Alone, 1932-1940

  68. Churchill, Storm, 363; Boothby, I Fight to Live, 189.

  69. Shirer, Collapse, 428fn.

  70. WM/Walter Lippmann, 10/10/64; “The Reminiscences of Walter Lippmann,” 191–193, in Oral History Collection, Yale University Walter Lippmann Collection; Shirer, Collapse, 426.

  71. Le Livre Jaune Français. Documents diplomatiques, 1039–1940, No. 120, 153–155.

  72. Churchill, Storm, 367–370; DGFP series D, vol. VI, nos. 616–617.

  73. Churchill, Storm, 393–394.

  74. DGFP series D, vol. VI, no. 429.

  75. ND 1526-PS, 084-PS, 288-P; Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941. Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office (Washington, 1948), 5–7, 8–9.

  76. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 503.

  77. DGFP series D, vol. VI, nos. 1033–1035.

  78. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 673; DBFP, Appendix V, 763.

  79. Shirer, Collapse, 454, 455–456; DBFP series 3, Appendix II, nos. 558–614; Événements, I, 39ff.

  80. Shirer, Collapse, 454–456.

  81. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 714.

  82. Hansard 4/3/39.

  83. DBFP series 3, vol. V, Appendix I (i); vol. VI, nos. 458, 460.

  84. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, no. 461.

  85. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, no. 585.

  86. Shirer, Collapse, 451.

  87. Several of the author’s interviewees have cited WSC’s quip about weekends.

  88. Shirer, Collapse, 451–455.

  89. DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 49, 58–59, nn. 13, 48.

  90. Shirer, Collapse, 452.

  91. ND 1618–PS; DGFP series D, vol. II, nos. 67–68.

  92. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 75.

  93. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 105.

  94. Shirer, Collapse, 463; DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 113.

  95. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 125.

  96. Shirer, Collapse, 465.

  97. Churchill, Storm, 391, 380.

  98. Bonnet, 301–302; General Maurice Gustave Gamelin, Servir, 3 vols. (Paris, 1946), I, 23–24.

  99. DBFP series 3, no. 212; Événements, II (Docs.), 276–278; Bonnet, 305–308.

  100. N. Chamberlain Papers.

  101. Selborne Papers; Nicolson, I, 8/1/39; WSC V, 1095.

  102. Nicolson, I, 407.

  103. Hansard 8/2/39.

  104. Hansard 8/2/39.

  105. Nicolson, I, 407–408.

  106. ChP 9/137.

  107. ChP 9/137.

  108. Jones, 419.

  109. Observer 7/22/39.

  110. DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 62–64.

  111. ChP 2/365.

  112. BSCP 8/14/39.

  113. BSCP; E. L. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, 2 vols. (New York, 1955), I, 5.

  114. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle (Boston, 1969), 29.

  115. Spears, I, 9.

  116. Spears, I, 10.

  117. ChP 2/371.

  118. ChP 2/371.

  119. See Churchill, Storm, 474–475; ChP 2/371.

  120. Shirer, Collapse, 186.

  121. Spears, I, 9; Horne, 18; Churchill, Storm, 474; Simone de Beauvoir, The Prime of Life, trans. Peter Green (New York, 1962), 33.

  122. Churchill, Storm, 474; Horne, 72.

  123. Winston S. Churchill, Their Finest Hour (Boston, 1949), 36–37.

  124. News of the World 4/24/38.

  125. B. H. Liddell Hart, The Memoirs of Captain Liddell Hart, 2 vols. (London, 1965), I, 373.

  126. Spears, I, 7.

  127. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Consuelo Balsan, The Glitter and the Gold (New York, 1952), 298.

  128. Maze Papers, Maze diary.

  129. Churchill, Storm, 400; Nicolson, I, 411; Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1940), 18.

  130. Churchill, Storm, 400–401.

  131. Churchill, Storm, 401.

  132. Churchill, Storm, 401; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 369.

  133. Nicolson, I, 411; ChP 1/344.

  134. Churchill, Storm, 396; CV V/3, 1597; Nicolson, I, 413; Norwich Papers.

  135. WSC V, 1105; Norwich Papers, Duff Cooper diary.

  136. Ironside Papers.

  137. ChP 2/361.

  138. Churchill, Storm, 396.

  139. The British Blue Book, 98–104; DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 210–219; Churchill, Storm, 396–397.

  140. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 564.

  141. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 564; Churchill, Storm, 442–443.

  142. C. Roberts, The Nazi Claim to Colonies, Introduction by Alfred Duff Cooper (London, 1939).

  143. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 309.

  144. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 367.

  145. The British Blue Book, 120–123.

  146. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 479–480.

  147. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 vols. (London, 1956–1958), I, 58–59.

  148. R. J. Minney, The Private Papers of Hore-Belisha (London, 1960), 220.

  149. Churchill, English-Speaking Peoples, II, 125–126.

  150. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 3.

  151. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 349, note 7; no. 402, note 3; nos. 406, 411.

  152. ChP 8/626.

  153. Churchill, English-Speaking Peoples, III, 306–308.

  154. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, nos. 420, 426, 455.

  155. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 455.

  156. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 508.

  157. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 508; Sir Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission: Berlin 1937–1939 (New York, 1940), 266.

  158. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 519.

  159. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, nos. 501, 493; Henderson, 267–268.

  160. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, nos. 523, 526.

  161. Foreign Relations of the U.S., Kennedy to Hull, 8/30/39; Minney, 223–224; DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 539.

  162. ND 2751-PS.

  163. Henderson, 270.

  164. Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Buehne (Bonn, 1949), 460; DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 589.

  165. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 405.

  166. ChP 2/364.

  167. ChP 8/626, 8/624.

  168. ChP 8/624.

  169. Ironside Papers.

  170. Daily Mirror 7/13/39; Churchill, Storm, 405.

  171. Churchill, Storm, 405; Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 262.

  172. Hansard, 9/1/39.

  173. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 602.

  174. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 500; Birger Dahlerus, The Last Attempt (London, 1947), 120; TMWC IX, 471.

  175. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 644.

  176. DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 509–510; Josiah Wedgewood, Memoirs of a Fighting Life (London, 1941), 225.

  177. Gardner, 17–18.

  178. Command Paper 6144.

  179. DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 664, 639, 648.

  180. ChP 4/96; Churchill, Storm, 406.

  181. WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80.

  182. Camrose Papers; Hankey Papers.

  183. Minney, 225.

  184. Minney, 225, 226.

  185. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 731, 713.

  186. Spears, I, 18.

  187. Churchill, Storm, 406; Spears, I, 20.

  188. Spears, I, 20; Hansard 9/2/39.

  189. Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 264–265; Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1953), 259; Spears, I, 21; Churchill, Storm, 406; L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 3 vols. (London, 1953), III, 324; Hansard 9/2/33.

  190. Amery, III, 324; Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (London, 1959), 143–144; Spears, I, 22; Halifax, 210.

  191. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 734.

  192. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 751.

  193. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 558.

  194. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, nos. 740, 743.

  195. Lady Diana Coop
er, The Light of Common Day (Boston, 1959), 257; WM/Lady Diana Cooper, 10/20/80.

  196. WM/Lady Diana Cooper; Duff Cooper, 259.

  197. Duff Cooper, 259; Churchill, Storm, 407; Norwich Papers.

  198. Norwich Papers.

  199. Norwich Papers.

  200. Norwich Papers.

  201. ChP 4/96; Churchill, Storm, 407.

  202. ChP 4/96; Churchill, Storm, 407.

  203. Minney, 226; Sunday Times 9/6/64; Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (London, 1970), 379; Amery, III, 324.

  204. Sunday Times 9/6/64; Minney, 227.

  205. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 739.

  206. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 740.

  207. Sunday Times 9/6/64; Bonnet, 364.

  208. Gilbert and Gott, 308; DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 741.

  209. Kirkpatrick, 143–144.

  210. Sunday Times 9/6/64; Minney, 227; DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 746.

  211. Sunday Times 9/6/64.

  212. Sunday Times 9/6/64.

  213. Norwich Papers, Duff Cooper diary; ChP 8/639.

  214. Kirkpatrick, 144; Bonnet, 363; Count Galeazzo Ciano, The Ciano Diaries, 1939–1943, edited by Hugh Wilson (London, 1946), 137.

  215. Dahlerus, 109.

  216. ChP 2/363; Churchill, Storm, 408; W. H. Thompson, Sixty Minutes with Winston Churchill (London, 1953).

  217. W. H. Thompson; Martia Russell Papers; Churchill, Storm, 408.

  218. Hansard 9/3/39; Churchill, Storm, 409.

  219. Hansard 9/3/39.

  220. Hansard 9/3/39.

  221. Amery Papers, Amery Diary.

  222. Churchill, Storm, 409; Gilbert, Wilderness, 267.

  223. Churchill, Storm, 419–420; Laurence Thompson, 1940 (New York, 1966), 31.

  224. CAB 65/1; Churchill, Storm, 442; Minney, 228–230; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/1/80; Jacob to Martin Gilbert, 7/1/82.

  225. WM/Lady Diana Cooper.

  Cataclysm

  1. WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80; Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 409–410.

  2. Churchill, Storm, 410; CAB 100/1; Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fraser of North Cape, “Churchill and the Navy,” in Sir James Marchant, ed., Winston Spencer Churchill: Servant of Crown and Commonwealth (London, 1954), 78–79; Jonn Higham recollections in conversation with Martin Gilbert, 3/1/82.

  3. Hansard 9/6/39; Churchill, Storm, 331; CAB 16/11.

  4. Fraser, in Marchant, 81.

  5. ChP 4/123.

  6. Sir John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 88.

  7. T. R. Fehrenbach, F.D.R.’s Undeclared War 1939–1941 (New York, 1967).

  8. Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley, and Manfred Jonas, eds., Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence (New York, 1975), 5.

  9. New York Sun 9/2/39; NYT 8/20/14, 9/4/39.

  10. Fehrenbach, 42–43.

  11. Churchill, Storm, 440–441.

  12. Admiralty Papers 199/1928; ChP 4/123.

  13. Churchill, Storm, 421; WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 372.

  14. Diana Cooper, Trumpet from the Steep (London, 1960), 37.

  15. Pim Papers; Arthur Marder, From the Dardanelles to Oran (London, 1974), 29; Fraser, in Marchant, 87.

  16. Pim Papers.

  17. Pim Papers.

  18. Recollections of Bernard Sendall in conversation with Martin Gilbert, 11/14/79; Shakespeare Papers.

  19. Churchill, Storm, 411; Fraser, in Marchant, 79–80; Arthur Marder, “Winston Is Back: Churchill at the Admiralty,” English Historical Review, Supplement 5 (Aberdeen, 1972), 2; Marder, Dardanelles, 106–107.

  20. Turner Catledge, My Life and the Times (New York, 1971), 157.

  21. Marder, English Historical Review, 2; Admiralty Papers 205/2.

  22. Charles Eade, ed., Churchill by His Contemporaries (New York, 1954), 121; Fraser, in Marchant, 78–80.

  23. Führer’s Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939 (mimeographed by British Admiralty, London, 1947), 13–14.

  24. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 283.

  25. ND C-189, C-190.

  26. Churchill, Storm, 163–164.

  27. DBFP series 3, vol. VIII, no. 283.

  28. Hansard 9/26/39.

  29. Hansard 9/26/39.

  30. WSCHCS 6160–6164 (10/1/39).

  31. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 5 vols. and The Aftermath (New York, 1923–1931), II, 391.

  32. Churchill, Storm, 429.

  33. Chiefs of Staff, 17 of 1939; CAB 79/1; Stephen Roskill, The War at Sea, 3 vols. (London, 1954), I, 78–80.

  34. Churchill, Storm, 433–444.

  35. CAB 65/1; Admiralty Papers 205/2.

  36. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 646.

  37. Churchill, Storm, 433.

  38. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 27; Hansard 11/8/39; CAB 65/1.

  39. William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary (New York, 1941), 237.

  40. WM/Lady Soames; Soames, 372.

  41. Churchill, Storm, 528, 527; Soames, 374; Templewood Papers.

  42. Marder, English Historical Review, 2; J. H. Godfrey, Naval Memoirs of Admiral J. H. Godfrey (privately printed, 1964–1965), I, vi, 35.

  43. Marder, English Historical Review, 9.

  44. ChP 19/3; Churchill, Storm, 465.

  45. ChP 19/3; Churchill, Storm, 465.

  46. Captain J. S. S. Litchfield to the author; Marder, English Historical Review, 3; Churchill, Storm, 414.

  47. Hansard 12/6/39; Churchill, Storm, 414, 505–508, 706–711; Marder, English Historical Review, 10, 28; CAB 65/6.

  48. Admiralty Papers 199/1928; Churchill, Storm, 413–414.

  49. Admiralty Papers 205/5, 199/19.

  50. Admiralty Papers 199/1928, 205/5; Marder, English Historical Review, 31–38; WSC VI, 26–27, 37–38.

  51. Fraser, in Marchant, 78.

  52. Fraser, in Marchant, 78; ChP 19/3, 25/4; CAB 16/132; Weir Papers.

  53. S. W. Roskill, “Marder, Churchill, and the Admiralty 1932–42,” RUSI Journal, December 1972.

  54. Admiralty Papers 205/6.

  55. Vice-Admiral R. D. Oliver to the author; Marder, English Historical Review, 22.

  56. Donald McLachan, “Naval Intelligence in the Second World War,” RUSI Journal, 112, August 1967, 244.

  57. CAB 66/1; Admiralty papers 199/1928.

  58. Charles Stuart, ed., The Reith Diaries (London, 1975), 249; CAB 132/33.

  59. B. H. Liddell Hart, The Memoirs of Captain Liddell Hart, 2 vols. (London, 1965), II, 27.

  60. Charles de Gaulle, Le fil de l’épée (Paris, 1932).

  61. Robert Wernick, Blitzkrieg (New York, 1976), 24.

  62. Churchill, Storm, 450, 442.

  63. Churchill, Storm, 451.

  64. CAB 61/11.

  65. CAB 65/1; Command Paper 6144 (Treaty Series No. 58) 1939.

  66. B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York, 1971), 18; William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York, 1969), 519; Churchill, Storm, 558.

  67. Churchill, Storm, 451; CAB 83/3, 92/111; WSC VI, 15.

  68. Hoare Diary, Templewood Papers; CAB 66/1; ChP 4/131.

  69. CAB 65/1, 100/1; L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 3 vols. (London, 1953), III, 330; E. L. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, 2 vols. (New York, 1955), I 31–32; Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 274.

  70. R. J. Minney, The Private Papers of Hore-Belisha (London, 1960), 251; Iain Macleod, Neville Chamberlain (New York, 1962), 286.

  71. Hansard 9/6/39; Spears, I, 29; Dalton, 274, 277.

  72. Sir Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), 440.

  73. Churchill, Storm, 574–575.

  74. Dalton, 292; L. F. Ellis, The War in France and Flanders (London, 1953), 30–31; Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Years
(London, 1954), 428.

  75. General Maurice Gustave Gamelin, Servir, 3 vols. (Paris, 1947), II, 413–416, 424–425; Sir Lewis B. Namier, Diplomatic Prelude (London, 1948), 459–460.

  76. Gamelin, I, 23–24; Événements, II, 276–278.

  77. Gamelin, I, 24.

  78. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 840.

  79. TMWC XI, 350; TMWC X, 519.

  80. TWCXII, 1086.

  81. Franz Haider diary, 9/7/39.

  82. Jacques Minart, P.C. Vincennes Secteur 4, 2 vols. (Paris, 1945), I, 19–20; Gamelin, III, 60–61, 55.

  83. Général André Beaufre, Le Drame de 1940 (Paris, 1965), 189; Général Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 3 vols. (Paris, 1954), I, 22.

  84. TMWC I, 257.

  85. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 744.

  86. A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (New York, 1962), 228 fn. 4.

  87. Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man (New York, 1953), 313.

  88. WSCHCS 6160–6164 (10/1/39; verse form added).

  89. WSCHCS 6160–6164.

  90. Sir John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 29; Templewood Papers; Chamberlain Papers.

  91. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 229; Time 10/16/39.

  92. WSCHCS 6171–6175 (11/12/39).

  93. WSCHCS 6171–6175 (11/12/39).

  94. Colville, Fringes, 50; Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1930–1962, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), II, 59.

  95. WSCHCS 6183–6186 (1/20/40; verse form added).

  96. Hoare diary, Templewood Papers; ChP 23/3.

  97. CAB 11/39; Général Paul-Emile Tournoux, “Les origines de la ligne Maginot,” Revue d’Histoire de la Deuxième Mondiale, No. 33, January 1959, 14.

  98. WSCHCS 6183–6186 (1/20/40).

  99. Churchill, Storm, 541; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 45.

  100. Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 153.

  101. WSCHCS 6171–6175 (11/12/39).

  102. B. Baxter, Men, Martyrs, and Mountebanks (London, 1940), 251; Cowles, 312–313.

  103. Nicolson, II, 34–35, 37, 38.

  104. Laurence Thompson, 1940 (New York 1966), 32.

  105. WSCHCS 6171–6175 (11/12/39); Colville, Fringes, 108; N. Chamberlain Papers, diary.

  106. Cowles, 311; Gardner, 21.

  107. Churchill, Storm, 495.

  108. Churchill, Storm, 494–495.

  109. Soames, 374; Fraser, in Marchant, 81.

  110. Soames, 374; Diana Cooper, 37; WM/Lady Soames; WM/Lady Diana Cooper.

  111. Thompson, 24.

  112. Times 10/5/39; ChP 1/355.