Rousseau and Revolution

  Courtrai, 361

  Coustou, Guillaume II (1716–77), 107

  Covent Garden Theatre, 695, 740, 815

  Cowper, Theodora (fl. 1748), 810

  Cowper, William (1731–1800), 735, 810–13

  attempts suicide, 810, 812

  attitude toward England, 812

  death of, 813

  early life of, 810

  lives with Unwin family, 811–13

  opposes slave trade, 730

  religiosity of, 811, 813

  retreats to Huntingdon, 810–11

  writes The Task, 811–12

  Coxe, William (1747–1828), 472

  Cracow: Prussians capture, 491

  University of, 485

  crafts, 748–50

  “Cranes of Ibycus” (Schiller), 599

  Crawshay, Richard, ironmaster (fl. 1780), 672

  Creation, The (Haydn), 376, 380

  Crébillon fils (Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon; 1707–77), 97

  credit societies, 500

  Creech, William (1745–1815), 763

  Créqui, Renée-Caroline de Froullay, Marquise de (1714–1803), 189, 908

  Crespi, Giuseppe Maria “Lo Spagnuolo” (1665–1747), 245

  Crete, 411, 414

  Creutz, Count Gustaf Philip (1731–85), 660

  Crewe, Master, 753

  Crewe, Frances, nee Greville (fl. 1776), 752

  crime: in England, 733

  in France, 903

  in Italy, 319

  Crimea, 459–60

  Russian conquest of, 430, 459, 461

  Turkish domination of, 411

  Cristofori, Bártolommeo (1655–1731), 221

  Critic, The (Sheridan), 696

  Critical Review, The, 786

  Critique of Judgment (Kant), 543–44

  Critique of Practical Reason (Kant), 540–43

  Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 531, 535–40, 640, 808

  influence of Rousseau on, 518

  Croce, Benedetto (1866–1952), 254

  Crochallan Fencibles, Scottish club, 776

  Crompton, Samuel (1753–1827), 673

  Crompton’s mule, 673

  Crosby, Brass, Lord Mayor of London (fl. 1771), 707

  Crousaz, Madame de, 805

  Crozat, Mlle., see Choiseul, Duchesse de

  Crozat, Pierre (1661–1740), 235, 466

  Crussol, Madame de, 118

  Cruz, Ramön Francisco de la (1731–94), 296

  Cugnot, Joseph (1725–1804), 70

  cuisine, French, 99

  Cumae, 327

  Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (1721–1765), 48, 50

  Cunha, João Anastasio da (1744–87), 269

  Curchod, Suzanne, see Necker, Suzanne

  Curzon, George Nathaniel, 1st Marquis Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925), 420

  Cüstrin, 53

  Cuvillier, Charles-Étienne (fl. 1780), 53

  Cuzzoni, Francesca (1700?–70), 223, 232

  Cyrus the Great, King of Persia (r. 550–529 B.C.), 22

  Czartoryski, Prince Adam Kazimierz (1734–1823), 479

  Czartoryski, Prince Alexander Augustus (1696–1782), 473, 479

  Czartoryski, Prince Fryderyk Michal (1695?–1775), 473, 479

  Czartoryski, Prince Kazimierz (d. 1741), 473

  Czartoryski, Isabella, nee Morstin, 473

  Czartoryski, Konstantia, see Poniatowski, Konstantia

  Czechs, see Bohemia

  Czernichev, General (fl. 1762), 61

  Czestochowa, oath at (1768), 481–82

  Daily Universal Register, The, 786

  Dalberg, Johann Friedrich Hugo von (1760–1812), 579–80

  Dalberg, Wolfgang Heribert von (1750–1806), 571–72

  Dalin, Olof von (1708–63), 659

  Dalmatia, 411, 415

  Damiens, Robe :-François (1715–57), 67, 91

  dancing: in Egypt, 416

  in Spain, 291–92

  in Vienna, 345

  Dannecker, Johann Heinrich von (1758–1814), 523

  Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), 242, 750, 793

  Danton, Georges-Jacques (1759–94), 916, 939, 955

  Danube River, 356

  Danzig, 472, 483–84

  Daquin, Pierre-Louis (d. 1797), 147

  Daran, Dr. Jacques (1701–84), 152, 200

  Darby, Abraham I (fl. 1754), 671

  Darby, Abraham II (1750–91), 672

  Darmstadt, 518

  Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord (1545–67), 779

  Darwin, Charles (1809–92), 880, 889

  Darwin, Erasmus (1731–1802), 617, 734

  Dashkova, Princess Ekaterina Romanovna (1743–1810), 439

  Dashwood, Sir Francis (1708–81), 702

  Daun, Count Leopold von (1705–66), 40, 53, 59

  in battle of Hochkirch (1758), 54

  in battle of Kolin (1757), 47

  captures Dresden (1758), 54–56, 60

  occupation of Silesia by, 51

  Dauphiné, Estates of, 948

  Davenport, Richard (fl. 1766), 211–12, 214, 882

  David, Jacques-Louis (1748–1825), 117, 331, 912–913

  Davies, Henry E. (1757–84), 802

  Davies, Thomas (1712?–85), 780, 786

  Day of Tiles (1787), 947–48

  Dayer, Edmund (1763–1804), 750

  deaf and dumb: school for, 905

  sign language for, 636

  Deane, Silas (1737–89), 867–69, 922

  Debussy, Claude (1862–1918), 381

  Declaration of Independence (1776), 868

  influence of, 899

  Rousseau’s influence on, 891

  Declaration of Rights, Paris Parlement (1788), 947

  Declaration of Rights, Virginia Assembly (1776), 872

  Declaration of Rights of Man, French National Assembly, (1789), 642, 872

  Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 746, 764, 786, 800–4, 806–8

  criticism of Christianity, 801–2

  evaluation of, 806–8

  expanded to cover Byzantine Empire, 803–4

  Gibbon replies to critics of, 802

  importance of, 808

  influences on, 801–2

  scholarship in, 807

  scope of, 807

  success of, 800, 805

  Deferrari, Palazzo, 227

  Deffand, Marquise du, see Du Deffand

  Defoe, Daniel (1659?–1731), 31, 182, 485, 730, 842

  Dei Pugni, 320

  deism: in England, 734

  in Germany, 507, 528

  De l’Allemagne (Staël), 604

  De la Monarchie prussienne sous Frédéric le Grand (Mirabeau fils ), 501

  De l’Esprit (Helvétius), 162, 324

  Delft, 646, 749

  Delhi, 419

  Delille, Abbé Jacques (1738–1813), 121, 878

  Delinquente honrado (Jovellanos), 296

  Della tirannide (Alfieri), 337–40

  Demetrivs. (Schiller), 605

  democracy: American Revolution and, 872

  Burke’s early views on, 690

  in England, 681

  Goethe’s distrust of, 622–23

  Johnson’s opposition to, 833

  oligarchy and, 142

  Rousseau’s views on, 28, 32, 173–74

  Vico’s theory of, 252

  Voltaire’s views on, 142–45

  De Mundis sensibiles et intelligibiles Forma et principiis (Kant), 534

  Denis, Marie-Louise, nee Mignot (1712–90), 98, 132–34, 148, 874, 876–79

  passim, 907

  Denmark, 438–39, 649–53

  clergy and religion in, 649, 653

  drama in, 650–51

  economy of, 652

  education in, 652

  feudalism in, 649, 653

  French subsidies to, 89

  Italian opera in, 224

  Jews in, 635

  in League of Armed Neutrality, 457, 713

  literature in, 649–52

&
nbsp; Poland and, 480

  population of, 649

  reaction led by Guldberg in, 653

  reforms of Struensee, 652–53

  reign of Christian VI, 652

  reign of Christian VII, 652–53

  reign of Frederick V, 652

  slave trade abolished by, 649, 653

  social classes in, 649, 653

  Sweden and, 654, 663–64

  trade treaties with Russia, 456

  Den svenska Argus (periodical), 659

  Denys le Tyran (Marmontel), 105

  Deputy’s Return, The (Niemcewicz), 486

  Derbent, 419

  Russian conquest of, 470

  Derby, Edward Stanley, 12th Earl of (1752–1834), 726

  Derby, potteries at, 748

  De rerum natura (Lucretius), 691

  Derwentwater, Sir James Radcliffe, 3d Earl of (1689–1716), 728

  Derzhavin, Gavril Romanovich (1743–1816), 464

  Descartes, René (1596–1650), 251, 294, 532

  Description of Denmark and Norway, A (Holberg), 650

  Description of the Torso in the Belvedere (Winckelmann), 328

  Deserted Village, The (Goldsmith), 753, 813–15

  Desfontaines, Pierre-François Guyot (1685–1745), 149

  Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 915, 919

  calls Parisians to arms (1789), 961–62

  Duc d’Orléans and, 955

  as Freemason, 939

  Desnoiresterres, Gustave (1817–92), 879

  De Statu Ecclesiae et legitima Potestate romani Pontificus (Febronius), 504

  Detroit, French forts, 57

  Deux Amis, Les (Beaumarchais), 922

  development and return, Machiavelli’s law of, 253

  Devin du village, Le (Rousseau), 24–25, 101, 164, 852, 883

  Devonshire, Lady Georgiana Spencer, Duchess of (1757–1806), 753

  Devonshire, William Cavendish, 4th Duke of (1640–1707), 235

  Dewey, John (1859–1952), 888

  De Witt brothers, 143

  Deyverdun, Georges (d. 1789), 803, 805

  Dialoghi sul commercio dei grani (Galiani), 75, 251

  Dialogues: Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques (Rousseau), 171, 885–86

  Diamond Necklace Affair (1785), 941–43

  Diario de los literatos de España (periodical), 280

  Diario de Madrid, 302

  Diary (Burney), 333

  Dichtung und Wahrheit (Goethe), 503, 613

  Dickens, Charles (1812–70), 738

  Dictionary (Johnson), 786, 820, 823–25

  Dictionnaire (French Academy), 824, 878

  Dictionnaire de la musique (Rousseau), 25, 154

  Dictionnaire historique et critique (Bayle), 10, 13, 326, 557

  Dictionnaire philosophique (Voltaire), 144, 267, 630

  Diderot, Denis (1713–84), 18, 24–25, 73, 104, 108, 175, 182, 208, 250, 280, 370, 435, 464, 485, 559, 567, 636, 641, 824, 842, 882, 908, 910, 920

  d’Alembert and, 892

  American Revolution and, 867

  on ancient art, 110

  antimonarchical views of, 95, 897

  atheism of, 183

  biological speculations of, 147

  bones stolen from Panthéon, 880, 893

  Catherine II and, 446–50, 462–63, 466, 893

  Chardin and, 112

  on Choiseul, 88–89

  death of, 893

  defense of parlements, 93–94

  deference to royalty, 176, 897

  description of, 34

  dramatic theories of, 104

  eroticism of, 596

  ethical views of, 903–4

  on Fragonard, 116

  French Revolution and, 940

  at Mme. Geoffrin’s salon, 120

  Gibbon and, 798

  Greuze and, 112–14

  Grimm and, 34

  on Index Expurgatorius, 316

  influence of, 230

  later years of, 892–93

  Lessing’s admiration for, 509

  love for Babuti, 113

  on marriage, 97

  as most German of Frenchmen, 793

  musical theories of, 100–01

  nature and, 169

  at Mme. Necker’s salon, 908

  in Ossian controversy, 768

  Pigalle’s statue of, 107

  plan for university, 892

  on Mme. de Pompadour, 69

  on religious burials, 893

  Richardson and, 136, 169

  Rousseau and, see Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, DIDEROT AND;

  Sterne and, 789

  trip to Russia, 892

  on Vernet, III;

  Voltaire and, 876, 892

  writings of, 31, 101, 103–4

  Didone abbandonata (Metastasio), 240, 254

  Dieppe, 944

  Diet, Polish, 472, 485

  dissolves Permanent Council, 487

  factional conflicts in, 479

  first Polish partition and, 484

  “Four Years’,” 487

  last (1793), 490–91

  liberum veto of, 473, 476–77, 480–81, 484

  structure of, 487

  yields to Catherine (1768), 481

  Diet, Swedish, 654

  Diet of Augsburg, 176

  Diniz da Cruz e Silva, Antônio (1731–99), 269

  Disadvantages of the Feudal Rights, The (Boncerf), 929

  Discalced Carmelites, 294

  Discourses (Reynolds), 748

  “Discours sur l’économie politique” (Rousseau), 32

  Discours sur les arts et les sciences (Rousseau), 20–24, 32, 94, 168, 171, 177, 179, 887, 891

  Discours sur l’origine… de l’inégalité (Rousseau), 28–32, 80, 94, 171, 174, 177, 887, 891

  Discurso sobre el fomento de la industria popular (Campomanes), 287

  Discurso sobre la educación popular de los artesanos y su fomento (Campomanes), 293

  Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–81), 725

  Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von (1739–99), 374

  “Diverting History of John Gilpin, The” (Cowper), 811

  divorce in England, 732

  Dmitri I (the “false Dmitri”), Czar of Russia (r. 1605–06), 605

  Dnieper River, 430

  Dniester River, 430

  Dodd, Dr. William (1729–77), 830

  Dodington, George Bubb (1691–1762), 702

  Dodsley, Robert (1703–64), 786, 794, 814, 819, 821–22

  Doge of Venice, 229, 231, 331

  Dohm, Christian Wilhelm (1751–1820), 642

  Dohna, Count zu (fl. 1758), 53

  Doig, Peggy (fl. 1761), 779

  Dolgorukaya, Natalia Borisovna (1714–71), 428

  Dolgoruki, Ivan Mikhailovich (1764–1823), 428–29

  Dolgoruki, Vasili Lukich (1670–1739), 428–29, 458

  Dominicans, 275

  Dominus ac Redemptor Noster (Clement XIV), 318

  Don Carlos (Schiller), 572–73, 592

  Don Giovanni (Mozart), 342, 376, 388, 396–97, 402

  Don Giovanni Tenorio (Goldoni), 404

  Don River, 430

  Don Sylvio von Rosalva (Wieland), 553

  Donizetti, Gaetano (1797–1848), 245

  Donna di garbo, La (Goldoni), 242

  Donne, John (1573–1631), 810, 842

  Donner, Georg Raphael (1693–1741), 345

  Dorat, Claude-Joseph (1734–80), 884

  Dos de Mayo (1808), 307

  Doughty, Charles Montagu (1843–1926), 412

  drama, see theatre

  Draper, Elizabeth (fl. 1767), 790

  Draper, Sir William (fl. 1769), 706

  Dresden: beautification of, 476

  Jews in, 639

  in Seven Years’ War, 45, 54–56, 60, 502, 552

  Treaty of (1745), 44

  Dreux-Brézé, Marquis de, see Brézé

  Drone, The (Novikov), 464

  Drouais, François-Hubert (1727–75), 111, 120

  Drury Lane Theatre, 695, 696, 740
, 741, 742–43

  Dryden, John (1631–1700), 842

  Du Barry, Comte Guillaume (fl. 1768), 86–7

  Du Barry, Chevalier Jean (1723–94), 86

  Du Barry, Marie-Jeanne Bécu, Comtesse (1743?–1793), 86–88, 90, 656, 910, 921, 942

  d’Aiguillon and, 93, 853

  Choiseul and, 88, 89

  Marie Antoinette and, 88, 848

  Pajou and, 109

  relations with Louis XV, 85, 86–88, 95, 845

  Voltaire and, 87–88, 875

  Dubienka, battle of (1792), 489

  Dublin: education in, 759

  theater in, 740

  du Bocage, du Boccage, see Bocage and Boccage

  Dubois, Guillaume, Cardinal (1656–1723), 148

  Du Châtelet-Lomont, Gabrielle-Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise (1706–49), 26

  Duclos, Charles Pinot (1705–72), 18, 31, 35, 73

  Du Deffand, Marquis, 122

  Du Deffand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, Marquise (1697–1780), 31, 118, 122–25, 353, 447, 656, 875, 906–7, 923

  d’Alembert and, 123–25

  death of, 907

  description of, 878

  Franklin and, 869

  on individuality of English, 733

  late years of, 906–7

  Julie de Lespinasse and, 122–23

  Voltaire and, 135, 138

  Walpole and, 125, 794–95, 906–7

  dueling, 732

  Duenna, The (Sheridan), 696

  Du Hausset, Mme. (b.c. 1720), 95

  Dumesnil (Marie-François Marchand; 1711–1803), 102

  Dumonceux, Monsieur (fl. 1748), 86

  Dumouriez, Charles-François (1739–1823), 481

  Dunkirk, 361, 944

  Dunlop, Frances (1730–1815), 777

  Dunning, John, Baron Ashburton (1731–83), 714

  Du Peyrou, printer, 206

  Dupin, Mme. (1706–95), 16, 18, 118

  Dupin de Francueil, Claude (1715–87), 16, 18, 24, 35

  Dupoirier, Citizen (fl. 1801), 103

  Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel (1739–1817), 72, 75, 78, 863

  on free trade in grain, 859

  Dupré, P. (fl. 1759), 97*

  Duquesne, Fort, 57

  Durante, Francesco (1684–1755), 254, 334

  Durão, Salvador (fl. 1758), 264

  Durazzo, Count Marcello (fl. 1754), 368

  Du Rollet, Marie-François Gand-Leblanc, Marquis (1716–86), 370, 371

  Duru, porcelain sculptor, 108

  Du Ry, Simon-Louis (1726–99), 525

  Dusaulx, Jean-Joseph (1728–99), 883–84

  Dutch East India Company, 646

  Dutch republic, see Holland

  Du Tillot, Guillaume-Léon (1711–74), 312

  East Prussia, Seven Years’ War in, 48, 49, 53

  Eberhard, Johann (1739–1809), 507

  Écho et Narcisse (Gluck), 373

  Eckermann, Johann Peter (1792–1854), 505

  Goethe’s conversations with, 555–56, 559, 581, 600, 603, 607, 609, 612, 618, 620, 622, 625–26

  on Goethe’s corpse, 627–28

  as Goethe’s secretary, 625–26