Rousseau and Revolution

  conservative role of, 290

  in England, 684, 735–36, 762

  in France, 142, 900–2

  in Germany, 499, 504–5

  in Holland, 646–47

  Index of, 247, 285, 316, 358

  in Ireland, 283, 760–62

  in Italy, 225

  Jansenism and, see Jansenists;

  Jesuits and, see Jesuits;

  Johnson and, 834

  nationalism and, 316

  in Poland, 472, 475, 480–81

  popular superstitions and, 316

  in Portugal, 260, 267–68, 317

  Rousseau and, 175, 185

  in Russia, 452

  in Scotland, 763

  in Spain, 281, 283–86, 290

  see also Inquisition;

  papacy

  Catholic relief laws in England, 735–36, 762

  Cattaro, 229

  Catullus, Caius Valerius (84?–54? B.C.), 21

  Caucasus, 422

  “Causes of Barometric Fluctuations, The” (Goethe), 615

  Cavalli, Pietro Francesco (1602–76), 232

  Cave, Edward (1691–1754), 819–20, 822

  Cavendish, Lord, 726

  Cavendish, Henry (1731–1810), 932

  Caylus, Anne-Claude-Philippe de Tubières, Comte d (1692–1765), 110, 120, 218, 467, 749

  Ceán-Bermúdez, Juan Augustín (1749–1829), 298

  Cecchina, La (Piccini), 333

  celibacy, Rousseau’s critique of, 168–69

  censorship: in Austria, 343, 348, 358

  Goethe’s support for, 623

  in Italy, 220, 225

  in Portugal, 268

  in Spain, 285

  Cephalonia, 229

  Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), 788

  Chait Singh, Rajah of Benares (r. 1773–80), 717

  Chamberlaine, Frances, see Sheridan, Frances

  Chambers, Sir William (1726–96), 747–48

  Chamfort, Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas de (1741–94), 898, 914, 915–16, 930–31, 939

  Chamier, Anthony (1725–80), 827

  Champagne, 928

  Champ de Mars, 961

  Chandernagore, 58

  Chapel of the Malta Order, 468

  Chapuis, M. (fl. 1755), 31

  Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon (1699–1779), 23, 112–13, 117, 120, 466

  charity, 905

  Charles (Charles Augustus Christian), Duke of Zweibrücken, 354, 362

  Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (r. 1625–49), 90, 699, 705, 709, 711

  Louis XVI on, 856

  Charles II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (r. 1660–85), 462

  Charles II, King of Spain (r. 1665–1700), 273

  Charles III (Don Carlos of Bourbon), King of Spain (r. 1759–88), Duke of Parma and Piacenza (r. 1731–34), King of Naples and Sicily as Charles IV (r. 1731–34), 249–50, 281–90

  ACQUIRES PARMA, THEN NAPLES, 228, 278

  AS KING OF NAPLES, 249–50, 254, 258, 315

  AS KING OF SPAIN, 281–90, 291, 298, 377, 848

  accession of, 258, 281, 315

  appearance and character of, 281, 290, 301

  death of, 290, 302

  economic reforms of, 76, 286–89

  foreign policy of, 89, 290

  Goya and, 301, 306

  Inquisition and, 285–86

  Jesuits expelled by, 281, 283–85

  Jews and, 285, 631

  Madrid improved by, 282, 289–90

  Naples and, 315

  papacy and, 283, 318

  political reforms of, 281–83

  schools established by, 293

  Tiepolo and, 239, 299

  Charles IV, King of Naples and Sicily, see Charles III, King of Spain

  Charles IV, King of Spain (r. 1788–1808), 292, 302, 304, 306

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519–56), and King of Spain (as Charles I), 297

  Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1711–40), 235, 278

  Charles VIII, King of France (r. 1483–98), 21

  Charles IX (Chénier), 920

  Charles X (Charles-Philippe, Comte d’Artois), King of France (b. 1757, r. 1824–30), 111, 845

  democratic attitudes of, 905

  as emigré, 963

  Charles XII, King of Sweden (r. 1697–1718), 433, 821

  defeat at Poltawa (1709), 476

  Poland and, 475

  Charles XII (Voltaire), 137

  Charles, Jacques-Alexandre (1746–1823), 932

  Charles Alexander of Lorraine, see Charles of Lorraine

  Charles Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, see Karl August

  Charles Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia (r. 1730–1773), 226, 342, 530

  Charles Martel (668?–741), Frankish ruler, 808

  Charles of Lorraine, Prince (1712–80), 47, 51–52, 383–84

  Charles Theodor, Elector, see Karl Theodor

  Charlotte Sophia (1744–1818), Queen of George III of England, 384, 698, 795

  Charrière, Isabella de (“Zélide”), nee Isabella van Tuyll (1740–1805), 647–48

  Charrière, Saint-Hyacinthe de, 647

  Chartres, Duc de (in 1752–85), see Orléans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph, Duc d’

  Chastellux, Marquis François-Jean de (1734–88), 125–27, 878

  Chastity Commissioners, Austrian, 344

  Chateaubriand, François-René de (1768–1848), 889–90

  Châteauroux, Marie-Anne de Nesle de La Tournelle, Duchesse de (1714–44), 102

  Chatham, Lady, nee Grenville, 698

  Chatham, Lord, see Pitt, William, the Elder

  Châtillon, Duchesse de (fl. 1764), 125

  Chatterton, Thomas (1752–70), 809–10

  Chaulnes, Marie-Joseph d’Albert d’Ailly, Duc de (1741–93), 921

  Chauvelin, Marquis Bernard-Louis de (1716–1773), 144

  Chelsea, potteries at, 748

  Chénier, Marie-Joseph (1764–1811), 244, 920

  Chenonceaux, Madame de, nee Dupin (fl. 1762), 178

  Cheremetyev, Count Boris Petrovich (1652–1719), 428

  Cheremetyev, Count Peter, 422–23

  Cherubini, Salvatore (1760–1842), 312, 380

  Chesmé, battle of (1770), 458

  Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of (1694–1773), 690, 786, 789

  on Frederick II’s court, 499

  Johnson and, 821, 823

  Chiari, Abate Pietro (1720–88), 243

  Child, Sir Josiah (1630–99), 72

  child labor, 671, 678, 682

  child rearing: in Egypt, 416

  Rousseau’s theories on, 97, 888

  China, Jesuits in, 225, 318

  “Chinese Letters” (Goldsmith), 814

  Chioggia, 229

  Chios, battle of (1770), 458

  Chippendale, Thomas (1718–79), 748

  Chippendale furniture, 523

  Chiswick, Rousseau’s stay in, 210–11

  Chiusano, Conte Caissotti di (fl. 1770), 316

  chivalry in France, 98

  Choderlos de Laclos, see Lacios

  Chodowiecki, Daniel Nicholas (1726–1801), 523–24

  Choglokov, Russian officer (1768), 443–44

  Choglokova, Maria (fl. 1750), 436

  Choiseul, César de, see Praslin, Duc de

  Choiseul, Duc Étienne-François de (1719–85), 57, 67, 87, 92, 137, 447, 846, 882

  achievements of, 88–89

  art collection of, 466

  dismissal of, 85, 94

  Du Barry and, 88

  early life of, 88,

  exile of, 89,

  failures of, 89

  liberal tendencies of, 931

  peace negotiations in Seven Years’ War, 60, 62

  Polish partition and, 482

  reforms of, 142, 144

  ultimatum to papacy, 318

  Voltaire and, 132

  Choiseul, Louise-Honorine Crozat, Duchesse de (1735–1801), 98, 118, 125, 447, 907

  Cholmondeley, L
ord, 726

  Chotek, Johann Rudolf (1749–1824), 344–45

  “Christ Is Being Born” (Karpiński), 486

  Christian VI, King of Denmark (r. 1730–46), 652

  Christian VII, King of Denmark (r. 1766–1808), 652–63

  correspondence with Voltaire, 139

  Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 1746), 438

  Christian Friedrich Karl Alexander, Margrave of Ansbach and Bayreuth (r. 1757–91), 103, 354

  Christianity: Gibbon’s critique of, 801–2

  Goethe’s views on, 619–20

  Herder’s views on, 579

  Lessing’s views on, 515–16

  Reimarus’s views on, 513–14

  Schiller’s views on, 596

  Voltaire’s views on, see Voltaire, RELIGION AND

  Christina, Queen of Sweden (r. 1632–54), 256

  Chubb, Thomas (1679–1747), 734

  Chubin, Russian sculptor, 467

  Church of the Virgin del Pilar, 297

  church music: in Germany, 525

  in Italy, 332

  Church Synod, Russian, 440

  Churchill, Charles (1731–64), 699, 702, 808–9

  Cibber, Colley (1671–1757), 742

  Cibber, Susannah Maria, nee Arne (1714–66), 740

  Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 294, 842

  Cimarosa, Domenico (1749–1801), 312, 334–35, 466

  Citizen of the World, The (Goldsmith), 814

  Clairon, Mlle. (Claire-Josèphe Léris de La Tude; 1723–1803), 102–4, 136, 910, 964

  Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of (1609–74), 794, 856

  Clarendon Press, 786

  Clarissa (Richardson), 167, 169–70, 509, 563

  classicism, 315

  in architecture, 110, 747

  Italy and, 325–31

  in literature, 588, 593, 627

  in painting, 248–49, 329–30, 524, 910, 911–13

  in sculpture, 329, 510,

  in social values, 118

  Claudius, Matthias (1740–1815), 519

  Clavigo y Fajardo, José (1726–1806), 921

  Clement XI (Giovanni Francesco Albani), Pope (r. 1700–21), 245, 277, 320

  Clement XII (Lorenzo Corsini), Pope (r. 1730–1740), 220, 246–47, 938

  Clement XIII (Carlo della Torre Rezzonico), Pope (r. 1758–69), 330, 337

  bull against Parma; death of, 317

  Jesuits and, 264, 266, 284, 317

  Clement XIV (Lorenzo Ganganelli), Pope (r. 1769–74), 911

  abolishes Jesuit order (1773), 318, 351, 452

  conflicts with Catholic monarchs, 318

  election of, 317

  Portugal and, 268

  Clément, Abbé (fl. 1768), 280

  Clementi, Muzio (1752–1832), 332–33

  Clemenza di Tito, La (Mozart), 407

  Cleopatra (Cimarosa), 334

  Clerici, Felice (1719–74), 226

  Clerici, Palazzo, 237

  Clerici, Rho (fl. 1755), 226

  Clerks of the Holy Cross and Passion of Our Lord, 226

  Clermont, Abbé Comte de (d. 1771), 53

  Cleves, 48

  Clive, Kitty, nee Catherine Raftor (1711–85), 740

  Clive, Robert (1725–74), 85, 715–16

  clocks, French, 106

  Clodion (Claude Michel; 1738–1814), 106, 911

  clothing: changing styles in, 889

  in France, 905

  in Spain, 282

  “Club, the ,” 817, 827, 840

  Club Breton, 939

  Clugny de Nuis (d. 1776), 865

  Clyde River, 762

  coal industry: in England, 671, 675

  in France, 932

  Cobenzl, Count Johann Ludwig Joseph von (1753–1809), 459

  Cocceji, Baron Samuel von (1679–1755), 500

  Cochin, Charles-Nicolas (1715–90), 116*, 120

  Code de la Nature (Morelly), 80–82

  Code Napoléon (1807), 147

  coffeehouses, 729

  Coimbra, bishop of (fl. 1768), 271

  Colbert, Jean-Baptiste (1619–83), 72, 344, 934

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834), 551, 658

  College of Pharmacy, Moscow, 453

  Collegium Fredericianum, at Königsberg, 531

  Collegium Nobilium, Polish, 475

  Collier, Jeremy (1650–1726), 163

  Collini, secretary to Voltaire, 150

  Collins, Anthony (1676–1729), deist, 507, 734

  Collins, William (1721–59), poet, 518, 887

  Colloredo, Hieronymus von Paula, Count von (ft. 1782), Archbishop of Salzburg, 387–89, 393–95, 504–5

  Collot, Marie-Anne (fl. 1768), 467

  Colman, George (1732–94), 742, 815

  Cologne, 341, 503–5

  color, Goethe’s work on, 615–16

  Columbine (comic character), 232

  Comedia nueva (Moratín), 296

  Comédie-Française, 101–2, 922

  commedia dell’ arte, 240–41, 923

  Commentaire sur le livre des delits et des peines (Voltaire), 145

  Commentaries on Arabic Poetry (Jones), 412

  Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 736

  Commons, House of, see House of Commons

  Commune of Paris in French Revolution, 926

  communist theories: in France, 80–84, 262, 937–38

  of Paraguayan Jesuits, 80, 83, 262

  Compagnie des Indes (French East India Company), 630

  Comprehensive Study of Tactics (Guibert), 128

  Compte rendu au Roi (Necker’s financial account), 870

  Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), 254

  concerto grosso, 222, 528

  Concerts Spirituels, 100

  Condé, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de (1736–1818), 385, 850

  Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (1715–80), 14, 126, 220, 294, 892, 901

  Condorcet, Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 894–97, 939, 955

  on d’Alembert, 892

  in antislavery movement, 894, 935

  and Julie de Lespinasse, 126, 131, 895

  optimism of, 896–97, 917

  in Revolution, 894–95, 897, 940

  in States-General, 957

  on Voltaire’s death, 879

  as Voltaire editor and biographer, 895, 925

  Condorcet, Sophie de Grouchy, Marquise de (1764–1822), 907

  Conegliano, Emmanuele, see Ponte, Lorenzo da

  Confederation of Bar, 481–83

  Confederation of Targowica, 488–90

  Confessions (Rousseau), 18, 214, 336, 887

  completion of, 882

  debate over truthfulness of, 5*, on Diderot, 15

  on Discours sur les arts et les sciences, 24

  influence of, 888

  on iniquity of powerful, 17

  on love of nature, 11

  on masochistic feelings, 6

  publication of, 171

  Rousseau’s readings from, 883

  Rousseau starts writing, 193

  on theft of ribbons, 9

  on Thérèse Levasseur, 17–18

  uniqueness of, 4

  on Voltaire’s poetry, 154

  on Mme. de Warens, 12–13

  on women, 8

  on writing of La Nouvelle Heloïse, 155

  Confucius (551–479 B.C.), 507

  Congiura dei Pazzi, La (Alfieri), 338

  Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, 225

  Congress of Basel (1795), 547

  Congress of Utrecht (1713), 547

  conscription, military, 62

  conseils supérieurs, 94

  Consejo de Castilla, 277, 282, 286

  Conservatorio di San Onofrio, 334

  Conservatorio di Santa Maria di Loreto, 334

  Considerations of a Good Citizen (Poniatowski), 480

  Considérations sur le gouvernement de la Pologne (Rousseau), 884–85

  Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur de
s Romains et de leur décadence (Montesquieu), see Greatness and Decadence of the Romans

  Constable, John (1776–1837), 332

  Constant, Benjamin (1767–1830), 648

  Constantine I, Emperor of Rome (r. 306–337), 803

  Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke (1779–1831), 458

  Constantinople, 413–14

  Constituent Assembly (France, 1789–91), see National Assembly

  constitutions: American, see United States Constitution; Polish (1791), 487

  Contades, Maréchal Due Louis-Georges de (1704–95), 53, 55

  Contemporaines, Les (Restif de La Bretonne), 919

  Contes moraux (Marmontel), 102, 105

  Conti, Louis-François de Bourbon, Prince de (1717–76), 161, 208, 850, 882, 923

  Contrat social, see Social Contract, The

  Convention, National (France), see National Convention

  convents, see nunneries

  Conversations with Goethe (Eckermann), 555–56, 559, 581, 600, 603, 607, 609, 612, 618, 620, 622, 625–26

  Conway, Lord George, 209, 753

  Conway, Henry Seymour (1721–95), 208, 793

  Cook, Capt. James (1728–79), 669

  Copenhagen, Bank of, 652

  Corday, Charlotte (1768–93), 137

  Corelli, Arcangelo (1653–1713), 254

  Corfu, 229

  Corneille, Marie (fl. 1770), 136–37, 150

  Corneille, Pierre (1606–84), 104, 136–37, 511, 889

  Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquis Cornwallis (1738–1805), 714, 729, 761, 871

  Corrado, painter, 298

  Correggio (Antonio Allegri; 1494–1534), 248

  Correspondance littéraire, 34–35, 95, 201, 893

  Corsica, 207, 284, 313, 885

  early history of, 312

  French occupation of (1739–48), 205, 312

  French Revolution and, 313

  under Paoli, 313, 782–83

  re-occupation by French, (1769), 313

  Rousseau’s constitution for, 178, 202

  sold to French by Genoa, 313

  Cortona, Pietro da (1596–1669), 115

  corvée, 80, 928, 936

  Assembly of Notables and, 944

  Turgot ends, 863

  Cosimo II de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1600–20), 228

  Cosimo III de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1670–1723), 227–28

  cosmetics, 99

  Cossacks, 451, 455, 633–34

  Costa, Bartolomeu da (fl. 1775), 270

  Costillares, bullfighter, 291

  cotton industry, 672–73

  Council of Castille, 277, 282, 286

  Council of General Administration, Austrian Netherlands, 362

  Council of State, French, 90–91, 94

  Council of Ten, Venetian, 229, 255

  Council of Trent, 361

  Council of Twenty-five, Genevan, 190, 197–99

  Cour Plénière, 947–48

  Courier de Provence, 915

  Cour des Aides, French, 92

  Cours de philosophie positive (Comte), 254