Alone, 1932-1940

  102. Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 97–104.

  103. Peter Stansky and William Abrahams, Journey to the Frontier. Julian Bell and John Cornford: Their Lives and the 1930s (London, 1966), 315–316, 387, 390.

  104. Macmillan, 436; WM/Macmillan; A. J. P. Taylor, Origins, 395; Wm/A. J. P. Taylor, 12/1/80.

  105. Telford Taylor, 538; Nicolson, I, 270; Avon, 453.

  106. Macmillan, 438; Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1938, I.

  107. Telford Taylor, 286.

  108. Churchill, Storm, 214; Evening Standard 8/10/36.

  109. Macmillan, 435.

  110. Hansard 2/12/33.

  111. Sheean, 59–60.

  112. WM/Macmillan; Churchill, Storm, 144.

  113. Daily Telegraph 12/30/38, 4/20/39; Hansard 4/14/37.

  114. ChP 2/266.

  115. PrP 1/193.

  116. Jones, 233; Gilbert, Wilderness, 160–161.

  117. Gilbert, Wilderness, 160–161; ChP 2/356.

  118. Jones, 191.

  119. CAB 23/86.

  120. Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (New York, 1954), 220.

  121. ChP 2/271.

  122. Hansard 11/11/36; Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action This Day: Memoirs by Lord Normanbrook, John Colville, Sir John Martin, Sir Ian Jacobs, Lord Bridges, Sir Leslie Rowan (London, 1968), 242–243.

  123. Hansard 11/12/36.

  124. Hansard 11/12/36.

  125. Nicolson, I, 278.

  126. Hansard 11/12/36.

  127. Nicolson, I, 278–279.

  128. Hansard 11/12/36.

  129. Times 11/1/35.

  130. Hansard 11/12/36.

  131. ChP 2/267; Churchill, Storm, 216.

  132. Macmillan, 400; WM/Macmillan; Telford Taylor, 252–253, 254.

  133. Telford Taylor, 535.

  134. Eugen Spier, Focus (London, 1963), 9, 25; Gilbert, Wilderness, 153.

  135. Gilbert, Wilderness, 156, 157, 158.

  136. Winston S. Churchill, While England Slept (London, 1938), 302–303; ChP 2/283.

  137. Churchill, Storm, 217; Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.

  138. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65; Walter M. Citrine, Citrine; Men and Work, An Autobiography (London, 1964), 357.

  139. Citrine, 357; Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.

  140. Churchill, Storm, 217; Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.

  141. Churchill, Storm, 217–218.

  142. Macmillan, 441; WM/Macmillan; WM/Lord Strauss, 10/13/80.

  143. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.

  144. Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 132; WM, private information.

  145. Hansard 6/28/1894.

  146. WM/Anita Leslie, 10/1/84.

  147. Duke of Windsor, A King’s Story: Memoirs of the Duke of Windsor (New York, 1947), 237.

  148. Francis F. Beirne, Amiable Baltimoreans (New York, 1951), 297, 119.

  149. Robert Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (London, 1969), 280; Lord Birkenhead, The Life of Walter Monckton of Trenchley (London, 1969), 123.

  150. ChP 2/264.

  151. Lord Birkenhead, Monckton, 130; ChP 2/264.

  152. ChP 2/264.

  153. NYT 10/4/36, 10/15/36, 11/18/36; Telford Taylor, 541.

  154. Macmillan, 440; WM/Macmillan.

  155. Lord Beaverbrook, The Abdication of King Edward VIII (London, 1966), 37; WM/Lady Diana Cooper, 10/20/80.

  156. ChP 2/264.

  157. Middlemas and Barnes, 999; Gilbert, Wilderness, 169.

  158. ChP 2/264; Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook: A Study in Friendship and Politics (London, 1966), 123.

  159. Macmillan, 440; WM/Macmillan.

  160. Times 12/3/36; Duke of Windsor, 358.

  161. Citrine, 328.

  162. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: A Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 359; Telford Taylor, 542; Nicolson, I, 282; Lord Moran, Churchill, 207.

  163. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65; Hansard 12/9/36.

  164. WSC V, 814; Channon Papers.

  165. ChP 2/264; Duke of Windsor, 381.

  166. Times 12/6/36.

  167. WM/Lloyd; Walter Monckton, quoted in WSC V, 820; WSC V, 820; Boothby Papers 12/11/36.

  168. WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/80.

  169. WM/Boothby; Nicolson, ed., Diaries and Letters, I, 283–284.

  170. Boothby Papers; WM/Macmillan; WM/Boothby; WM/Lloyd; Macmillan, 441; WSC V, 821; Hansard 12/7/36.

  171. Hansard 12/7/36; Nicolson, I, 284; Churchill, Storm, 218–219; WSC V, 822.

  172. WM/Boothby.

  173. Hansard 12/11/36.

  174. Nicolson, I, 286; Evening Standard 12/28/36; Amery Papers.

  175. Duke of Windsor, 407; ChP 2/264.

  176. WM/Sir William Deakin, 10/5/80; Churchill, Storm, 219.

  177. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65; Macmillan, 441.

  178. ChP 2/264.

  179. Soames, 360; ChP 2/264.

  180. Macmillan, 441; Nicolson, I, 289, 284.

  181. Young, 123; Bernard Baruch, “A Birthday Letter,” Sir James Marchant, ed., Winston Spencer Churchill: Servant of Crown and Commonwealth (London, 1954), 166; ChP 2/312.

  182. WSC V, 835–836 fn; Hankey Papers.

  183. ChP 2/306; WSC V, 849–850.

  184. Soames, 361 fn; Roberts Papers.

  185. CAB 23/87.

  Undertow

  1. WM/Virginia Cowles, 10/15/80; Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man (New York, 1953), 307; Henry Pelling, Winston Churchill (New York, 1971), 410.

  2. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 220; Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1930–1962, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), I, 301; Lord Halifax, Fullness of Days (England, 1957), 182–183; Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 135.

  3. Churchill, Storm, 221–222; Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change (London, 1966), 467.

  4. L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 3 vols. (London, 1955), III, 226; Thomas Jones, A Diary with Letters, 1931–1950 (Oxford, 1954), 350; Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Years (London, 1954), 257.

  5. NYT 11/19/37; Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 210; Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (London, 1959), 97.

  6. Hansard 12/21/37; Gilbert, Wilderness, 210–211.

  7. Templewood Papers.

  8. ChP 2/341, 2/328.

  9. A. Chamberlain Papers.

  10. Gilbert, Wilderness, 210; W. J. Brown, So Far (London, 1953), in Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, 1963), 377.

  11. WM/Sir John Colville, 10/8/80; Times 6/1/37; Hansard 5/31/37; Channon Papers.

  12. Nicolson, I, 328.

  13. J. C. W. Reith, Into the Wind (London, 1949), 307–308.

  14. CAB 27/623; PrP 1/27/38.

  15. Churchill, Storm, 222–223; Earl of Avon, Facing the Dictators (Boston, 1965), 587–588.

  16. R. W. Seton-Watson, Britain and the Dictators (Cambridge, 1938), 77; Times 10/28/37.

  17. DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 108, 104.

  18. DGFP series D, vol. I, no. 131.

  19. DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 138, 148.

  20. DGFP series D, vol. I, no. 40; Sir Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission: Berlin 1937–1939 (New York, 1940), 119.

  21. NYT 7/12/36.

  22. TWC XII, 761–764; Kurt von Schuschnigg, Ein Requiem in Rot-Weiss-Rot (Zurich, 1946), 109–111.

  23. TWC XII, 761–764; NCA III, 409–413, NCA III, S. 690–693; NCA III, S. 716–717; NCA VII, S. 300; NCA V, S. 378; Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Buehne, 1923–1945 (Bonn, 1949), 449.

  24. Halle, 138; CAB 23/92.

  25. Churchill, Storm, 251; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M. 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), quoted in Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 767 fn; Avon, 626.

  26. Churchill, Storm, 254–255.

  27. DDF-2e-V, no. 429; DDF-2e
-VI, nos. 249, 482, 465; DDF-2e-VII, nos. 28, 137, 198.

  28. Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (London, 1986), 192–193; Telford Taylor, 566.

  29. Rhodes James, Eden, 193–195, Times 2/14/38.

  30. DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 128, 750.

  31. A. L. Rowse, All Souls and Appeasement (London, 1961), 28.

  32. Churchill, Storm, 257–258.

  33. Hansard 2/21/38.

  34. Hansard 2/22/38.

  35. WM/Kay Halle, 8/6/80; Sir John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 24; Harold Balfour, Wings over Westminster (London, 1973), 230; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 24.

  36. Colville, Churchillians, 24; ChP 1/325.

  37. WM/Colville; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; Soames, 309.

  38. Soames, 321–325; WM/Pamela Harriman; ChP 8/531.

  39. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80, 6/25/85; Colville, Churchillians, 565; Soames, 325–326; BSCP 1/11/36.

  40. Soames, 303.

  41. ChP 1/344.

  42. ChP 1/344.

  43. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Soames, 339.

  44. ChP 8/315.

  45. Soames, 365, 369, 326.

  46. Soames, 343–344.

  47. WSC V, 589; Soames, 352–353.

  48. Second Earl of Birkenhead, The Professor and the Prime Minister (Boston, 1962), 442; BSCP 1/1/35.

  49. Soames, 345.

  50. Soames, 345.

  51. Soames, 347.

  52. Soames, 349.

  53. Willi Kerr, Times Literary Supplement.

  54. Soames, 351, 354–355.

  55. Soames, 356; WSC V, 933 fn; Gilbert, Wilderness, 209; ChP 8/551, 1/300.

  56. William L. Shirer, 20th Century Journey: The Nightmare Years 1930–1940. A Memoir of the Life and the Times (Boston, 1984), 311.

  57. Time 2/13/39; Soames, 361.

  58. Churchill, Storm, 222–224.

  59. Churchill, Storm, 222–224.

  60. ChP 2/303, 2/327.

  61. Churchill, Storm, 236–237, WSC V, 853.

  62. ChP 8/599.

  63. ChP 2/304, 9/129.

  64. Gilbert, Wilderness, 182–184; CAB 21/626; Hankey Papers.

  65. ChP 2/304.

  66. Churchill, Storm, 241; Avon, 447–448.

  67. Gilbert and Gott, 69.

  68. Dirksen Papers, vol. II. Appendix; DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 95, 101; ChP 2/299, 2/302; Phipps Papers; Churchill, Storm, 241.

  69. Quickswood Papers.

  70. Hansard 6/30/38; WSC V, 952; John Harvey, ed., The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey (London, 1970), 7/2/38.

  71. Hankey Papers.

  72. TMWC XXV, 402–13 (in German); DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 29–39; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 307.

  73. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 21.

  74. Franz von Papen, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse (Munich, 1952), 456; DDF-2e-I, doc. 425, 549–552; Avon, 400, 402, 403; Événements, I, 157–158; Bernd Gisevius, Biszum bittern Ende (Zurich, 1946), 229.

  75. Berliner Tageblatt 2/21/38, and from Shirer’s notes at the time.

  76. Evening Standard 4/4/38; ChP 2/328.

  77. ChP 2/328.

  78. TMWC XVI, 193; WM/William L. Shirer, 7/20/80; Henderson, 120; Hansard 3/2/38.

  79. NYT 2/25/38.

  80. Frankfurter Zeitung 3/4/38.

  81. ChP 2/328; Nicolson, I, 330.

  82. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 335, 336, 343.

  83. Henderson, 124.

  84. WSC V, 910; DGFP series D, vol. I, no. 146.

  85. Jones, 208.

  86. Jones, 175.

  87. Jones, 395–396.

  88. Churchill, Storm, 271.

  89. Winston S. Churchill, The Grand Alliance (Boston, 1950).

  90. DGFP series D, vol. I, 273–275; Churchill, Storm, 271–272.

  91. DGFP series D, vol. I, 273–275.

  92. DBFP series D, vol. I, nos. 138–151, 578.

  93. WSC V, 911.

  94. Henderson, 124–125.

  95. Nicolson, I, 330–331; Henderson, 311.

  96. CAB 23/91; Templewood Papers.

  97. PrP 1/238; CAB 23/91.

  98. ChP 2/328; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 353.

  99. WM/Shirer; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 351.

  100. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 Articles (London, 1939), 227; NYT 5/5/45; ChP 2/328.

  101. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 278.

  102. NCA, I, 501–502.

  103. Nicolson, I, 331; Hansard 3/14/38.

  104. Dilks, ed., 3/12/38.

  105. Dilks, ed., 2/12/38, 4/22/38.

  106. Nicolson, I, 331; DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 57.

  107. Hansard 3/14/38.

  108. Hansard 3/14/38.

  109. Hansard 3/14/38; WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/80.

  110. Hansard 3/14/38.

  111. NYT 3/18/38; DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 107.

  112. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 107; Dirksen Papers.

  113. Nicolson, I, 331; Lord Boothby, Recollections of a Rebel (London, 1978), 134–135; WM/Boothby.

  114. Star 3/15/35; Liddell Hart Memorandum, “Defence of Britain,” 63–74, CAB 23/93.

  115. Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (New York, 1954), 218.

  116. DGFP series D, vol II.

  117. Frankfurter Zeitung 2/21/38.

  118. Balfour Papers.

  119. Hansard 5/31/35.

  120. ChP 2/266.

  121. ChP 2/307, 2/299.

  122. CAB 23/93.

  123. ChP 2/341.

  124. WM/Shirer.

  125. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 86; Foreign Office Studies, C 1865/132/18.

  126. Foreign Office Studies, C 1865/132/18.

  127. Foreign Office Studies, C 1865/132/18; Dilks, ed., 63; Sir Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), 347–348; Robert Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (London, 1969), 188; DGFP series D, vol. II, 776.

  128. Times 3/19/38. ChP 2/328.

  129. Evening Standard 3/18/38.

  130. CAB 53/27; Foreign Policy Committee Meeting 3/21/38.

  131. CAB 27/623; CAB 27/627; Feiling, 347–348.

  132. Duff Cooper, 218.

  134. DBFP series 3, vol. I, nos. 106–110, 112, 116; CAB 27/623; Hansard 3/24/38.

  135. WM/Cowles; Cowles, 308–309; Middlemas and Barnes, 206–207; Hansard 3/24/38.

  136. Hansard 3/24/38 (verse form added).

  137. Hansard 3/24/38.

  138. WM/Cowles; Cowles, 308–309; Middlemas and Barnes, 206–207; Dilks, ed., 3/26/38.

  139. ChP 8/600.

  140. WSC V, 835.

  141. BSCP 2/2/37.

  142. BSCP 2/2/37.

  143. BSCP 4/8/37.

  144. Daily Express 3/17/38; Times 4/1/38, 4/2/38.

  145. Camrose Papers.

  146. ChP 1/328.

  147. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London, 1958), 477, 499; ChP 1/328.

  148. J. Baker White, True Blue (London, 1970), 161.

  149. ChP 1/323.

  150. Frederick Woods, A Bibliography of the Works of Sir Winston Churchill KG, OM, CH (London, 1963), 75–79, 83, 221–268; ChP 8/596.

  151. Soames, 366; ChP 8/626; BSCP 2/2/37.

  152. Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (London, 1970), 340.

  153. WM/John Grigg, 10/15/80; Rhodes James, Failure, 340.

  154. WM/Lady Soames; WM/Lord Geoffrey Head, 11/19/80.

  155. Nicolson, I, 347.

  156. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 430–433.

  157. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 151.

  158. Hansard 3/17/38; NYT 3/14/38.

  159. Macmillan, 495.

  160. Observer 11/29/37; Kingsley Martin, Editor (London, 1968), 50; Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 162.

  161. Times 2/27/37, 6/23/37.

  162. NYT 4/24/38; DGFP series D, vol. II, nos. 197–198; ND 388-PS item 2.

&nbs
p; 163. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 158.

  164. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 164; Temple-wood Papers.

  165. Le Temps 4/12/38; Telford Taylor, 778.

  166. WM/Harold Macmillan, 12/4/80; Macmillan, 495–496.

  167. Isaiah Berlin, Mr. Churchill in 1940 (Boston, 1964), 16–17.

  168. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 98.

  169. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 337.

  170. Telford Taylor, 638; Lieutenant General Sir Henry Pownall, Chief of Staff, vol. 1, 1933–40, edited by Brian Bond (London, 1972), 80.

  171. Churchill, Storm, 231–232.

  172. Balfour, 99–110; Nicolson, I, 341–342.

  173. Telford Taylor, 759; Anne Morrow Lindbergh, The Flower and the Nettle: Diaries and Letters of Anne Morrow Lindbergh 1936–1939 (New York, 1976), 100; Charles A. Lindbergh, The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh (New York, 1970), 22.

  174. Charles Lindbergh, 73.

  175. Jones, 409–411.

  176. Telford Taylor, 851; Shirer, Nightmare Years, 238.

  177. DBFP series 3, vol. I, nos. 171, 170.

  178. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 154.

  179. Times 6/3/38; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 376.

  180. ChP 2/329.

  181. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 219, app. III.

  182. Foreign Office Papers 271/1719; ChP 2/329.

  183. ChP 2/340.

  184. ChP 2/340; Churchill, Storm, 286; Times 5/17/38.

  185. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 13.

  186. DBFP series 3, vol. I.

  187. DBFP series 3, vol. I; DGFP series D, vol. II.

  188. Telford Taylor, 392–393.

  189. Telford Taylor, 655.

  190. H. L. Mencken, On Being an American, 1923; NCA, V, 743–744.

  191. Daily Telegraph 7/6/38, 7/26/38; ChP 2/330.

  192. ChP 2/340, 2/331.

  193. DBFP series 3, vol. II, app. IV.

  194. ND II, 10.

  195. Helmuth Groscurth, Tagebücher eines Abwehroffiziers 1938–1940, edited by Helmut Krausnick and Harold Deutsch (Stuttgart, 1970), 9/2/38; 9/4/38.

  196. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 426.

  197. TMWC X, 509.

  198. Hermann Förtsch, Schuld und Verhangnis (Stuttgart, 1951), 173–174.

  199. Dalton, 182.

  200. ChP 2/331.

  201. PrP 1/266.

  202. Churchill, Storm, 293–294.

  203. PrP 1/265.

  204. Telford Taylor, 670; Dilks, ed., 95.

  205. CAB 23/95.

  206. PrP 1/266.

  207. PrP 1/266.

  208. Feiling, 357.

  209. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 42.

  210. WSC V, 969; Times 9/7/38.

  211. ChP 2/331.

  212. Dalton, 174–175.