Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

  public speaker

  antisemitism, 124, 125, 146, 150, 151, 152, 197, 266, 288, 330; appeal to negative feelings, 150; banned from speaking in public (1925–7), 257, 269, 270, 288, 292, 293, 299, 304, 305, 677n.; belief that his way and no other would succeed, 132, 150; cuts down on his speaking engagements, 299; on dictatorship, 151; edition of speeches, xiii; first speaks at the DAP, 140; discovers his greatest talent at Lechfeld (1919), 124, 131; H on, 107, 124, 147; language, 145, 149, 151, 335; large crowds give him confidence, 133; on ‘living-space’, 247, 250, 288, 330; Mayr praises, 129; his notes, 149; ‘peace speech’ (21 May 1935), 555–6; performing skills, 280, 293; populist style, 107, 124; repetition, 150, 293; rhetorical talent, xxiv; simplicity, 134; strength of conviction, 132; his voice, 357

  views on, and biographies of xxi-xxiv, xxix;

  Bullock, xi, xii, xiv; Fest, xi, xii, xiv; ‘historical greatness’ view, xxiii-xxiv; revisionist interpretations, xxiii; Soviet view, xxii

  works

  Mein Kampf, 20, 25, 30, 53, 84–5, 221, 272, 283, 285, 516; adolescence, 18; affection for his mother, 12; antisemitism in 27, 60–64, 152, 243, 244–5, 291; approach to the state, 539; Bavarian revolutionary period, 109–10; claims leadership of the völkisch Right, 29–30, 251–3; completed, 288; ‘conversion’ to antisemitism, 50–51; the draft, 242; Feder praised in, 125; on the First World War, 71, 86, 94, 101, 102–3, 627–8n.; foreign alliance ideas, 247; the German Workers’ Party, 140, 141–2; Goebbels’s response to, 276; his birth, 10–11; on first trip to Vienna, 23; gratitude to Streicher, 179; hatred of the civil service, 17; high expectations of 672n.; and world-view, 241, 243, 244; inaccuracies, 7, 11, 127, 140, 242; income from, 243, 536; links Jews with prostitution, 46; and ‘living-space’, 104, 248, 249; mother’s death, 24; political messiah concept, 169; reading style, 41–2; on reparations, 652n.; and the revolutionary period in Bavaria, 109; sales, 242–3, 291, 360; Schirach and, 308; the South Tyrol question, 291; starts to hate Social Democrats, 58; tale of ‘political awakening’ in Vienna, 49; title, 241; Viennese Academy failure, 24; on the working-class, 59; written in Landsberg, 29, 224, 225, 230, 235, 241, 242

  Mitteilungsblätter pieces, 157; ‘political testaments’, 211;’Second Book’, 244, 250, 291–2, 304

  Völkischer Beobachter articles, 157, 265, 288, 693n.

  Hitler, Alois (Aloys) (H’s father): and antisemitism, 62; apprenticeship in Vienna, 5; birth, 3; career as a customs officer, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 25; changes his name from Schicklgruber, 3, 5–6, 7, 9; childhood, 5; children of, 9–10; death (1903), 19, 20; estate, 25, 68; favours a civil service career for H, 16, 17, 18; his unknown father, 3, 5, 6; illegitimacy, 3, 5; legitimation, 5, 6, 9; marriages, 9; marries Klara (7 January 1885), 10; nationalism, 18, 62; opposes H’s wish to become an artist, 17–18; personality, 11, 12; property purchase, 6–7, 11–12, 14, 15; relationship with H, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17–18; relationship with Klara, 12, 13; retires to keep bees, 14; as a social climber, 5, 7; stubbornness, 17, 37

  Hitler, Alois (H’s half-brother), 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 705n.

  Hitler, Angela see Hammitzsch, Angela

  Hitler, Anna (née Glassl), 10

  Hitler, Bridget, 706n. Hitler, Edmund (H’s brother), 11, 12, 14, 16

  Hitler, Franziska (Fanni; née Matzelberger), 10

  Hitler, Gustav (H’s brother), 10

  Hitler, Ida (H’s sister), 10

  Hitler, Johanna (H’s paternal aunt): fond of H, 11; helps in the Hitler household, 11, 20; tries to persuade H to join the civil service, 37

  Hitler, Klara (née Pölzl; H’s mother), 14; Alois marries (7 January 1885), 10; as Alois’s maid, 9, 10; appearance, 12; childhood, 9; children of, 10, 12; death (1907), 20, 24, 25, 26, 37, 102, 103; estate, 25, 46; grave at Leonding, 285; illness, 23, 24, 25, 63; and Linz, 15; personality, 12; relationship with Alois, 12, 13; relationship with H, 12, 13, 19, 20, 23, 24

  Hitler, Otto (H’s brother), 10

  Hitler, Paula see Wolf, Paula

  Hitler, William Patrick (H’s nephew), 8–9, 705n.

  ‘Hitler-Lindens’, 483

  ‘Hitler-Oaks,’ 483

  Hitler family: family life, n, 12, 13; financial status, 11; H loses touch with, 36–7, 41, 48; moves to Passau, 11; not told about H’s Academy failure, 38

  Hitler Youth, 433, 539, 559; at Nuremberg, 310, 568; ‘Reich Youth Rally’ in Potsdam, 387–8; Schirach leads, 307, 308; working-class presence, 335

  Hitlersee, Upper Silesia, 484

  Hitlershöhe, 484

  Hoare, Sir Samuel, 584

  Hoare-Laval Plan [proposed], 584

  Hoegner, Wilhelm, 492

  Hoesch, Leopold von, 558, 589

  Hofbräuhaus, Munich, 83, 140, 141, 143–6, 149–50, 152, 162, 165, 176, 180, 186, 193, 242, 290, 296, 654n.

  Hofbräukeller, Wienerstraße, Munich, 140, 147

  Hoffmann, Heinrich, 84, 89, 133, 158, 239, 283, 342, 343, 352, 388, 485

  Hoffmann, Henrietta, 351

  Hoffmann, Johannes, 214

  Hofmann, Frau Hermine, 160

  Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 31, 482

  Hohenzollern Bridge, Cologne, 588

  Hohenzollern cult, 77

  Hohenzollerns, 465, 509

  homosexuality, 46, 51, 520, 541; H repelled by, 45; persecution, 751–2n.; Röhm and, 348, 520

  Honisch, Karl, 30, 57–8, 64

  ‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’, 480, 697–8n.

  Hoébach, Lieutenant-Colonel Friedrich, 550

  Hotel Atlantik, Hamburg, 344–5

  Hotel Elefant, Weimar, 300

  Hotel Exzelsior, Berlin, 399

  Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten, Munich, 550

  Huemer, Dr Eduard, 16–17

  Hugenberg, Alfred, 248, 310, 318, 326, 336, 356, 362, 377, 416, 419–22, 432, 438, 446, 447, 449, 477–8

  Huns, 341, 342

  Ibsen, Henrik, 41

  Illustrierter Beobachter, 360

  Immediate Programme for Work Creation, 444, 449–50

  Imperial League against Social Democracy, 630n.

  imperialism, 290, 434, 449; and ‘living-space’, 248, 250; nationalism and, 76, 79; racist, 80

  Independent Social Democrats, 109, 111, 112, 146

  industry: lack of orders, 202; socialization of, 111

  ‘inferiors’, 79

  Ingolstadt, 293

  interest slavery, 119, 123, 125, 126, 145, 162, 274

  International Automobile and Motor-Cycle Exhibition (Berlin, 1933), 450

  internationalism, 36, 58, 78, 94, 104, 192, 289, 304, 316, 330

  Iron Curtain, xx

  ‘Iron Fist’ club, 154

  Italianization, 246, 291

  Italy: Abyssinian adventure, 558, 567–8, 583, 584, 585; anti-Italian feeling in Germany and Austria, 291; autostradas, 451; backs Dollfuss, 523; conflict with Germany over Austria, 555, 583; and German rearmament, 552, 553; H considers allying with, 246, 275; and the putsch attempt in Austria, 524; and the Rhineland, 589; sagging ideological momentum, 542; ‘search for the strong man’, 295

  Jannings, Emil, 480

  ‘January Strike’ (1918), 112

  Japan, 494

  Jarres, Karl, 268

  Jawlensky, Alexej von, 82

  Jehovah’s Witnesses, 541

  Jesuits, 58, 64, 269, 301

  Jewish Chronicle, 566

  ‘Jewish problem’, 35, 561

  ‘Jewish Question’, 61, 62, 290–91, 304, 472, 561, 567, 570, 571, 573; and capitalism, 123, 138, 152, 245, 288; demands for action, 568; Frick and, 564; Goebbels and, 572; H seen as an ‘expert’, 125; H’s first recorded written statement on, 125; as a ‘matter for all peoples’, 245–6; and the Ostara, 51

  Jews: appearance, 32; and Bolshevism, 112, 115, 151, 152, 177, 241, 243, 245, 246, 250, 275, 410, 760n.; boycott of Jewish stores, 472, 473–4, 482, 562; capitalism, 123, 138, 152, 245; and the DSP’s programme, 144; demographic and social structure, 410; ‘Final Solution’, 244, 541; in the First World War, 95, 100, 152; in Germany, 31–2;
H associates uncleanliness, dirt and disease with, 61; H’s alleged Jewish background, 7–9; increased anti-Jewish violence, 471–2, 559; intermarriage, 563, 564, 566, 567, 568, 569; international conspiracy notion, 100, 116, 153, 245; Jewish boycott against German goods, 472, 473; Krupp dismisses employees, 448; land-speculation companies, 301; link between destruction of the Jews and acquisition of ‘living-space’, 249, 250; and Marxism, 61, 84, 245, 265, 288, 289, 568; mass murder in the Second World War, 103; ‘Mischlinge’ (those of mixed descent), 564, 569, 572; and modern racial antisemitism, 78–9; and nationalism, 125; November pogrom (1938), 521; power of the, 192; as the prime racial victims, 541; and prostitution, 61, 65, 66, 489; ‘removal’ of, 125, 134, 151–2, 244–5, 252, 290, 423, 532, 559, 561, 570, 571, 573; ritual murder charge, 64, 65; in Russia, 32, 78, 152, 246, 249; Russian pogroms, 32; as scapegoats for the economic crisis, 316, 410–11; Schönerer’s bill to block Jewish immigration into Vienna, 34; sexual relations with ‘Aryans’, 563–4, 567, 569; and Social Democracy, 61, 152; as targeted ‘outsiders’ under Bismarck, 76; unfounded rumours of H’s syphilis, 618n.; and usury, 64; in Vienna, 31–2;see also antisemitism; Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism

  Joachim of Fiore, 704n.

  Joachimsen, Paul, 153

  Der Judenkenner (The Jewish Expert), 560

  judges, 467

  Jugendstil, 40, 631n.

  Jung, Edgar, 136, 508, 509, 512, 515, 745n.

  Jungdeutscher Orden, 195

  Jünger, Ernst, 181

  Kaas, Prälat Ludwig, 438, 467, 468, 478

  ‘Kaffee Kubata’, Vienna, 620n.

  Kahr, Minister President Gustav Ritter von, 174, 175, 177, 193, 203; aims to turn Bavaria into a ‘cell of order’, 159; appointed General State Commissar, 202; and the Bavarian Einwohnerwehr, 172; disdain for H, 159; and the failed putsch, 159, 663n.; H interrogates during his trial, 216; H on, 184–5; murdered (1934), 159, 515; November Revolution anniversary meeting, 205, 206; ousted from power, 213; and the putsch attempt, 206–9, 211, 213, 214, 215; resigns as Minister President, 176; turns Bavaria into a haven for right-wing extremists, 171; warns the ‘patriotic associations’ against independent action, 204

  Kaiserhof Hotel, Berlin, 338, 358, 400, 401, 422, 433, 485, 702n.

  Kampfbund des gewerblichen Mittelstandes (Fighting League of the Commercial Middle-Class), 410, 472, 473

  Kampfverband Niederbayern, 193

  Kampfverlag, 325, 326

  Kandinsky, Wassily, 82, 258

  Kant, Immanuel, 616n. Kapp Putsch, 116, 153, 159, 171, 189, 194, 276, 369

  Kapp, Wolfgang, 122, 129, 153, 154

  Karajan, Herbert von, 480

  Kästner, Erich, 482

  Kaufmann, Karl, 276–7, 537

  Kellerbauer, Walther, 179–80

  Kellermann, Bernhard, 624n.

  Kemnitz, Mathilde von, 269

  Kennedy, John F., xix, xxv

  Keppler Circle, 392, 413

  Keppler, Wilhelm, 392, 413, 414

  Kerrl, Hans, 475

  Kiel mutiny, 110

  Kindlkeller, Munich, 177, 659n.

  King Kong, 485

  Kirdorf, Emil, 299, 310, 357

  Klausener, Erich, 515, 521, 745n.

  Klee, Paul, 82, 258

  Kleist, Heinrich von, 100–101

  Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald von, 724n.

  Klimt, Gustav, 31, 40, 45

  Klintzsch, Lieutenant Johann, 159, 174, 655n., 657n.

  Kneifelspitze, 282

  Knilling, Eugen von, 197, 202, 673n.

  Knoden, Gunner Hans, 124

  ‘Kolibri’ (‘Humming Bird’) password, 515

  Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD), 111, 269, 438, 541, 650–51n.; arrests under the emergency decree, 460, 704n.; assessment of the Nazis, 432; and the Berlin travel workers’ strike, 390, 391; and Dachau, 464; demolition of, 475; and economic crisis, 406; and the Enabling Act, 466; failure of ‘German October’ plan, 201; fights with the SA, 368; Gestapo attacks, 763n., 764n.; H’s threats, 339, 447; image of H, 412; Lippe-Detmold elections, 416; membership, 335; newspapers and meeting banned, 439; Reichstag elections, 286, 302, 306, 334, 390, 461; and the Reichstag Fire, 457, 458, 459; in the Saar, 547; and the unemployed, 405; vote of no confidence in the government, 385–6; Wöhrden incident, 308; women and, 408

  Königgrätz, battle of (1866), 33

  Königliche Hof – und Staatsbibliothek (Royal Court and State Library), 84

  Königsberg, 461, 564

  Körner, Oskar, 155

  Kraué, Werner, 480

  Krebs, Albert, 281, 339, 344–5, 703n.

  Kriebel, Oberstleutnant Hermann, 194, 199, 203, 204, 205, 209, 216, 236, 237, 238

  Krohn, Friedrich, 648n.

  Krosigk, Schwerin von, 370, 371, 420, 437

  Krüger, Paul, 53–4

  Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav, 447, 448

  Krupp’s, 191–2, 447

  Kube, Wilhelm, 297, 560

  Kubizek, August (‘Gustl’): admires H, 20; food parcels, 47; and H’s antisemitism, 62; and H’s failure to enter the Viennese Academy, 24, 38–9; on H’s obsession with Wagner, 42, 43; and H’s ‘projects’, 39–41; H’s sudden break with, 48; on H’s ‘world-view’, 49; as impressionable, 21, 22, 41; music pupils, 44; music studies in Vienna, 26, 37, 38, 48; musical ambitions, 20; post-war memoirs, 20–21, 30, 62, 615n.; relationship with H, 21, 44; and sexual matters, 45–6

  Kulturkampf, 76

  Kyffhäuser,. Thuringia, 77

  Kyrill, Prince, 189

  Labour Front, 537

  Lagarde, Paul de, 151–2

  laissez-faire, 33

  Lake Starnberg, 276

  Lambach, 14

  Lammers, Hans Heinrich, 485, 533, 534, 558, 746n.

  ‘land policy’ (Bodenpolitik), 288

  Landauer, Gustav, 114

  Landbund, 319

  Länder, 435, 459, 462, 467, 469, 470, 502

  Landespolizei, 588

  Landsberg am Lech fortress, H interned in, 29, 183, 203, 211, 212, 217, 219, 223, 224, 226, 229–32, 234, 235, 237–41, 245, 248–53, 261, 262, 279, 281, 294, 616n., 621n., 703n.

  Landtag: Bavaria, 176, 196, 212, 228, 640n.; Hessen, 355; Mecklenburg, 309; Prussia, 364; 727n.; Thuringia, 319

  Landvolk, 308

  Lanz, Adolf (known as Jörg Lanz von Leibenfels), 63, 621n.; and the domination of the ‘blond race’, 50; and Ostara, 50, 51; and Schönerer, 50

  Lauböck, Theodor, 160

  Lautenbach, Wilhelm, 449

  Laval, Pierre, 558, 584

  ‘Law against the Enslavement of the German People’,310

  ‘Law against the New Construction of Parties’, 478

  ‘Law for the Emergency Defence of the State’, 518 H ‘Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring’ (Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses), 486–7, 488

  ‘Law for Reduction of Unemployment’, 449

  ‘Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service’, 474

  ‘Law on the Head of State of the German Reich’, 524–5