Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis (Allen Lane History)

  Hitler, Alois (Aloys) (H’s father) 37, 80

  Hitler, Klara (née Pölzl; H’s mother) 36, 37, 80

  Hitler Youth 7, 51, 55, 56, 81–2, 142, 162, 704, 765, 790, 798, 808

  Hoche, Dr Alfred 254

  Hodges, General Courtney H. 760

  Hoepner, Colonel-General Erich 359–60, 442, 455, 507, 510, 676–7, 681, 690, 692

  Hofacker, Lieutenant-Colonel Cäsar von 733

  Hoffmann, Heinrich 34, 36, 206, 210, 590

  Hohenlychen clinic 782

  Hohenlychen Red Cross hospital 633

  Holland see Netherlands

  Holocaust, the path to the 389

  Holste, Lieutenant-General Rudolf 813, 814, 826

  Holy Roman Empire 267

  homosexuality 234

  Höppner, SS-Sturmbannführer Rolf-Heinz 471, 475

  ‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ anthem 6, 561

  Horthy de Nagybánya, Nicklas 735–6

  Horthy de Nagybánya, Admiral Nikolaus, regent of Hungary 366, 559, 581, 582, 584, 624, 626–8, 734, 735–6

  Heß, Rudolf 837

  Hoßbach, General Friedrich 32, 47, 49, 53, 54–5, 119, 758

  Hoßbach meeting (1937) 49, 50, 64, 66, 87, 88, 191, 228, 343

  Hotel Dreesen, Bad Godesberg 113, 114–15

  Hotel Imperial, Vienna 81

  Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten, Munich 138–9

  Hotel Weinzinger, Linz 79–80

  Hoth, Colonel-General Hermann 465–6, 543–4, 545

  House of Commons, London 265–6

  Hradcany Castle, Prague 518

  Hradschin Castle, Prague 171–2

  Hube, General Hans Valentin 629, 632, 633

  Huber, Kurt 552

  Hugenberg, Alfred 814

  Humber estuary 598

  Hungarian army 538, 549–50

  Hungary 194, 624, 631, 719, 739, 756, 782, 803; Arrow Cross 734, 735, 736; changes sides 734; criminality and the black market 582; German occupation 625, 626–8; German troops leave 791; Jews 624, 628, 736; joins the Tripartite Pact 361; Nicklas Horthy kidnapped 735; oil-fields 757, 772, 788; revisionism 95, 157; and Ruthenia 157–8, 165, 166, 167; unstable alliance with Germany 734

  I G Farben 11, 18, 20, 22, 132

  Ibiza 43

  incurably sick 235, 252–7

  India 391, 456; H inspired by the Raj 401, 402, 405, 449; independence 48; industrialization 403; and Japan 326

  inflation 161

  Innitzer, Cardinal Theodor 81, 82

  Innsbruck 141, 834

  International Olympic Committee 5, 7

  Iran 189, 530

  Iraq 189, 381, 530

  Iraqi army 381

  Ireland, Republic of 189

  Ironside, General William Edmund 203

  Italian army: driven out of Libya 546; in German captivity 600; H’s opinion of 549, 588; troops disarmed 600; Wehrmacht’s reliance on 538

  Italy: Abyssinian crisis 4, 23, 24, 65; alliance with Germany 24–6, 68; Allied landing 587, 600; annexation of Albania 193; armistice with France 299; and Austria 4, 65, 66, 68, 69; and Bolshevism 25; British 8th Army enters Naples 600; and Czechoslovakia 95, 99, 109, 193; Fascist Grand Council 593, 594, 615; German military outposts 759; H loses trust of 543; H renounces any claim to the South Tyrol 98–9; H’s state visit (1938) 98–9; invasion of Greece 331, 346, 361; ‘Pact of Steel’ with Germany 193; rearmament 25–6; signs armistice with the Allies (3 September 1943) 599, 626; Tripartite Pact (1940) 326

  Jaenecke, General Erwin 631

  Japan: the Anti-Comintern Pact 27; attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) 364, 442, 444, 445, 446, 448; attempts to broker a peace settlement between Germany and Russia 728–9, 730; and China 26–7; economic sanctions 443; H anticipates a victory over China 44; H places his hopes in 457; H seeks commitment to Japanese attack Singapore 363, 364; H’s approval of a German-Japanese alliance 448; H’s attitude towards 504–5; H’s view of Japan’s entry into the war 456, 516; imperial expansion 326; relations with the USA 442–3; and Russia 13; seeks an anti-Soviet alliance 193; Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact 364; Tojo replaces Konoye 443; Tripartite Pact (1940) 326

  Japanese air force 443–4

  Japanese General Staff 443

  Japanese navy 443–4, 517

  Jeckeln, Friedrich 486

  Jeschonnek, Luftwaffe Chief of Staff Hans 543, 544, 545, 572

  Jessen, Jens 664

  ‘Jewish Question’ 39, 41, 42, 136, 138, 144, 147, 235, 319, 323, 325, 350, 352, 462, 478, 570, 624, 625; and the decision to deport Jews to the east 479; first used by H in diplomatic discussions 583; Goebbels and 279, 472–3, 474, 490; Göring on 131; H ‘pitiless’ (unerbittlich) concerning 494, 510; Höppner’s memorandum 475–6; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321; in Poland 317, 324; police force and xliv; radicalization of thinking 318; SS involvement 86, 139

  Jews: allegations against xliii, 150, 582; anti-Jewish ‘Blood Law’ 256; and the arts xlii; and Bolshevism 17, 19, 39, 42, 127, 153, 325, 339, 343, 350, 353, 354, 359, 382, 388–9, 399, 431, 461, 463, 465, 466, 620, 740, 749, 752, 781, 792; Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8; citizens’ behaviour in the pogrom 142–3; decision to deport Jews to the east 479–80; deportation from western Europe begins (July 1942) 493; deported to Vichy France 323–4; draconian economic measures 143–4, 148; and Edward VIII 24; enforced takeover of Jewish firms 42–3; extermination camps 147, 484; ghettos 144, 244, 249, 319–20, 464, 479, 485, 520, 583, 588, 736, 837; H aims to destroy xli, 42, 130, 150, 152–3, 253, 323, 350, 459, 482–3, 588; H attacks lack of ability and creativity 489; H’s ‘prophecy’ of 30 January 459, 473–4, 478, 479; identification mark 144, 472, 473, 474–5; Jewry and Christianity 488; ‘Madagascar solution’ 134–5, 320, 324, 349, 350, 351, 383, 470, 521; massacres by the Einsatzgruppen 463–4, 467–9; massacres by Wehrmacht soldiers 246–7; Mischlinge 148; mounting discrimination against xxxix, xl; November pogrom (1938) 136–47, 148, 249; the Number One racial and social enemy 234; refugees 145–6; Reichkristallnacht (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472; ‘removal’ of xliii, xliv, xlv, 1, 41, 127, 134–5, 136, 151–2, 279, 317–19, 336, 349–54, 383, 462–3, 470–74, 476–82, 493; shooting of vom Rath 136, 137; ‘territorial solution’ 462–3, 472; treatment in Austria 84–6; Ukrainian 668; see also antisemitism; ‘Final Solution’; Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism and under individual countries

  Jodl, General Alfred 51, 64, 69, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 159, 289, 291, 302, 307, 325, 335, 353, 354, 366–7, 396, 410, 411, 414, 417, 450, 513, 532, 533, 537, 580, 591, 593, 597, 616, 639, 642, 649, 718, 719, 732, 737, 740, 741, 771, 774, 779, 803, 805, 811, 814, 816, 820, 834–5, 837

  Johannmeier, Major Willi 825

  Johnson, Cornelius 7

  Jud Süß (antisemitic film) 423

  Junge, Traudl 801, 804, 821, 823, 824, 827, 828, 833

  Juno Beach 640

  Jüterbog 104

  Jutland 288

  Kaether, Colonel Ernest 808

  Kalac 530

  Kalisz 758

  Kaltenbrunner, Ernst 628, 689, 698, 758, 770, 776, 798, 800, 837

  Kaminski Brigade 725

  Kannenberg, Arthur 31

  Karinhall (Göring’s country house) 571

  Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary), Congress of the Sudeten German Party (April 1938) 96, 108, 109

  Karlshorst 836

  Karnau, Hermann 830

  Kassel 137

  Kattowitz 318, 767

  Katyn Forest, Poland 583

  Kaufmann, Gauleiter Karl 598

  Kaulbach, Wilhelm von: Entry of the Sun Goddess 32

  Kaunas (Kowno), Lithuania 463

  Kazakhstan 477

  KDP see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands

  Keitel, Field-Marshall Wilhelm 52–3, 57, 70, 72, 75, 76, 78, 81, 94, 97, 99, 101, 159, 170, 214, 215, 219, 231, 245, 246, 269, 294, 298, 299, 312, 345, 350, 356, 357, 396, 405, 414, 465, 525, 532, 533, 566, 578, 618, 619, 642, 644, 650, 671, 672, 674, 676, 677, 678, 687, 688, 723, 733, 774, 779, 787,
788, 798, 799, 803, 805, 814, 816, 820, 825, 834–5, 836, 837; in the Committee of Three 568, 569, 570

  Kempka, Erich 32, 660, 827, 829–30

  Keppler, Wilhelm 45–6, 66, 72, 77, 78, 81

  Kerch peninsula 455, 514, 515, 518

  Kerrl, Hanns 11, 40, 256

  Kesselring, Field-Marshal Albert 452, 533, 580, 581, 593, 597, 599, 617, 760, 788, 792, 834

  Ketzin 809

  Kharkhov 409, 410, 416, 515, 518, 524, 578, 581

  Kiel 504

  Kielce, Poland 769

  Kießel, SS-Obersturmbannführer Georg 690, 691

  Kiev 400, 410, 413, 414–15, 434, 468; ‘Battle of Kiev’ 403, 417, 419; recaptured 603

  Killy, Leo 568

  Kirkpatrick, Ivone 116, 371, 377, 378

  Kleist, Lieutenant Ewald Heinrich von 670

  Kleist, General Ewald von 439, 441, 630, 670

  Klemperer, Victor 8–9, 474, 766

  Kiessheim Castle, near Salzburg 513, 514, 581, 582, 626, 633, 640, 670

  Kluge, Field-Marshal Günther von 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 531, 559, 579, 592, 596, 597, 600, 649, 661, 667, 670, 678, 696, 717, 719, 720–22

  Knappertsbusch, Hans 512, 513, 632

  Koblenz 760

  Koch, Gauleiter Erich 261, 406, 715, 779, 837–8

  Koch, Robert 470

  Koeppen, Werner 433, 478

  Kolberg 782, 788

  Kolberg (film) 713, 782

  Koller, General Karl 635, 739, 799, 801, 804, 807, 812

  Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) xxxvi, xxxvii, 211, 272

  Konev, Marshal Ivan 756, 793, 802, 809

  Königgrätz 433

  Königsberg, East Prussia 82, 210, 684, 738, 759, 762, 788, 791

  Königsbronn, Württemberg 271, 272

  Königswusterhausen 802

  Konoye, Prince 443

  Konstanz 273, 274

  Koppe, Wilhelm 252, 261, 316, 319, 484, 838

  Kordt, Erich 262, 269

  Kordt, Theo 262

  Korherr, Dr Richard 521, 583

  Körner, Theodor 561

  Korps Holste 826

  Korten, General Günther 650, 674

  Kowno, Lithuania 176, 398, 464, 485

  Krampnitz 805

  Krauch, Karl 11

  Krause, Karl 31, 32

  Krebs, General Hans 788, 798, 802, 803, 806, 811–14, 816, 823, 825, 827, 830–33

  Kreipe, General Werner 739

  Kreisau Circle 665, 666, 668, 690

  Kreyssig, Lothar 253–4

  Kritzinger, Friedrich Wilhelm 568

  Kroll Opera House 168, 303

  Kronstadt 408

  Krüger, Else 833

  Krüger, Wilhelm 316

  Krupp 132, 231, 242

  Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav 26

  Kuban 529, 600

  Kube, Wilhelm 406–7, 486

  Kubis, Jan 519

  Kubizek, August 30, 198, 306

  Küchler, Colonel-General Georg von 359–60

  Kunz, Helmut Gustav 833

  Kurhessen 138

  Kursk 526, 579, 592, 596

  Küstrin 759, 788, 793

  Kvaternik, Marshal Sladko 470, 471

  labour see under employment

  Lagarde, Paul de 320

  Lake Balaton 758, 788

  Lake Ladoga 531

  Lambach 197

  Lammers, Hans Heinrich 32, 186, 187, 219, 236, 245, 256, 259, 312, 313, 314, 405, 427, 428, 567, 568, 570, 574, 708, 709, 711, 715, 807; in the Committee of Three 568, 570, 574; loses access to H 716; and the Prussian Finance Ministry 575

  Landkreise (local government districts) 574

  Landsberg am Lech fortress, H interned in 31, 377

  Lange, Herbert 484

  Lange, SS-Sturmbannführer Dr Otto 485, 492

  Langenheim, Adolf 14, 15

  Lansbury, George 29

  Lanz, General Hubert 660

  Las Palmas 14

  Latin America 146

  Lattre de Tassigny, Jean de 836

  Latvia 194, 393, 757; Latvian Jews 485

  Laval, Pierre 328–31, 541, 542, 582

  Leader cult see Führer cult

  League of Nations 201; German withdrawal (1933) 87

  Lebensboden (basis of life) 448

  Lebensraum see ‘living-space’

  Leeb, Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von 266, 270, 345, 393–4, 408, 455, 659

  Left: internally in disarray xv; repression of xxxviii, xxxix, xl

  Léger, Alexis 121

  Legion Condor 17, 70

  Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler 32, 33, 78, 787

  Leipa, Czechoslovakia 171

  Leipzig 761

  Leipziger Gewandhaus 512

  Leitgen, Alfred 372

  Lemberg 380

  Lenbach, Franz von 183

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich xvii

  Leningrad 345, 346, 393–4, 400, 408, 410, 413, 416, 419, 439, 477, 480–81, 499, 531, 534

  Leonding, near Linz 80

  Leopold, Captain Josef 72–3

  Leopold III, King of Belgium 295

  Leuna 761

  Leuthen, Battle of (1757) 811

  Ley, Robert 313, 350, 374, 563, 569, 571, 573, 699, 774, 836

  Libya 347, 523, 539, 546

  Lidice 519

  Liebmann, General Curt 59, 209

  Liège 290

  Lindemann, General Georg 650

  Lindloff, Ewald 830–31

  Linge, Heinz 674, 727, 777, 797, 798, 816, 828, 829, 830, 833

  Linz 78–81, 161, 197, 198, 302, 365, 512, 709, 821, 834; model of 777–8

  Lipski, Ambassador Jozef 177, 221

  List, Field-Marshal Wilhelm 366, 529–33

  Liszt, Franz 398

  Lithuania 43, 175, 176, 238, 351, 393, 463–4, 714

  Litvinov, Maxim 195

  living standards xl, 9, 48, 272, 274

  ‘living-space’ (Lebensraum) xliv, 21, 37, 47–8, 49, 88, 98, 100, 101, 172, 185, 188, 191, 233, 238, 275, 305, 336, 337, 343, 378, 403, 406, 514, 582; see also eastern expansion; expansionism