Alone, 1932-1940

  213. Dilks, ed., 95.

  214. DBFP series 3, vol. II, nos. 775, 815, 818, 819, 823, 825; Dilks, ed., 96; Gilbert and Gott, 138; Harvey, 172–173.

  215. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 482.

  216. Standard 9/13/38; CAB 23/95.

  217. Telford Taylor, 676–677.

  218. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 862.

  219. Harvey, 9/15/38; Feiling, 333; ChP 2/331.

  220. WM/R. A. Butler 12/5/80; DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 120; ChP 1/325.

  221. WM/Macmillan.

  222. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Munich: Prologue to Tragedy (New York, 1948), 108; Feiling, 366.

  223. N. Chamberlain Papers, in Feiling, 366.

  224. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 335, 386; DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 487.

  225. ChP 2/343; N. Chamberlain Papers.

  226. Duff Cooper, 229; CAB 23/95.

  227. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 907; Le Populaire 9/20/38.

  228. ChP 8/612; DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 907.

  229. DBFP series 3, vol. II, nos. 928, 951, 952, 961.

  230. Times 9/20/38; DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 978.

  231. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 973.

  232. Dalton, 196.

  233. Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1938, III.

  234. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1008.

  235. ChP 2/331.

  236. ChP 4/92.

  237. ChP 9/132.

  238. Nicolson, I, 363–364.

  239. Telford Taylor, 806 fn; DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1033.

  240. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1076.

  241. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1043.

  242. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1058.

  243. DBFP series 3, vol. II, nos. 463, 773, 499–508.

  244. Paul Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter (New York, 1951), 95–102; Henderson, 156–162; Times 9/24/38.

  245. Dilks, ed., 9/24/38.

  246. CAB 23/95, Duff Cooper, 234.

  247. Duff Cooper, 234; A. J. P. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War (New York, 1961), 177.

  248. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1092.

  249. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 141–142.

  250. NYT 9/28/38.

  251. WM/Macmillan; Macmillan, 507.

  252. Macmillan, 505, 507; WM/Macmillan; E. S. Turner, The Phoney War (London, 1961), 55.

  253. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1231.

  254. Times 9/29/38; Kirkpatrick, 124–125; Nicolson, I, 370–371; Macmillan, 506.

  255. Macmillan, 506; WM/Macmillan.

  256. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 411; Telford Taylor, 897.

  257. Templewood Papers; Peterpaul Donat, “Das Munchener Abkommen vom 20. September 1938,” Deutsches Adelsblatt no. 6 (1971), 82; Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970) 11.

  258. WM/Walter Lippmann, 10/10/64.

  259. Hansard 10/3/38.

  260. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.

  261. Nicolson, I, 372.

  262. WSC V, 988.

  263. Telford Taylor, 50–53.

  264. Count Galeazzo Ciano, The Ciano Diaries, 1939–1943, edited by Hugh Wilson (New York, 1946), 166.

  265. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1210.

  266. Feiling, 376.

  267. Telford Taylor, 48–49.

  268. Colin Coote, A Companion of Honour: The Story of Walter Elliot (London, 1965), 174.

  269. Coote, 174.

  270. Coote, 174; Gardner, 13.

  271. Telford Taylor, 49.

  272. Wm/Shirer; Boothby, Rebel, 130.

  273. G. E. R. Gedye, Fallen Bastions (London, 1939), 488–489; Churchill, Storm, 322.

  274. International Military Tribunal, X, 572, 600, 772; Churchill, Storm, 302.

  275. IMT, XIII, S. 4; ND 739–PS.

  276. Amery, III, 337; J. P. Sartre, The Reprieve (London, 1947), 398.

  277. Gilbert and Gott, 179; Middlemas and Barnes, 179; Telford Taylor, 64–65.

  278. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 147–148; N. Chamberlain Papers.

  279. Feiling, 376.

  280. Nicolson, I, 371.

  281. Halifax, 200; WM/Lord Lloyd, 11/27/80.

  282. Rhodes James, Failure, 373; Duff Cooper, 243; ChP 2/350; Churchill, Storm, 234.

  Vortex

  1. ChP 2/350; WSC V, 991–992.

  2. Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 198; WM/Malcolm MacDonald, 11/6/80; Hansard 11/24/38.

  3. Hansard 10/3/38.

  4. John Evelyn Wrench, Geoffrey Dawson and Our Times (London, 1955), 378.

  5. CAB 23/95; Hansard 10/3/38.

  6. Hansard 10/3/38.

  7. Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1930–1962, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), I, 374.

  8. Hansard 10/3/38.

  9. Hansard 10/5/38.

  10. Hansard 10/5/38.

  11. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 11; Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (London, 1970), 373.

  12. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 363; WM/Lady Diana Cooper, 10/20/80.

  13. WM/Harold Macmillan, 12/4/80; Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change, 1914–1939 (London, 1966), 485; B. H. Liddell Hart, The Memoirs of Captain Liddell Hart, 2 vols. (London, 1965), II, 211.

  14. Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1953), 232.

  15. WM/Macmillan; Nicolson, I, 377–378.

  16. WM/Lady Soames.

  17. Hansard, 10/6/38; ChP 2/332.

  18. ChP 2/336, 2/332; WSC V, 1006.

  19. A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (New York, 1962), 123, 96, 116; Martin Gilbert, Churchill’s Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1981), 910.

  20. Sir Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), 406; Dalton, 202.

  21. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook: A Study in Friendship and Politics (New York, 1966), 128–129; WSC V, 1012.

  22. WSC V, 1012, 1014–1015.

  23. ChP 1/344.

  24. Lord Strang, Home and Abroad (London, 1964), cited in Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 549.

  25. Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 140–141; Oliver Harvey, The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937–1940, edited by John Harvey (London, 1970), 12/25/38.

  26. Hansard 11/17/38; WSCHCS 6046–6048.

  27. WSCHCS 6046–6048.

  28. Nicolson, I, 375–376; ChP 8/597.

  29. DGFP series D, vol. IV, no. 249.

  30. Nicolson, I, 384; CAB 23/97; Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 329.

  31. Churchill, Storm, 329–330.

  32. Nicolson, I, 382.

  33. WM/Grace Hamblin, 11/4/80; ChP 8/624.

  34. Foreign Office Papers 371/22963.

  35. Halle, 255.

  36. Daily Telegraph 1/12/39.

  37. Vincent Sheean, Between the Thunder and the Sun (New York, 1943), 73–74.

  38. ChP 1/343; WM/Lady Diana Cooper; Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man (New York, 1953), 307.

  39. BSCP 1/8/39.

  40. Perry Knowlton, Adam Deixel, and Ian Gonzales at Curtis Brown; ChP 1/344; WM/Lady Soames.

  41. Soames, 364.

  42. Soames, 367; BSCP 12/20/38.

  43. ChP 2/378.

  44. ChP 1/332; Soames, 368.

  45. WSC V, 1044.

  46. F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Hellen Zimmern (London, 1923), IV, 146; Frankfurter Zeitung 11/5/38.

  47. ChP 9/133; WM/A. J. P. Taylor, 12/1/80.

  48. WSCV, 1043.

  49. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  50. WSCV, 1045.

  51. Phyllis Moir, I Was Winston Churchill’s Private Secretary (New York, 1941), 100.

  52. Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 248.

  53. DGFP series D, vol. IV, nos. 55, 61; ChP 2/340. br />
  54. ChP 3/12/39.

  55. NYT 3/17/39.

  56. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 445–446.

  57. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 445–446; Dalton, 226–227.

  58. Martin Gilbert, Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat (London, 1973), 442.

  59. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 Articles (London, 1939), 302–303.

  60. A. J. P. Taylor, 192; WM/A. J. P. Taylor; Rhodes James, Failure, 377.

  61. Gardner, 9–10.

  62. Hansard 3/15/39.

  63. Times 3/18/39.

  64. DGFP series D, vol. IV, no. 244.

  65. Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, 1963), 209–210.

  66. Hansard 5/26/39.

  67. Hansard 5/26/39.

  68. WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/18; Hansard 5/26/39.

  69. Gilbert and Gott, 212.

  70. ChP 2/358.

  71. ND UdSSR-172; ChP 8/628.

  72. Hansard 3/18/39.

  73. WSC V, 1069.

  74. WSC V, 1070.

  75. William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York, 1969), 418.

  76. Gardner, 12.

  77. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  78. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 288, 298, 390, 397, 398, 395.

  79. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 298, 390, 397, 398.

  80. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 298, 390, 397, 398.

  81. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 298, 390, 397, 398.

  82. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, no. 395.

  83. Leon Noėl, L’Agression allemande contre la Pologne (Paris, 1946), 326 note 1.

  84. Telford Taylor, 421; Churchill, Storm, 350.

  85. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, no. 433.

  86. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 433, 447; Józef Beck, Final Report (New York, 1957), 187–189.

  87. Gilbert and Gott, 240; CAB 27/624; DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 515, 516.

  88. ChP 2/340.

  89. Ian Colvin, The Chamberlain Cabinet (London, 1971), 194–198; Ian Colvin, None So Blind (New York, 1965), 298–311.

  90. ND R-100, C-120.

  91. Hansard, 3/31/39.

  92. WM/Boothby; Lord Boothby, Recollections of a Rebel (London, 1978), 132; B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York, 1971), 11; Alfred Duff Cooper, The Second World War: First Phase (New York, 1939), 320.

  93. Churchill, Storm, 347; Hansard 4/3/39.

  94. CAB 23/98; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 16.

  95. Lord Halifax, Fullness of Days (London, 1957), 206.

  96. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London, 1958), 430; Gilbert and Gott, 245.

  97. DBFP series 3, vol. V, no. 207.

  98. Churchill, Storm, 350, 352; Arthur Christiansen, Headlines All My Life (New York, 1962), 89.

  99. Churchill, Storm, 350–351.

  100. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  101. Macmillan, 539; WM/Macmillan.

  102. Templewood Papers.

  103. N. Chamberlain Papers, diary; DBFP series 3, vol. Ill, nos. 477, 495, 496, 500, 502; Count Galeazzo Ciano, The Ciano Diaries 1939–1943, edited by Hugh Wilson (New York, 1946), 1/11–14/39.

  104. Hansard 4/3/39; Times 4/1/39.

  105. N. Chamberlain Papers; Murray Papers; ChP 2/358.

  106. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 341.

  107. Gardner, 17.

  108. Gilbert, Political Philosophy, 376.

  109. Gilbert, Wilderness, 249; Reed Whittemore, “Churchill and the Limitations of Myth,” Yale Review, Winter 1955.

  110. WSC V, 1016.

  111. Sir John Colville, The Fringes of Power, 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 260, 264.

  112. Atlantic Monthly, October 1940; Spectator 7/12/40; Transcript 9/26/40.

  113. Gardner, 16, 17.

  114. WM/Boothby; Lord Boothby, Rebel, 182; E. L. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, 2 vols. (New York, 1955), I, Prelude to Dunkirk, 38–39.

  115. WM/MacDonald.

  116. ChP 2/332.

  117. CAB 27/624.

  118. Hansard 11/18/38.

  119. PrP 3/2/39.

  120. PrP 1/358; Baruch Papers.

  121. Nicolson, I, 398; ChP 2/360.

  122. Nicolson, I, 398–399; British Weekly 4/27/39; Feiling, 386.

  123. Feiling, 406; Nicolson, I, 399.

  124. DGFP series D, vol. VI, no. 169; WM/R. A. Butler 12/5/80.

  125. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  126. Hansard 4/13/39.

  127. Hansard 4/13/39.

  128. Churchill, Storm, 355; Frankfurter Zeitung, 4/29/39.

  129. ChP 2/322.

  130. Churchill, Storm, 353.

  131. Daily Telegraph 4/28/39; Hansard 4/27/39.

  132. WSC V, 1065–1066; N. Chamberlain Papers.

  133. NYT 5/23/39; Ironside Papers.

  134. ChP 2/350, 8/264.

  135. WSC V, 1068, 1080; WM/Butler.

  136. WSC V, 1080, 1082, 1084.

  137. ChP 2/371, 2/364, 8/628.

  138. Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Years (London, 1954), 378; ChP 2/363.

  139. Foreign Office Papers 371/22974.

  140. Camrose Papers; Nicolson, I, 6/30/39.

  141. Camrose Papers.

  142. WSC V, 1086; N. Chamberlain Papers.

  143. ChP 2/360, 2/343.

  144. ChP 8/638.

  145. ChP 8/217, 8/626.

  146. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 vols. (London, 1956–1958), I, 1.

  147. ChP 2/302; BSCP 1/7/37.

  148. ChP 1/325.

  149. ChP 8/596, 8/597.

  150. ChP 8/626.

  151. WM/Hamblin; WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80.

  152. ChP 8/625.

  153. Isaiah Berlin, Mr. Churchill in 1940 (Boston, 1964), 9.

  154. WM/A. J. P. Taylor.

  155. ChP 8/626.

  156. ChP 8/626.

  157. ChP 8/626.

  158. ChP 8/626.

  159. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  160. ChP 2/358.

  161. Air Ministry Papers 19/26, 19/29.

  162. Yorkshire Post 6/28/39; Hansard (Lords) 6/11/39.

  163. ChP 2/359; Nicolson, I, 403.

  164. Walter Lippmann notes, Lippmann Papers, as cited in WSC V, 1074–1075.

  Surge

  1. Ironside Papers.

  2. Ironside Papers.

  3. PrP 1/332.

  4. Ironside Papers.

  5. Hansard 4/3/39.

  6. Daily Telegraph 5/4/39.

  7. Hansard 4/3/39.

  8. Sunday Express 12/5/30; Times 1/21/27.

  9. Hansard 4/3/39.

  10. Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), 603; Hansard 4/13/39.

  11. DBFP series 5, vol. II, no. 1222, 623–624; Ivan Maisky, The Origins of the Second World War, broadcast talk, 1961, cited in Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, 1963), 31.

  12. DBFP series 5, vol. II, no. 1221; DBFP series 5, vol. IV, no. 433; Hansard 3/23/39; WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/80; Lord Boothby, I Fight to Live (London, 1947), 189.

  13. Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1930–1962, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), I, 394.

  14. Nicolson, I, 391.

  15. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  16. Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change (London, 1966), 542.

  17. Thomas Jones, A Diary with Letters, 1931–1950 (Oxford, 1954), 418–419.

  18. Hansard 4/13/39.

  19. Times 4/16/39.

  20. David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M. 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 4/19/39; Lord Halifax, Fullness of Days (London, 1957), 206–207; DBFP series 3, vol. V, nos. 228, 229.

  21. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 107.

  22. WM/Harold Macmillan, 12/4/80; Macmillan, 542; Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 365.

  23. Jones, 418; Le Monde 3/28/39.

  24. Dilks, ed., 175;
CAB 23/98.

  25. Jones, 210; CAB 27/624, 27/627.

  26. CAB 27/624, 27/627.

  27. Dilks, ed., 180; WM/Duncan Sandys, 11/7/80.

  28. Churchill, Storm, 366.

  29. Robert Coulondre, De Staline à Hitler: Souvenirs de deux ambassades, 1936–1939 (Paris, 1950), 270; Georges Bonnet, De Munich à la guerre (Paris, 1967), 184.

  30. Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 975; William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York, 1969), 428; Churchill, Storm, 366, 367; Frankfurter Zeitung 5/7/39.

  31. Nicolson, I, 401; Churchill, Storm, 366.

  32. Daily Telegraph 5/4/39.

  33. Camrose Papers.

  34. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 481.

  35. Churchill, Storm, 371, 373–374; Hansard 5/19/39; Feiling, 603.

  36. Feiling, 603; ChP 2/332.

  37. Hansard 5/19/39.

  38. Hansard 5/19/39.

  39. Observer 7/22/39.

  40. Richard M. Watt, Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate 1918–1939 (New York, 1974), 389–390; DBFP series 3, vol. VI, nos. 104–107; DGFP series D, vol. V, no. 13; Dilks, ed., 163–164; CAB 27/624.

  41. Józef Beck, Dernier Rapport: politique polonaise 1926–1939 (Neuchatel, 1951), 187–189; DBFP series 3, vol. IV, no. 518.

  42. DGFP series D, vol. IV, no. 518.

  43. DBFP series 3, vol. V, no. 163; vol. VI, no. 16.

  44. NYT 4/29/39; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 455, 471.

  45. NCA, VI, 916–928.

  46. N. Chamberlain Papers; DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 417.

  47. DGFP series D, vol. IV, no. 513; vol. VII, no. 307, ND TC-73.

  48. ChP 2/360.

  49. ChP 2/367.

  50. ChP 9/137.

  51. ChP 4/19; Yorkshire Post 6/28/39; WSCHCP 6141–6142.

  52. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  53. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, nos. 289, 197, 198.

  54. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, no. 212; Hansard 7/10/39.

  55. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  56. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, nos. 176, 222, 327; Gilbert and Gott, 256.

  57. WM/Macmillan; Macmillan 542; DBFP series 3, vol. VI, no. 659.

  58. N. Chamberlain papers.

  59. Times 6/13/39; Churchill, Storm, 389; Nicolson, I, 404.

  60. Churchill, Storm, 387–388.

  61. DDF-2e-II, III, IV, V; Earl of Avon, Facing the Dictators (Boston, 1962), 547–548.

  62. Observer 7/22/39.

  63. WM/Boothby.

  64. Templewood Papers; Churchill, Storm, 363.

  65. Pravda 6/16/39; Churchill, Storm, 390, 365, 368.

  66. Telford Taylor, 976; Dilks, ed., 189.

  67. WM/Macmillan; Macmillan, 542.