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    Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

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      Le Bon, Gustave, 156

      Leader cult see Führer cult

      League of Nations, 257, 290, 490–95, 542, 543, 544, 546, 555, 556, 558, 568, 580, 583, 584, 586, 587, 589

      Lebensraum see‘living-space’

      Leber, Julius, 431, 432

      Lechfeld Camp, near Augsburg, 90, 107, 123–4, 125, 126, 128, 140, 147

      Leeb, Generalleutnant Wilhelm Rittervon, 442

      Left: Bolshevik, 115; ‘Marxist’, 115; political radicalization, 201; presumed threat from the, 171;

      revolutionary, 120

      Legends of Gods and Heroes: the treasures of Germanic Mythology, 40, 41

      Lehár, Franz, 42

      Lehmann, Julius F., 138, 155, 188

      Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler, 119, 512, 513

      Leipart, Theodor, 475

      Leipzig, 138; Reich Court, 215, 731–2n.

      Leipzig Reichswehr trial, 337–8, 349

      Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, xxiii, 84, 621n.

      Leonding, near Linz, 15, 16, 17, 62, 285

      Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Hugo, Graf von, 176, 177

      Levetzow, Retired Admiral Magnus, 562, 707n.

      Levien, Max, 114

      Leviné, Eugen, 113, 114

      Ley, Robert, 275, 399, 718n.

      Leybold, Oberregierungsrat Otto, 235, 238–9, 674n.

      liberal bourgeoisie, 31

      liberal parties, 306–7

      liberalism, 726n.; demise of, 35; failure following the Revolution of 1848, 73; and the First World War, 88; and Lueger’s antisemitism, 35

      Liebknecht, Karl, 111

      Linz, 14, 15, 41, 60; District Court, 68; German nationalism, 17, 18, 33–4; German population in, 18; H leaves (1908), 36; Hitler family flat in, 20; and H’s antisemitism, 60, 62–3; and H’s avoidance of military service, 81, 82, 84, 85–6; H’s building schemes for, 15, 22, 40; as H’s ‘home town’, 15; H’s indolent lifestyle (1905–7), 20–23, 29, 39, 534; H’s Realschule in, 16–17, 18, 19, 62, 63; Jews of, 61, 62; provincialism, 23, 26; and the Schönerer movement, 63; waxworks, 618n.

      Linz Landesmuseum and library, 616n.

      Linzer Musealverein, 616n.

      Lippe-Detmold, 402, 413, 415–16, 417

      Lippert, SS-Sturmbannführer Michael, 516

      Lipski, Josef, 544

      List, Colonel, 90

      List, Guido von, 50

      ‘List Regiment’ (Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16), 343; baptism of fire, 90; gassed, 96; H assigned to, 90; Jews in, 95; losses, 90; ‘revolutionary occurrences’ within, no; transported to Alsace, 95

      Liszt, Franz, 42

      Lithuania, 553–4

      Litzmann, General, 347

      ‘living-space’, 104, 134, 151, 241, 243, 247–50, 252, 288, 290, 291, 292, 330, 424, 441, 442, 504, 505, 548, 581;see also eastern expansion; expansionism

      Lloyd-George, David (later 1st Earl of Dwyfor), 87

      Locarno Treaty (1925), 257, 290, 555, 581, 582, 583, 585, 587, 589

      Löffner, Siegfried, 56, 64, 67

      Lohse, Hinrich, 399, 400, 401, 476, 536, 537, 538

      Loret, Jean-Marie, 635n.

      Lösener, Dr Bernhard, 567, 568, 569, 571

      Lossow, General Otto Hermann von, 193–6, 198, 203, 204, 205–6, 213, 218–19; H interrogates during his trial, 216; and the putsch attempt, 206–9, 213, 214, 215, 216

      Lotter, Michael, 643–4n.

      Löwenbräukeller, Munich, 175, 193, 208

      Lower Bavaria, 212, 406, 461

      Lower Saxony, 300

      lower-middle-class: and antisemitism, 561; and ‘German’ socialism, 135; Lueger and, 34; in the NSDAP, 190; in the USPD, 99

      Lübeck, 319, 462

      Lüdecke, Kurt, 186, 189, 231, 387, 388, 702n.

      Ludendorff, Erich, 200, 203, 204–5, 227, 234, 266, 296; acquitted, 216; an arch-expansionist, 247; anti-clericalism, 262; claims the leadership of the völkisch movement with Graefe, 232; collaboration with H, 194; death, 681n.; dissolves the Reich leadership of the ΝSFB, 264; founds the Tannenbergbund, 269; and Frontbann, 231; H criticizes, 232; Heé brings H to his attention, 195; H’s relationship with, 262, 264, 267, 268–9; H’s view of his role, 218, 219; involvement in the putsch attempt, 207–11, 213, 215; as candidate for the Reich Presidency, 268–9; and the NSDAP/DVFP merger, 229, 231; and the NSDAP’s finances, 189, 190; in the NSFP, 232; official reconciliation with H, 681n.; an outstanding figure on the radical Right, 186, 194; persecution complex, 269; in the political wilderness, 269; question of a leadership triumvirate, 233, 234; Schirach admires, 307; as the symbol of the ‘national struggle’, 199; visits H in Landsberg, 229; as a war hero, 146, 186, 194, 210, 213

      Ludendorff, Margarete, 268

      Ludin, Hanns, 337, 338

      Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 82

      Ludwig III, King of Bavaria, 89, 112

      Ludwig Ferdinand, Prince of Bavaria, 199

      Lueger, Karl: antisemitism, 34–5, 65; the Catholic piety and economic self-interest of lower-middle classes, 34; Christian Social Party, 34; command of the masses, 34, 35; H admires, 31, 35, 55, 61, 65; H criticizes, 35; as Lord Mayor of Vienna, 31, 35, 61; moulds a movement ‘to attain his purposes’, 35; use of propaganda, 35

      Lugauer, Heinrich, 637n.

      Lugert, Emanuel, 605n., 606n.

      Luitpoldhain, 389

      Luther, Hans, 445

      Luther, Martin, 184, 186, 252, 265

      Lutze, SA-Obergruppenführer Viktor, 505, 512, 513, 517, 520, 745n

      Luxemburg, Rosa, 111

      Luxemburg Committee, 732n.

      Macke, August, 82

      Mackensen, Field Marshal August von, 552.

      Mackinder, Sir Halford, 677n.

      Magyar national leaders, 32

      Mahler, Gustav, 23, 31, 616–17n. Majdanek, 434

      Majority Social Democrats, 111, 112, 113, 118–19, 120, 197

      Makart, Hans, 26

      Malicious Practices Act (1933), 463

      Manchester Guardian, 472

      Mandela, Nelson, xix Mann, Heinrich, 82

      Mann, Thomas, 82, 481, 482; Buddenbrooks, 81; ‘German Address’ (Deutsche Ansprache), 336; Der Tod in Venedig (Death in Venice), 82

      Mannheim stock-exchange, 656n.

      Marc, Franz, 82

      Marineheim, Obersalzberg, 283

      Marne, battle of the, 96

      Marsfeld, Munich, 193

      Marx, Karl, xxi, 31, 84, 240

      Marx, Wilhelm, 269

      Marxism, 53, 60, 85, 152, 192, 205, 235, 370, 379, 389, 391; H encounters in Vienna, 29; Jews and, 61, 84, 245, 265, 288, 289, 568; Marxist press, 61; as ‘one of the German people’s worst enemies’, 103; opposition to, 104, 219, 264, 266, 286, 289, 305, 423, 436, 439–42, 447, 448, 450, 453, 454, 455, 463, 471, 478, 729n.; and poor Viennese Jews, 32; and the SPD, 286;see also anti-Marxism

      Maschmann, Melita, 433

      mass politics: bitter forms of, 33; liberal bourgeoisie feels threatened by, 31; new currents of, 35

      Matzelberger, Franziska (Fanni)see Hitler, Franziska

      Maurenbrecher, Max, 653n.

      Maurice, Emil, 242, 283, 284, 353, 485

      May, Karl, 15, 17, 387

      Mayr, Captain Karl, 158; becomes a strong critic of H, 122; claims to have ordered H to join the DAP, 127; hopes for the NSDAP, 153–4; as H’s first patron, 122, 128, 153, 190; and Kapp, 122, 153–4; praises H’s public speaking, 129; in the Reichsbanner, 122; in the Reichswehr, 122, 123, 125, 126

      Mayrhofer, Josef, 37, 38

      Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 228, 229, 295, 300, 309, 334, 368, 489

      Medicus, Ministerialrat Franz Albrecht, 567, 568

      Mefo-Bills, 445, 449

      Meiser, Bishop Hans, 575

      Meissner, Otto, 361, 373, 393–4, 395, 417, 422, 423, 466, 511, 517, 534, 711n., 727n.

      Mellenthin, Major von, 728n.

      Memel, 387, 554

      Mend, Hans, 634n.

      Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, 64

      Menin Road, near Ypres, 90

      mentally sick, the, 79, 411

      Mergenthaler,
    Christian, 297

      Messines, 96

      Middle Franconia, 329

      middle class: begins to desert the Nazis, 390; choice between Nazis and Communists, 409; and the economy under H, 507; favours an authoritarian régime, 407; fear and hatred of Bolshevism in Bavaria, 115; and the First World War, 88, 99; and national rebirth, 180; Nazi support in the Reichstag elections, 334; NSDAP membership, 335; searching for something new, 331; sees the threat as lying on the Left, 368; and the SPD, 76; Gregor Strasser and, 397; winning support of, 320–21, 333

      Miesbach, Upper Bavaria, 363

      Miesbacher Anzeiger,242

      militarism, 73, 120

      mining, 111

      ‘Mischlinge’ (those of mixed descent), 564, 569, 572

      mobilization, 301, 302, 322, 364–5, 379, 404

      Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur, 136, 167, 169, 181; The Third Reich, 704n.

      Möhl, Generalmajor von, 121

      monarchism, 171, 172

      monarchy: constitutional, 74; fall of, 181; Prussian military, 465; restoration question, 509, 666n.

      Moravia, Czech language equality with German, 32

      Mormons, 541

      motorways, 450–51, 452

      Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 42

      Muchow, Reinhold, 476

      Mühsam, Erich, 114, 336

      Mülheim, 357

      Müller, Adolf, 239, 242, 354

      Müller, Hermann, 305, 306, 311, 322–3, 324

      Müller, Professor Karl Alexander von, 123, 153, 193, 207, 667n.

      Müller, Reich Bishop Ludwig, 489, 490, 575

      Münchener Post, 118, 160, 217, 353

      Münchmeyer, Ludwig, 303

      Münchner Beobachter, 139, 140

      Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 115, 247

      Münchner Sezession, 631n.

      Münchner-Augsburger Abendzeitung, 139

      Munich: antisemitism, 95, 124, 137, 144, 562; Art Academy, 68, 87; art galleries, 68; beerhalls, 35, 84, 85, 99, 127, 128, 132, 133, 137, 142, 148, 172, 177, 202, 286; Brown House see‘Brown House’, Nazi Party headquarters, Munich; cafés, 84, 85, 132, 158, 685n.; centre of anti-government nationalist agitation, 138; demonstration march of left-wing workers and soldiers (1919), 120; Deutsches Turnfest, 198–9; Engineers’ Barracks, 208; first Reich Party Rally, 192–3; and the First World War, 89, 101; Glyptothek and Propyläen, 82, 83; H leaves Vienna for (1913), 29, 68–9; H plans to rebuild, 82; H represents his company, 117–18; H retains as his power-base, 265; H sells paintings in, 83–4; Hauptbahnhof, 117; Heroes’ Memorial Day’, 552; and H’s cultural taste, 82; H’s early public speeches, 104; H’s political awakening (1919), 67; H’s rooms, 12; Königsplatz, 82, 177; ‘liberation’ of, 109, 110, 114, 115, 120, 196; Ludwigstraée, 82; Luitpold-Gymnasium, 114, 115; May Day affair (1923), 196–8; military rule (1919), 121; modernist cultural scene, 81–2; peace demonstration (November 1918), 112; People’s Court, 215, 515; Perlach district, 114; Pinakothek, 82; police, 174, 200, 202, 237–8, 293, 462; putsch attempt (1923), 16, 29, 621n.; Räterepublik (Councils Republic), 109–10, 113–22, 128, 139, 150, 171, 172, 173, 196, 216, 469; ‘Red Army’, 113, 119, 122; SA disturbances (1934), 513; Schwabing, 81, 83, 84, 85; Soldiers’ Councils, 109, no, 116, 118, 119; Soviet-style councils, 109; state of emergency, 192; and strong-arm tactics, 456; Town Hall meeting, 760n.; and the Völkischer Block, 212; war memorial dedication (1923), 204; War Ministry, 210; ‘White Army’, 114, 121; Wittelsbach Residenz, 82, 113

      Munich University, 122, 127, 307

      Münter, Gabriele, 82

      Murphy, Robert, 211, 663n.

      Mussolini, Benito, xix, 131, 289, 343, 510, 533, 542; Abyssinian adventure, 558, 583, 756n.; H as the ‘German Mussolini’, 131, 180, 184; invited to form a government, 180; Italianization policies, 291; ‘March on Rome’, 180, 181, 186, 204; meeting with H in Venice (1934), 510, 523; model of his triumph in Italy, 181; virile images of, 282; warns H off Austria, 555

      Nachrichtenabteilung (‘Information Department’), 121, 122

      Nadolny, Rudolf, 491, 545

      Napoleon Bonaparte, xxv, 131, 181, 748n.

      ‘national community’

      (Volksgemeinschaft), 136, 289–90, 316, 332, 333, 340, 433, 532, 577

      National Socialism: emerges in Bohemia (1904), 625n.; meaning exclusively ‘the Hitler Movement’, 260; and the rift within the working-class movement, 111–12; Schönerer’s early brand of, 33,see also National Socialist German Workers’ Party

      National Socialist Factory Cell Organization see Nationalsozialistische Betreibszellen-organisation (NSBO)

      National Socialist Freedom Movement see Nationalsozialistische Freiheitsbewegung

      National Socialist Freedom Party see Nationalsozialistische Freiheitspartei

      National Socialist German Student Federation (NSDStB), 483

      National Socialist German Workers’

      Party (NSDAP): aims to annihilate Marxist Weltanschauung, 245, 286; antisemitism, 179, 298, 321, 332, 410, 471–2, 676n.; attempted racial revolution, 436; Bamberg meeting, 274–8; banned, 29, 202, 212, 225, 226, 228, 239, 262, 263, 264, 663n.; campaign of violence, 176–7; as a cohesive force, 259–60; committee, 161–2, 163, 164; conflicts, 296; ‘cumulative radicalization’, 529–30; DAP changes its name to, 147; demonstration while H in prison, 217–18; and the Depression, 259; Eckart’s crucial role, 155–6; Feder’s role as economics ‘guru’, 123; finances, 160, 189–90, 299–300, 303, 359–60, 369, 386, 390, 397, 416, 448; first Nazi-run town council, 309; fragmentation, 233; ‘Führer’ title, 34, 182, 342, 364; Gauleiter appointed by H, 278; and the German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation, 138; and German political culture, 75; German Workers’ Party becomes, 140; growth of, 160, 189, 190, 292, 311; ‘Gymnastic and Sports Section’, 147, 173, 174, 175; H acknowledged as supreme leader, 266–7; H acquires dictatorial powers, 164, 165; H designs party’s banner, 147; H makes himself indispensable, 149; H refuses the chairmanship, 156–7, 162, 165; H takes over leadership (1921), 133, 134, 138, 160, 164–5, 169; ‘Heil’ greeting, 34, 294, 484, 551; Hilfstruppe (‘auxiliary troop’), 346; H’s former comrades in arms, 92; H’s guidelines for organization, 403–4; H’s resignation threats, 163–4; ideology, 134, 182, 253, 277, 331; image of, 309, 317, 320–21, 332; intellectuals, 481–3; Kahr and, 202; and the Kampfbund, 199; Kubizek’s commission 20; as a ‘leader party’, 278, 279, 294, 325, 346, 403; ‘legality’ commitment, 337, 338, 349, 365, 385, 466; low morale (1936), 762n.; May day affair (1923), 196–7; Mayr’s hopes for, 153–4; meetings aim to attract confrontation, 147, 176; membership 179, 265, 300, 307, 309, 310, 315–16, 320, 321, 335, 340, 390, 396–7, 410, 479, 538, 685n., 690–91n.; merger question, 229–33; ‘mission’ of, 243, 250; Mitteilungsblätter, 157; motivation for joining, 332; national revolutionary wing, 310; new party constitution, 165; new regulations (1925), 265; the north German NSDAP (1925), 270–71, 272; as the only legal political party in Germany, 478; organization and structure of, 255, 259, 260, 261, 270, 279, 303–4, 309; paramilitary force, 170, 172; party statutes, 278; Political Economy Section (Wirtschaftspolitische Abteilung), 398; possible coalition with Zentrum, 370, 371, 383, 385, 390, 391, 392; and power, 404; press empire, 158; programme, 160, 161, 163, 179, 242, 272, 273, 277, 278, 290, 298, 301, 322, 563, 565; proposed merger with the DSP, 160–64; purchase of Völkischer Beobachter, 155–6; reasons for joining, 190; red posters, 141, 147, 266; refoundation (February 1925), 257, 261, 264, 265; regional elections, 299; Reich divided into the Gaue (districts), 274; Reich Party Rallies see under Munich, Nuremberg; Reichstag elections, 234, 239, 258–9, 303, 304, 309, 333–6, 357, 369–70, 386–91, 396, 416; religious neutrality challenged, 298–9; salute, 193, 292, 294, 387, 484, 554, 664n.; state elections (1932), 363–4, 365; stronghold in Franconia, 179; support from all sections of society, 334; Thuringian experiment, 319–20, 322; transfer of Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft (Nuremberg branch), 178–9; völkisch Reichstag members, 229; ‘wilderness years’ (1925–9), 259, 299; ‘world-view’, 80, 403

      National-Soc
    ial Association, 135

      nationalism: and antisemitism, 78, 119, 136; ‘black-white-red’ nationalists, 115, 171; chauvinistic, 434; conservative, 136; as a current of Viennese mass politics, 35; development of German, 75–8; ethnic, 135; extreme, xix, 135, 136, 139; and the First World War, 88; H and, 17, 18, 49, 58, 81, 119, 128, 305; and the Habsburg empire, 31; and imperialism, 76; integral, 134; and the Jews, 125; in Linz, 17, 18, 33–4; Magyar national leaders, 32; mystical, 325; repertoire, 150; pan-German, 18, 36, 58, 60, 62, 119; pressure-groups, 79–80; radical German, 33, 58–9, 79; Slav, 34; and socialism, 289, 290, 317; völkisch, 80, 135, 136, 194, 307, 483

     
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