Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis (Allen Lane History)

  Operation Typhoon 415, 431, 433, 436

  Operation Valkyrie 668–9, 671, 675, 676, 690

  Operation Watch on the Rhine 741

  Opfer der Vergangenheit (Victims of the Past) (film) 257

  Oppeln, Upper Silesia 759, 788

  Oppenheim 760

  Oran, French Algeria 327, 539

  Oranienburg 793

  Ordnungspolizei (regular police) 468

  Orel 592, 596, 597

  Organisation Todt (OT) 623, 634, 675, 678, 679, 742, 808

  Orgaz y Yoldi, General 14

  Orsha 647

  Oscarsborg, straits of 288

  Oshima, Ambassador Hiroshi 27, 383, 398, 443, 445, 449, 470, 729, 730, 732, 743

  Oslo 288

  Oster, Colonel Hans 157, 225, 262, 268, 270, 659, 667, 690

  Osteria Bavaria restaurant, Munich 143, 512

  Ostland (Eastern Region) 406, 486, 491, 520

  ‘Ostmark’, Goebbels in 506

  Ostrogoth Gau (Ostgotengau) 440

  Ostrov, Poland 394, 690

  Ott, General Eugen 443

  Oven, Wilfried von 678

  Owens, Jesse 6, 7

  Pacific Ocean 728

  Paderborn 172

  Palestine 189, 530; Britain refuses entry for Jewish refugees 146; as a Jewish state 134, 321, 350

  Pan-German League/pan-Germanism 65, 67

  Panzer Corps ‘Grodeutschland’ 768–9

  Panzer Group 4 359

  Panzer Group West 641

  Papen, Franz von 68, 226, 428, 732–3; Ambassador to Austria 66; and the Anschlué 76, 82, 83; Austrian Nazi plans to murder 69; on H 71–2; meets Schuschnigg 70; plans to topple Schuschnigg 45, 67, 69

  ‘paper war’ 566

  Paris: H visits 299–300; H’s orders 722; liberated 722; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; Stülpnagel backs the insurrectionists (1944) 678

  Party of National Concentration (Nationale Sammlungspartei) 819

  Pas de Calais 641

  Pasewalk military hospital 754

  Patton, General George S. 720, 744, 788

  Paul, Prince, of Yugoslavia 360

  Paulus, Field-Marshal Friedrich 497, 530, 533, 537, 543, 544, 545, 548–51

  Pavelic, Ante 581

  pax americana xviii

  Payne Best, Captain S. 271

  Pearl Harbor (1941) 364, 442, 444, 445, 446, 448, 486–7, 490

  Peenemünde 622

  Peloponnese 361

  Pension Moritz (later the Platterhof), Obersalzberg 636

  People’s Court (Volksgerichtshof) 507, 508, 552, 688–9, 721, 733; show trials 691–2

  Perkowski, Tadeusz 202

  Persian Gulf 276, 514

  Petacci, Clara 826

  Pétain, Marshal 297, 299, 328–32, 525, 542

  Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 360

  Petersberg Hotel, Bad Godesberg 113, 114

  Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island), Havel 7

  Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz 436

  Philip of Hesse, Prince 76, 78, 600

  Phipps, Sir Eric 25, 46

  ‘Phoney War’ (autumn and winter 1939–40) 274–5

  physically handicapped 258–9

  Picasso, Pablo, Guernica 24–5

  Pillau 762

  Pilsudski, Marshal 237

  Pintsch, Karl-Heinz 371, 372

  Pirow, Oswald 151

  Pissia river 238

  Platterhof hotel, Obersalzberg 636

  Plenipotentiary for Reich Administration 709

  Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort (Reichsbevollmächtigter für den totalen Kriegseinsatz) 708–12, 713

  Ploesti oilfields 332, 343, 635

  Plön 820, 832

  Plötzensee Prison, Berlin 693

  Poland: British Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237; the collapsing front in 762; Danzig Question 158, 177; death camps closed 766–7; deportation of Jews into the foreign-speaking Gau 244; Eastern Wall 244; the Einsatzgruppen 241, 243, 244, 246; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 240–1, 248, 355; as an experimental training-ground 234–5, 355; extermination of Europe’s Jews 430; fatalities 236; and the ‘final solution of the Jewish Question’ 483; first shots fired in (1 September 1939) 221–2; General Government 239, 244, 245–6, 250, 252, 279, 319, 320, 322, 323, 351, 352, 375, 462, 471, 475, 480, 488, 491, 492, 493, 494, 520, 589; the German minority 241–2; German position strengthened 165; German propaganda 200, 201; Government-in-Exile (London) 725; H and Haider want to smash Poland at breakneck speed 180; H hopes to win allies in 43; H on 191–2; H rescinds invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; H sanctions mass murder 248; H views devastation in Warsaw 236; Haider’s speech (1939) 179–80; H’s approach changes markedly 166–7; intelligentsia 245; Jewish population 234; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134, 317; ‘the key to the situation’ 174; military alliance with Britain 215; mobilization (March 1939) 177, 190, 229; and Moravská-Ostrava 165, 190; murder of Polish officers at Katyn (1940) 583; and the national-conservative resistance 263; a new division of 782; ‘New Order’ 243, 251, 252; Non-Aggression Pact with Germany 189, 190, 191; not expected to fight (1939) 205; the Polish front 276; a potentially hostile neighbour xlv; proposed German-Russian agreement partitioning Poland 196; revisionism 46, 95; and Ruthenia 165; scope for the Nazi Party 315; Security Police 251, 252; seeks a strong central European cordon of states 157; ‘September Murders’ (1939) 242; Soviet Union invades from the east 236; Stauffenberg’s attitude 668; Ukrainian minority 165–6; Volkstumskampf (‘ethnic struggle’) 243

  Polavy bridgehead 756

  police force: ideologically driven xliii; and the Jewish Question xliv

  Polish air-force 236

  Polish army 179, 236, 240

  ‘Polish Committee for National Liberation’ 725

  Polish Corridor 158, 165, 166, 177, 178, 181, 190, 200, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 238, 664

  Polish crisis (summer 1939) 123, 129

  Polish Question 165, 279, 321

  Polish underground army 724–5

  Poltava 444, 524, 527, 660

  Pomerania (Hinterpommern) 235, 758, 759, 762, 779, 787

  Poméen, near Leipzig 258, 259

  Ponza 594

  Popitz, Johannes 659, 664, 690

  Posen 758, 759; Himmler speaks of vengeance against plotters 691; Himmler’s antisemitic speech to SS leaders (4 October 1943) 487, 559, 584, 604–5

  Potsdam 815, 820, 826

  Prague 85, 107, 112, 164, 166, 168–73, 286, 318, 481, 482, 518, 526, 683, 801

  Presidential Chancellery 709, 800

  Pretzsch 382, 463

  Price, Ward 80

  Prinz Eugen (heavy cruiser) 504

  Pripet Marsh 346, 350, 368, 463, 488

  Probst, Christoph 552 propaganda: and the Anschlué 76, 79; and antisemitism xliii, 141–2, 583; before ‘Barbarossa’ 386; British 432, 436; caricature of Jews 249; and Czechoslovakia 90, 91, 96–7, 99, 166, 169; displays 184; and the economic crisis 18; and the elections of 1938 82; the ‘euthanasia action’ 429; and formation of the Axis 26; and H’s memorandum (1936) 22; and national pride xxxix; and the Olympic Games 5, 8; and Pearl Harbor 445; and the plight of the 6th Army 548; and Poland 200, 201, 209, 214, 241, 242

  Protestant Church xxxix, 39

  Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The 588

  Prussia: bulwark of the Reich’s power xviii; Finance Ministry 574–5; and Frederick the Great 277; history 581; Ministerial Council 22

  putsch attempt (Munich, 1923) 31, 60, 258; annual celebration of 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420, 436, 489, 539–40, 606, 614, 739–40, 840

  Puttkamer, Captain Karl-Jesko Otto von 32, 235, 294, 738, 800, 816

  Quisling, Vidkun 287, 289, 581

  racecourses 575–7

  racial determinism 19

  racial struggle xli

  Rademacher, Franz 321, 322

  radicalism xliv, 73, 147, 148

  radicalization xlvi, 43, 44, 64, 146, 234, 311, 314, 316, 317, 31
8, 324, 336, 421, 495, 508, 548, 562, 707, 708

  radio see broadcasting

  Radio Stockholm 816

  Raeder, Admiral 43, 46, 47, 50, 94, 100, 176, 267, 286, 287, 289, 298, 301–2, 304, 307, 322, 326, 327, 341, 585, 837

  Raj, the 401

  Rangsdorf aerodrome 676

  Rastenburg, East Prussia 334, 395, 502, 527, 602, 662, 671, 675

  Rath, Ernst vom 136, 137, 138, 145

  Rattenhuber, SS-Standartenführer Johann 623

  Raubal, Geli (H’s niece) 36, 197

  Ravensbrück concentration camp 519

  raw materials: in Austria 67, 68; the crisis xxxviii, xlv, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 45, 47, 49, 68, 161, 191, 193, 294; in Czechoslovakia 89, 164; in the Ukraine 414

  Rechlin, Mecklenburg 197, 806, 820

  Red Army 237, 305, 308, 335, 380, 383, 384, 394, 398, 399, 409, 412, 415, 422, 423, 431, 433, 435, 437, 466, 513, 525, 528–9; advances into Lithuania 714; advances towards the Carpathians 626; Army Group South Ukraine attacked 723; attack on Berlin 793, 794, 799, 800, 801, 808–9, 812, 813, 827; begins new big offensive in the east (‘Bagratian’) 646; bombardment before ‘Citadel’ 592; bridgeheads on the Dnieper 602, 616; build-up of forces (October 1942) 537, 538; in Bulgaria 723; fatalities 578; first major counter-offensive by 487; forced on the defensive in East Prussia 738; and German military tactics 687; the heavy panzers 447; High Command 83z; major advances 616–17; presses towards the borders of the Reich 658, 696, 698, 707; reports of starvation and cannibalism 509; spring offensive ends (1943) 630; ‘Stalingrad Front’ 543, 554; the tanks 448; unprepared for the German spring offensive 515; vengeance of 763; and Volkssturm 715; and Warsaw Uprising 724, 725; winter offensive (January 1945) 747, 756–60, 766, 767, 777, 779, 782, 787, 788, 791, 792

  Redesdale, Lord 13

  Regensburg: Gau Party Rally of the Bayerische Ostmark (1937) 37

  Reggio di Calabria 599, 600

  Reich, Das newspaper 482, 508

  Reich Association of Asylums 260

  Reich Chancellery, Berlin 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 53, 55, 75–8, 107, 115, 116, 117, 120, 178, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 227, 245, 258, 260, 269, 273, 275, 288, 289, 355, 384, 385, 386, 426, 429, 431, 490, 509, 512, 515, 518, 568, 709, 769, 775, 776, 779, 783, 788, 794, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 809, 811, 812, 815, 816, 820, 825, 826, 827, 829, 830, 831

  Reich Citizenship law 132

  Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditary and Congenital Suffering (Reichsausschuß zur wissenschaftlichen Erfassung erb- und anlagebedingter schwerer Leiden) 259

  Reich Cultural Chamber 712

  Reich Defence Commissars 575, 706, 707, 710, 786

  Reich Defence Council (Reichsverteidigungsrat) 161, 311–12

  Reich Food Estate 37

  Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 406, 486

  Reich Security Head Office 382, 471, 486, 604, 667, 817

  Reichenau, Field-Marshal Walter von 57, 58, 70, 75, 103, 268, 441, 455, 465

  Reichskristallnacht (Crystal Night) (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472

  Reichsbank 161

  Reichsgau Posen (Reichsgau Wartheland) 239, 245, 250, 261; see also Warthegau

  Reichsgau Wartheland see Warthegau

  Reichstag: divided xlii; Fire 60; H declares war on the USA (11 December 1941) 444–6; H dissolves (1938) 82; H’s prophecy on 30

  January 1939 459, 473–4, 478; H’s three-hour speech (1937) 38; last ever session 510–12; recall discussed (1942) 507; Resolution (Beschlu) 511; stenographers sent to FHQ 533

  Reichswerke Hermann Göring 161

  Reichwein, Adolf 666

  Reinhardt, Fritz 442

  Reinhardt, Colonel-General Hans 758

  Reisser, Obersturmführer Hans 830–31

  Reitsch, Captain Hanna 621, 812, 820, 821

  Remagen 760, 782

  Remer, Major Otto Ernst 679–80, 689–90

  Rendulic, Colonel-General Lothar 758

  Reschny, SA-Obergruppenführer Hermann 75

  Reserve Army 450, 689, 690, 706

  Reuters 816, 817

  Reval 483

  Rheims 835, 836

  Rhine river 106, 112, 113, 114, 696, 760, 779, 782

  Rhineland, remilitarization xv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xxxix, xlvi, 3, 4, 23, 38, 63, 64, 74, 83, 87, 91, 208

  Rhineland-Westphalia 173

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von 70, 199, 215, 218, 227, 298, 320, 446, 478, 513, 595, 601, 628, 723, 753, 776, 779, 798, 800; Ambassador in London 7, 23–4, 75, 76, 90; anti-British 44, 90, 159, 160, 325; arch-rival of Göring 123; assurances to Oshima 443–4; attempts to obtain peace (1945) 770–71; the Berlin Olympic Games 7; blamed for the war 226; contempt and loathing for 774; and Czechoslovakia 99–100, 114, 120, 121; and Danzig 158; devotion to H 90, 640; European-Asiatic Bloc proposal 331–2; and a German-Japanese rapprochement 26–7; the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; and a German-Soviet agreement 194–6; hanged at Nuremberg 837; and the Heé affair 372, 375; the Hitler/Chamberlain talks 110, 111; and H’s ‘peace plan’ 3; ideas of a future European federation 584; influence on H 90–1; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321; meeting with Ciano at Fuschl 203–4; meeting with Henderson 219–20; and Memel 176; and Molotov 333–4; Mussolini on 98; the mutual assistance pact with Italy 98; the ‘Pact of Steel’ 193; pleads with H to negotiate with Stalin 539; presents H’s ultimatum to Schmidt 71; replaces Göring as H’s right-hand man 123; replaces Neurath at the Foreign Office 58, 60, 90; and the Soviet-German non-aggression pact 210–11; the Spanish Civil War 16; supports war to destroy Czechoslovakia 90, 104, 119, 120, 122, 129; talks with Guderian 770; talks in Moscow (1939) 204, 205; in Warsaw 166; and Wiedemann’s mission 105

  Richthofen, Colonel-General Wolfram Freiherr von 544

  Riefenstahl, Leni 6

  Riem racecourse 576

  Riga 483, 485, 486

  Ritter von Greim, Colonel-General Robert 738, 739, 812, 820, 821, 836

  Rohland, Walter 440

  Röhm, Captain Ernst xxxvii, 52, 53, 358, 814

  Romania 174, 333, 617, 719, 734; collapse of 723, 724; an economic satellite of Germany 194; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134; joins the Tripartite Pact 361; oil-fields 305, 328, 343, 347, 361, 388, 413, 414, 418, 549, 603, 635; protection of oil-fields 305, 328; Soviet designs on 332

  Romanian army 384, 538, 543, 549, 554, 602, 625–6, 723

  Rome 58; Allies take 638; German Embassy 600; Germany takes 600; Göring visits 68, 546; H in (1938) 98; Jewish community 604; planned occupation of 595, 598

  Rominten, East Prussia 709

  Rommel, Erwin 348, 514, 523, 524, 534, 538, 540, 546, 581, 586, 595, 599, 631, 638, 641, 642, 643, 649, 696, 717–18, 733

  Roosevelt, Franklin D. 446, 536, 612, 782; armaments output claims 516–17; death 791; declares war on Japan 442; the Evian Conference 145; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; H’s response to his telegram 189; meeting with Churchill at Casablanca 577; at Yalta 761, 778

  Roques, General Karl von 467

  Rosenberg, Alfred 39, 149, 184, 199, 205–6, 244, 265, 320, 374, 405–6, 433, 478, 479, 483, 491, 800, 837

  Roslavl 451

  Rostock 509–10

  Rostov 345, 439, 441, 444, 529

  Roter Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters’ League) 272

  Rothschilds, Die (antisemitic film) 423

  Rotterdam 295

  Röver, Ganleiter Carl 515, 516

  Royal Air Force (RAF): Battle of Britain 309; Bomber Command 597, 761; bombs the Berghof 809; and Dresden 761; and Dunkirk 296; first bombing raids on Berlin 309; German attacks on airfields of southern England 309; nightly raids intensified 535

  Royal Navy: and the Anglo-German naval treaty (1935) xxxviii; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301; Germany’s challenge to supremacy of 178; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; submarines in the Mediterranean 543; US grant of fifty destroyers 310