Grange, New York, by Randall Comfort Photograph, 1891

  Collection of The New-York Historical Society

  (PR 020 Geographic File, negative #75963)

  Index

  abolitionism, 35, 94, 210–16, 285, 306–8, 391, 450, 485, 580–82, 614, 628

  of AH, 5, 6, 23, 27, 33, 41, 94, 121–22, 210–12,

  239, 307, 495, 514, 580–82, 629, 662, 730 American Revolution and, 121–23, 210, 212 British, 122, 123

  Adams, Abigail, 305, 338, 517, 524, 550, 560, 571,

  592, 614, 638

  on AH, 383, 400, 419, 511, 535–36, 566, 598, 602,

  617

  election of 1800 and, 616–17

  health problems of, 596

  husband of, see Adams, John

  Jefferson and, 515, 664

  on Philadelphia sensuality, 362–63

  on slavery, 122–23

  on Washington, 88, 279

  Adams, Charles, 188, 278, 597, 638

  Adams, Henry, 3, 635, 648, 690, 703

  Adams, John, 112, 172, 188, 192, 240, 241, 247, 324,

  344, 514–25, 683

  Abigail’s correspondence with, 88, 420, 454, 493,

  497, 509, 511, 523, 535

  Abigail’s views on, 271, 597

  absenteeism of, 420, 525, 558, 578, 579, 594,

  596–97, 638

  on AH, 115, 163, 334, 363, 511, 520, 521–22, 524,

  525, 536, 537, 553, 558, 559, 562, 568, 571, 579,

  615–16, 620, 624–25, 626, 632, 713, 714 AH compared with, 17, 205, 517, 521, 547, 599, 640 AH’s correspondence with, 420, 455–56, 524,

  560–61, 563–64, 621–22

  AH’s feud with, 2, 5, 273, 419, 510–11, 515–16,

  521, 524, 525, 556–61, 566, 573, 579, 596–600,

  611–26, 713

  AH’s pamphlet about, 619–26, 636, 638

  Alien and Sedition Acts and, 570–71, 573, 663

  anarchy feared by, 65, 518

  in army organization battles, 554–62, 596, 602 background of, 517–18

  on British constitution, 393, 398

  cabinet of, 516, 523–25, 547, 554, 555–56, 565–66,

  593–94, 596, 597, 623

  cabinet purge of, 610–16, 619–20

  Continental Congress and, 57, 99, 518, 555 death of, 631

  diary of, 99, 104–5, 518, 519

  Dutch loan arranged by, 175, 518

  in election of 1789, 271–73

  in election of 1792, 419–21, 423–24

  in election of 1796, 509, 510–11, 514–16, 609 in election of 1800, 562, 579, 594–95, 606, 610–12,

  614–18, 628, 631, 632, 634, 638
/>
  as Federalist, 392, 420, 509, 510–11, 514–16, 523,

  525, 550, 562, 579, 594–95, 625–26, 627, 635 French Revolution and, 434, 439, 521, 546–53,

  592–95, 630

  on Jefferson, 320, 453–54, 519

  Jefferson’s correspondence with, 390, 519 Jefferson’s relationship with, 515, 518, 519, 547 judiciary and, 647–48

  on Madison, 305–6

  military experience lacking in, 555, 557

  military promoted by, 547, 548, 550, 553

  monarchist leanings of, 234, 278, 514, 517, 519, 578 on New York City, 50–51, 77

  peace initiative of, 592–99, 611, 620, 623, 630–31,

  657

  as president, 5, 398, 451, 511, 514–17, 520,

  523–25, 530, 536, 546–63, 565–73, 575, 577–79,

  592–602, 610–26, 630–31, 635, 638, 647–48,

  657, 663

  Reynolds affair and, 535–36, 537

  slavery and, 212

  Adams, John ( cont.)

  Society of the Cincinnati and, 217

  vanity of, 272–73, 334, 519, 520, 547, 593, 599, 625 as vice president, 271–73, 277, 278, 283, 289,

  305–6, 419–21, 423–24, 439, 482, 487, 522–23,

  525, 660

  on Washington, 89, 104–5, 290, 520, 524, 593, 601,

  624

  Washington’s correspondence with, 557, 559–60 Adams, John Quincy, 233, 278, 321, 420, 557, 722,

  727

  on AH, 334, 481, 677

  on Jefferson, 321, 627, 637

  Adams, Samuel, 62, 104, 174, 217, 714

  Addison, Joseph, 107, 206

  Additional Army, 553

  see also Army, U.S.

  Africa, 213, 538

  African Free School, 214

  agriculture, 342, 391

  AH’s views on, 32, 257, 294, 370, 375–76 bank bill and, 349, 352

  Bank of New York and, 201

  Jeffersonian democracy and, 3, 6, 352, 375 trade embargo and, 57–58

  see also farmers

  Ajax (Hamilton’s house slave), 23

  Albany, N.Y., 101–3, 134, 146, 204, 641, 678 AH’s legal work in, 501, 502, 669–70

  City Tavern in, 673, 681

  Dutch character of, 147

  riot in, 268

  Schuyler mansion in (the Pastures), 102–3, 129,

  135, 136, 148, 154, 159–60, 167, 169, 183–84,

  210, 246, 261, 292, 363, 449, 451–52, 470, 472,

  482, 484–85, 543, 544, 554, 583–84, 723 as state capital, 607

  Tayler dinner in, 680, 681, 688

  Albany Common Council, 451, 452

  Albany Plan, 70

  Albany Register, 681, 686

  alcohol:

  consumption of, 92–93

  taxes on, 300, 342–44, 403, 423, 460, 468–78, 480 Alexander, William, see Stirling, Lord

  Alien Act (1798), 570, 571, 572

  Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 570–77, 599–600,

  608, 614, 626, 646, 667–69

  Alien Enemies Act (1798), 570

  Alien Landowners Act, 589

  Allan, Richard, 14

  Alston, Aaron Burr, 721

  Alston, Joseph, 721

  Alston, Theodosia Burr, 170, 637, 682, 721 father’s correspondence with, 674, 677, 698–99,

  716–19

  Hamilton-Burr duel and, 689, 691, 698–99 André, John (“John Anderson”), 140–45, 158, 259 Anglicanism, see Church of England

  Annapolis conference (1786), 222–24

  anthrax, 283

  antifederalists, 243–45, 261–69, 273–75, 279, 310–11

  despotic militarism feared by, 253–54

  New York Ratifying Convention and, 261–68 speculation and, 303

  use of term, 243

  Antill, Fanny, see Tappan, Fanny Antill

  antislavery societies, 210, 212, 306

  in New York, 214–16, 239, 581

  Argus, 491, 493

  AH’s libel suit against, 575–77

  aristocracy, 150, 257, 396, 446

  AH linked with, 3, 23–24, 211, 216–18, 232–34, 314, 350, 397, 400, 402, 405, 460, 616, 662 of bank paper, 346

  Burr’s links to, 191

  Constitutional Convention and, 232–34 of Federalists, 391, 405, 651

  French, 96, 119–20, 316–18, 463–67

  in New York, 91, 195

  Scottish, 12–15

  Society of the Cincinnati and, 216–18

  southern, 211, 312, 531

  Arkwright, Sir Richard, 370–72, 374

  Army, British, 62, 76, 79–82, 100, 109, 127, 140, 197–99

  retreat of, 112–15

  see also specific battles

  Army, French, 119, 139, 148, 566

  Army, U.S., 550–68, 608, 651

  AH as inspector general in, 555–68, 573, 576–79, 592–603, 614, 619, 633

  AH’s imperialist escapade in, 566–68, 595, 671 bureaucratic problems of, 565–66, 595, 596 command vacancy in, 601, 623

  creation of, 290, 459–60, 475, 546, 550–53, 626 disbanding of, 602, 615

  domestic disturbances and, 577–79

  dueling curbed in, 652–53

  Washington’s command of, 555–64, 566, 567, 593, 595

  Arnold, Benedict, 140–44, 158, 198, 313

  Arnold, Jacob, tavern of, 85, 91

  Arnold, Margaret Shippen (Peggy), 140–42, 169, 198 Articles of Confederation, 138–39, 149, 169, 241, 247, 269, 299, 345, 610

  Federalist critique of, 253–54, 255, 257

  money problems and, 124, 171, 224–26

  revision of, 139, 157, 179, 183, 223–24, 230, 231, 243, 310

  Astor, John Jacob, 718

  atheism, 463, 507, 546, 609, 633, 659

  Auldjo, John, 238

  Aurora, 476, 507, 529, 531, 548, 551, 575–77, 609, 616, 620

  anti-Adams letter leaked to, 621–22

  Reynolds affair and, 535, 542–43, 558, 576–77, 583 Bequia, 40, 148, 580

  Bethune, Joanna Graham, 582, 729

  Biddle, Charles, 673, 677, 682, 691, 692, 699, 710,

  716, 717

  Biddle, Nicholas, 717

  Bill of Rights, U.S., 244, 260, 280, 304, 307, 552 bimetallism, 356

  Bingham, Anne Willing, 362–63

  Bingham, William, 362–63

  blacks:

  AH’s early exposure to, 17, 19, 23, 32–33, 210 in American Revolution, 78, 121–23, 125, 164,

  172, 210, 212, 285

  education of, 214, 581, 698

  free, 23, 213–14, 581, 635, 675

  Jefferson’s views on, 210, 513–14

  see also slavery, slaves

  Blackstone, Sir William, 52, 71–72, 168

  Bland, Martha, 93

  Bloomfield, Joseph, 719

  Board of Regents, New York, 206

  Board of Treasury, 293, 381

  Board of War, 106

  Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I, emperor of France

  bonds, 296, 298, 300

  in American Revolution, 297–98

  U.S., 280, 297, 307, 379, 380, 428

  Boston, Mass., 489, 726

  colonists’ struggle against British in, 54–57, 59, 62,

  74

  port of, 54, 55

  “scrippomania” in, 357, 358

  size of, 50, 185

  Boston Massacre (1770), 42, 517

  Boston Tea Party, 54–55, 59

  Boudinot, Anna Maria, 45–46

  Boudinot, Annie, 45

  Boudinot, Elias, 43, 45–46, 47, 72, 113, 114, 181, 334 AH’s warning from, 387

  in Congress, 280–81, 350

  Rush’s correspondence with, 450–51

  Boudinot, Elisha, 472

  Boxwood Hall, 45

  boycott of British goods, 55, 57–58

  Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 477, 635

  Braddock, Edward, 87

  Bradford, William, 458, 471, 501

  Bradhurst, Samuel, 641

 
Brandywine Creek, Battle of (1777), 98, 104 Brissot de Warville, J. P., 119, 130–31, 251, 279 Brooklyn, Battle of (1776), 45, 78–80

  Brooks, John, 124

  Brown, Andrew, 680

  Brown, Moses, 371

  Browne, Joseph, 586, 588–89

  Bunker (Breed’s) Hill, Battle of (1775), 65–66, 103 as vice president, 644, 660–62, 672, 677, 682, 714–19

  Washington’s relationship with, 74, 562

  womanizing and sexual escapades of, 74, 192, 637, 661–62, 675–76, 677, 682, 698, 699, 716, 717, 720, 722

  Burr, Aaron, Sr., 35, 46, 191, 722

  Burr, Esther Edwards, 191

  Burr, Theodosia, see Alston, Theodosia Burr Burr, Theodosia Prevost, 142, 169–70, 186, 191, 193, 637

  Burwell, William A., 532

  Butler, Pierce, 233, 717

  American Citizen, 662–63, 673–76

  American colonies, 36

  development of unity in, 55, 61, 65

  independence declared by, 77–78, 112, 243, 312–13

  opposition to British in, 42, 44, 46, 53–77 opposition to independence of, 35, 46, 57 taxes in, 44, 54–55, 59, 60, 281, 319, 468–69 see also specific places

  American Daily Advertiser, 408, 444, 472–73

  American Indians, 442, 468, 502

  in American Revolution, 159–60, 337

  education of, 337–38

  Philip Schuyler’s negotiations with, 131, 337

  American Philosophical Society, 337

  American Revolution, 45, 54–185, 243–44, 281, 296, 312–13, 344, 364, 393, 434, 450, 507, 521, 646, 691, 712

  AH accused of betrayal of, 196–97, 662

  blacks in, 78, 121–23, 125, 164, 172, 210, 212, 285 bonds in, 297–98

  corruption of, 318–19

  debt from, 170, 175–76, 177, 224, 225, 297, 323, 394–95, 425

  development of unity in, 157, 158, 194

  espionage in, 42, 70, 81, 140–43, 185

  foreign loans in, 138, 175, 518

  France in, 61, 96, 100, 112, 118, 119–20, 126, 139, 148, 150, 151, 154, 160–65, 392, 433–34, 436, 446, 506

  international influence of, 316, 317, 431, 432 military strategy in, 61, 66, 83, 97

  pamphlet warfare in, 58–60, 70–72

  peace treaty in (1783), 174, 176, 180, 195, 198–99, 213–14, 247, 295, 394–95, 462, 493, 495 personal opportunities in, 166

  political alignments of 1789 forged in, 86 prisoner exchanges in, 109, 129, 136, 143–44, 158 prison ships in, 194, 396

  profiteering in, 108, 118

  Spain in, 61, 118–19, 566

  trade issues in, 55, 57–58, 59, 371

  as transatlantic conflict, 118–20

  see also Articles of Confederation; Constitutional Convention; Continental Army; Continental Congress; Declaration of Independence; Second Continental Congress; specific battles and places