Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis (Allen Lane History)

  Royal Observer Corps 370

  Ruhr 162, 186, 265, 277, 587, 719, 784, 791, 792

  Runciman, Lord 108, 109

  Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Gerd von 103, 268, 269, 270, 290, 296, 345, 393, 394, 408, 415, 441, 533, 617, 628, 639, 642, 649, 659, 688, 717, 733, 737, 760–61

  Russia see Soviet Union

  Russia-Centre 466

  Russian Empire 355

  Russian Revolution 205

  Rust, Bernhard 800

  Ruthenia (Carpatho-Ukraine) 157–8, 165, 166, 167

  Ryti, State President Risto 525, 724

  Rzhev area 531

  SA (Sturmabteilung): and the armed forces xxxvii; dissatisfaction with the non-aggression pact 206; murder of leaders (1934) xxxix, 248, 358

  SA-Reserve 139

  Saar 81, 785; plebiscite (1935) 75, 76

  Saar-Palatinate 315

  Saarbrücken 297

  Sachenhausen concentration camp 141, 274, 768

  St Germain, Treaty of (1919) 65

  St Lamberti Church, Münster 427

  St Nazaire 660, 719

  Salmuth, General Hans von 358

  Salonika 361, 362, 366, 367, 595

  Salzburg 70, 71, 202, 212, 643

  Salzkammergut, near Salzburg 595

  San Remo 16

  San river 238

  Sander, Lieutenant Ludolf Gerhard 673

  Sanssouci 36

  Saône river 722

  Sardinia 586, 587, 592, 600

  Sauckel, Fritz 563, 567–8, 707, 837

  Saur, Karl Otto 633, 634, 823

  Scandinavia 194, 286–9, 293, 332, 434

  Schach, Gerhard 680

  Schacht, Hjalmar 19, 89, 188, 225, 227, 320, 690; dispute with Darré 10; and Göring 11, 19; leaves the Economics Ministry 42, 46; opposes rearmament 9, 18; political impotence 146; replaced by Funk 58, 143; sacked as President of the Reichsbank 161; standing abroad 21–2

  Schädle, Franz 833

  Scharnhorst (battleship) 504

  Scharnhorst, Gerhard von 644

  Schaub, Julius 31–2, 140, 149, 235, 294, 643, 738, 797, 800, 805

  Scheldt estuary 722–3

  Schellenberg, SS-Brigadeführer Walter 689, 817, 819

  Schenck, Dr Ernst Günther 826

  Schiller Theatre 150

  Schirach, Baldur von 7, 315, 351, 482, 590, 755, 837

  Schirach, Henriette von 590

  Schlabrendorff, Fabian von 659, 661, 662

  Schlegelberger, Franz 506, 508

  Schleicher, Kurt von xxxvii, 814

  Schleswig-Holstein (battleship) 222

  Schlitt, Ewald 508–9, 510–11

  Schloß Belvedere, Vienna 360

  Schloß Hirschberg, near Weilheim 736

  Schmidt, Ernest 299

  Schmidt, Guido 68–9, 71

  Schmidt, Otto 54, 55, 56

  Schmidt, Dr Paul 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 170, 171, 213, 214, 219–20, 223, 322, 581, 627, 628, 683

  Schmorell, Alexander 552

  Schmundt, Major-General Rudolf 119, 191, 192, 214, 235, 291, 294, 414, 450, 451, 452, 454, 478, 532, 533, 543, 549, 628, 630, 643, 660, 674, 726, 733, 788

  Schnurre, Karl 196

  Schoengarth, Karl 492

  Scholl, Hans 552, 663

  Scholl, Sophie 552, 663

  Schönerer, Georg 65, 83

  Schorfheide 799

  Schörner, Field-Marshal Ferdinand 630, 724, 754, 758, 802, 815,825

  Schroeder, Christa 30, 171, 235, 396–7, 398, 455, 500, 798, 800

  Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der 195, 196, 210, 334

  Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der 667, 683, 690

  Schuschnigg, Kurt 58, 96; meetings with Hitler 61, 69, 70–2; proposed referendum on Austrian independence 64, 74, 76, 77, 80; resignation 75–7; von Papen plans to topple 45, 67, 69

  Schwägermann, Günther 833

  Schwanenwerder 150

  Schwarze Korps, Das (SS organ) 151, 257

  Schwede-Colburg, Franz 261

  Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia 142

  Schwerin, General Gerd Graf von 737

  Schwerin, Lieutenant-Colonel Gerhard Graf von 225

  Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf 790, 800, 823, 834

  Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, Ulrich Wilhelm Graf 690, 692

  Schwielow Lake 826

  Scotland 369, 373, 377, 379

  SD (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service) 42, 107, 365, 430, 476, 596, 606; cooperation over massacre of Jews 465; and a ‘crisis in confidence’ (1942) 508; discrimination against Jews 472; on economic expansion 186; and the Einsatzgruppen 382; and Goebbels’ ‘The Jews are Guilty’ article 482; and the Heé affair 374; and H’s battle against the Jews 494; H’s speeches 540; on the intervention of the NSDAP in business closures 575; and Jewish resettlement 134, 135, 320; ‘Jewish Section’ (Judenreferat) 42, 84; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; and newsreels of H 501; reports joy at H’s survival 699–702; role in shaping anti-Jewish policy 133

  Sea of Azov 435, 526, 532, 599

  Second Reich 65

  Second World War: the attack on the West 266, 267, 275, 276, 278–9, 284, 286, 293; Britain declares war on Germany 223; fatalities 236, 297, 394, 404, 446, 490, 515, 547, 578, 647, 717, 726, 760, 764; first extermination unit (in Chelmno, 1941) 485; France declares war on Germany 223; German drive for ‘total war’ 548–9; Germany declares war on the USA 446; H’s aims for Scandinavia 288; H’s peace ‘offer’ 239, 265–6, 267; Jewish ‘guilt’ 489; Operation Barbarossa begins 393; responsibility for 224; Ribbentrop blamed 226; spring offensive begins (8 May 1942) 514; the summer offensive (1942) 526–30; the ‘world war’ term 490

  Security Police 318, 324, 325, 336, 353, 355, 365, 382, 395, 464, 465, 467, 475, 486, 495

  Security Service see SD

  Seeckt, General Hans von 44, 205

  Seldte, Franz 800

  ‘September Murders’ (Poland, 1939) 242

  Serbia 476

  Serbs 365

  Serrano Suñer, Ramón 327

  Sevastopol 451, 514, 523, 526, 630, 631, 735

  Seven Years War 610–11, 742, 783, 792

  Seydlitz-Kurzbach, General Walter 628–9, 772

  Seyé-Inquart, Arthur 69–72, 74–9, 823, 837

  Shanghai 146

  Shirer, William 8, 78, 107, 113–14, 117, 118,

  189, 221, 222, 239–40, 303

  Siberia 462, 470–71, 477, 520, 703, 793

  Sicherheitsdienst see SD

  Sicily 581, 586, 587, 592, 593, 600; evacuation of 595, 599 ‘sickle cut’ plan 291, 295

  Silesia 239, 305, 436, 758, 759, 762, 782

  Simpson, Mrs Wallis (later Duchess of Windsor) 24

  Sinclair, Sir Archibald 371

  Singapore 293, 326, 363, 364, 456, 504

  Skoda works, Czechoslovaklia 165

  Skorzeny, Sturmbannführer Otto 602, 689,

  734, 735, 736–7, 738

  Slavs, hostility towards 173

  Slovakia 164, 166, 167, 168–9, 177, 350, 724;

  joins the Tripartite Pact 361

  Smolensk 394, 399, 408, 409, 661

  Sobibor extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603

  Social Democrats see SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands)

  social-Darwinism 19, 208, 256, 405, 615, 636

  socialism: admiration of H xxxix; powerlessness xxxvi

  SOE see Special Operations Executive Soldau, East Prussia 484

  ‘Sonderkommando Lange’ 261

  Sonderkommandos (‘special forces’) 382

  Sonnenstein asylum 261

  ‘Sopade’ 201, 240; and the ‘Crystal Night’ 142;

  ‘Germany Report’ xxi

  South America 25

  South Tyrol 98–9, 664

  South Tyroleans 267

  Soviet air-force 343

  Soviet army see Red Army Soviet radio 724

  Soviet Union: admitted to the League of Nations 13; attack on (1941) 241, 252, 281; the ‘Blue’ offensiv
e 514–15, 523; counter-offensive (December 1941) 452; decreasing number of captured Soviet prisoners 527–8; deportation of Volga Germans 477–8, 480; economic agreement with Germany (January 1941) 343; economic difficulties 195; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 355; Finland signs an armistice 724; Five-Year Plan 23; food supplies 518; foreign policy aims 276; Friendship Treaty with Yugoslavia 365; genocidal actions in (1941) 248, 249; German delay in attacking 368; and German eastern expansion xlvi, 449; German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (23 September 1939) 238; Göring’s policy 406; Guderian favours a retreat 454; H stresses Russian strength 43; Himmler’s policy 406; H’s opinion of Slavs 400–401; H’s reasons for deciding to attack 335–6; H’s view 12–13; H’s vision for 400–405; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335, 341; invades Poland from the east 236; and Japan 13; Jewish influence 489–90; the Katyn case 583; labour camps 480, 481–2; massacre of Jews 463–4, 477; militarily weak 285–6; mutual assistance agreement with Britain (1941) 457; non-aggression pact with Germany (1939) 205, 206, 210–11, 212, 228, 236, 238, 285, 292, 326, 385; ‘Northern Lights’ offensive 531; oil supplies 514, 517, 528, 529, 530, 536, 537; and Poland 192, 194, 204; preoccupied with internal upheavals 95, 286; reports of starvation and cannibalism 509; the retreat from the Caucasus begins 545; Russian prisoners-of-war gassed in Auschwitz 383; Soviet offensive begins (19 November 1942) 543; Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact 364; talks in Moscow (1939) 204–5; trade talks (1939) 196; trade treaty with Germany 205; treaty with Czechoslovakia 95; winter crisis of the German army 439–42, 447, 450–56, 490, 499, 516

  Spaatz, General Carl 836

  Spain: and the Axis 327, 329, 330, 348; Popular Front 13; reprisals for bombing of the Deutschland 43–4; Spanish Right 13–14

  Spandau prison 377, 837

  Spanish Civil War 9, 13–17, 23, 71; Guernica 24–5; H and 4, 13–17; Mussolini and 14

  Spanish Morocco 14, 16

  SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) xl, xlii, 173, 184, 754

  ‘Special Commission, 20 July’ 690

  Special Operations Executive (SOE) 518, 519

  Speer, Albert 19, 32, 150, 350, 559, 571, 611, 612, 613, 696, 773, 774–5, 791, 798, 799, 834; Armaments Minister 504, 519, 554, 563, 567, 635, 706, 711–12, 823; and the atomic bomb 731; the Berlin Olympics 6; blames Goebbels for the ‘excesses’ 149; and Citadel 580; and the Committee of Three 568–9, 569–70; court favourite 183, 199, 227, 503; driving ambition 503, 504; Goebbels reproaches over FHQ security 678; H’s reaction to Heé’s flight 371; knee operation 633; life after prison 837; memorandum of 15 March 1945 784–5; Messerschmitt production 621; New Reich Chancellery 167; organizational talent 503; the Paris visit 299, 300; position weakens 715; the rebuilding of Berlin 35, 366; relations with H 35, 105, 503–4; his return to the Berghof ‘family’ 634; taste in architecture 35; unable to break free from H 806; and the uprising (1944) 679

  Speidel, Major-General Hans 660

  Spengler, Oswald: Decline of the West xlii

  Sperrle, Field-Marshal Hugo 70, 503, 649

  Sponeck, Hans Graf von 455

  SS (Schutszstaffel; Protection Squad) 313, 314, 358, 625; arbitrary police lawlessness 692; armed wing 129; attempts to deport Poles from the Lublin area 589; and Auschwitz-Birkenau 767–8; conflict with the Wehrmacht 465; deportations by 318–19; determined to be masters of Germany and Europe 129; and ‘euthanasia action’ 261; and filmed executions 693; and the ‘Final Solution’ 604; frees Mussolini 602; and H’s personal security 660, 769; and Hungarian Jews 736; involvement in the ‘Jewish Question’ 86, 139; Kube and 406–7; legacy of the Blomberg-Fritsch affair 94; Lohse and 406; massacres of Ukrainian Jews 668; mission of 130; motto 819; Poland seen as an experimental playground 235; and a potential German attack on Poland 179; and power 64, 234; relations with the army 247, 248; reprisals for Heydrich’s assassination 519; transfer of responsibility for Jewish forced emigration 147; and the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 242; and the Volkstumskampf 243

  SS-Division ‘Berlin’ 798

  Staaken aerodrome 801

  Stalin, Joseph xvii, 194, 276, 328, 336, 386, 422, 470, 518, 527, 612, 728, 729, 730, 782, 788; and ‘Barbarossa’ 412, 416; and Bolshevism 285, 292; deportation of Volga Germans 477–8; destroys own officer corps 308; H admires his brutality 401, 772; and the Heé affair 379–80; invades Poland from the east 236; involvement in military affairs 453; Jewish influence 490; military incompetence 394; mutual distrust of H 331; non-aggression pact with Germany 205, 210–11; opposes a Polish rump state 238; partisan war 395; and Poland 195, 196; pressure on the Balkan states 305; purges 286, 688, 699; show-trials 689; speech to the Communist Party Congress (March 1939) 195; at Yalta 761, 778

  Stalingrad 416, 435, 438, 497, 528–31, 533, 563, 578, 579, 619, 625, 647, 659, 663, 723, 752; the 6th Army is completely encircled 543; attempt to break the siege fails 545; battle for 534–8, 540, 544–50; H blames Germany’s allies 553–4; reaction to the fate of the 6th Army 551–2, 556–7

  Stalino 532

  Stauffenberg, Berthold 683, 690

  Stauffenberg, Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von 651, 653, 655, 656, 657, 660, 664, 667–73, 675, 677, 681, 682, 683, 688, 689, 691, 695, 698, 699, 702, 705, 706, 715, 727

  Steinau river 759

  Steiner, SS-Obergruppenführer Felix 793, 802, 803, 814, 817, 818

  ‘Sterilization Law’ 256 sterilization programmes 234, 255, 259

  Stettin 261, 290, 319

  Stevens, Major R.H. 271

  Steyr 160

  Stieff, Major-General Hellmuth 661, 665, 669, 670, 671, 690, 692

  Stockholm 816

  Stoétrupp Hitler 138, 140, 149

  Straits of Messina 599

  Straits of Kerch 600

  Straits of Sicily 585

  Stralsund 261

  Strang, William no Strasbourg 745

  Strasser, Gregor 372, 373, 648, 755

  Strasser, Otto 271

  Straué, Adolf 455

  Straué, Johann 634

  Strauss, Richard 455; the Berlin Olympics 6;

  Friedenstag 197; ‘Olympic Hymn’ 6

  Streicher, Julius 200, 320, 374, 837; the Nazi Party’s Jew-baiter-in-chief 132 ‘Strength Through Joy’ xl, 350

  Stroop, SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen 589, 837

  Stuckart, Wilhelm 80, 245

  Student, General Kurt 367

  Stülpnagel, General Karl Heinrich von 678, 733

  Stülpnagel, General Otto von 269

  Stumpfegger, SS-Obersturmbannführer

  Ludwig 727, 824–5, 833–4

  Stumpff, Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen 836

  Stuttgart 139, 685, 746

  Styria province, Austria 73, 160, 698

  Suchum 530

  Sudeten German League 113

  Sudeten German Party (Congress, Carlsbad, April 1938) 96

  Sudeten Question 99, 108, 111, 121; see also under Czechoslovakia

  Sukhinichi 531 survival of the fittest xli

  swastika: at the Berlin Olympics 6

  Sweden 194, 402, 604, 617, 817

  Swinemünde 176, 261

  Switzerland 267, 273, 274, 676, 817

  Sword Beach 640

  Syria 189

  Szalasi, Ferencz 734, 735, 736

  Sztojay, Döme 627, 628, 640, 734

  T4 (euthanasia action code-name) 260–1, 429, 430

  Taganrog 526

  Tannenberg, Battle of 197, 214

  Tannenberg, first battle of 725