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    Jerusalem: The Biography

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      Spartacus slave rebellion, 73, 106n

      Special Night Squads, 451–2

      Special Squads, 463

      Springs of Cresson, 246

      Stables of Solomon, 85, 150, 219, 226, 509

      Stalin, Josef, 382n, 440n, 461, 462n, 463, 476, 489

      Stanhope, Lady Hester, 321–2

      Stanley, Dean Arthur, 353–4

      Stations of the Cross, 106n

      Stepashin, Stephan, 515n

      St Stephen, 110, 152n

      St Stephen’s Gate, 417

      Stern, Abraham, 458

      Stonehenge, 14

      stoning, 59

      Storrs, Sir Ronald, xxv, 404, 406, 417n, 422–4, 429–30, 434–6, 478

      Strait of Tiran, 492–3

      Strategos, 162

      stylites, 154

      Sudan, 26, 355n, 365, 402

      Suetonius, 111

      Suez Canal, 325, 355, 362, 397, 490, 504

      Sufism, 197n, 276, 280–1, 303–4

      suicide bombings, 507, 508, 513, 518n

      Suleiman, Caliph, 186

      Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan, 146n, 291–7, 343

      Suleiman Pasha, the Just, 320, 322

      Sulla, 73

      Supreme Muslim Council, 436, 439

      Suqman, 203

      Susa, 50n, 51, 370

      Swedish Evangelical Church, 365

      Sweyn Godwinson, Earl, 201

      Switzerland, 409

      Sykes, Sir Mark, 405, 414–15

      Sykes–Picot Agreement, 405–7, 415, 428

      Syria, 22, 31, 33, 41, 57n, 82, 116, 140, 215, 218, 355, 442, 456, 492

      and Albanian conquest, 327, 334

      and Arab conquests, 173, 177–8, 181, 187, 190–1, 194

      and archaeology, 354

      and desert monks, 154

      and division of Middle East, 403, 405–7, 415, 422, 424–8, 431–3, 454, 465–6

      and Grand Mufti’s revolt, 448, 454

      and Islamic sultanate, 243–4, 251, 265–6, 271, 272n

      and Israeli wars, 474–5, 492, 504

      and Mongol raids, 275, 277

      Nur al-Din’s conquest, 236, 238, 241

      and Persian conquesst, 161, 163–4

      Roman occupation, 72, 74–6, 80

      and Tamurlane’s conquest, 282–3

      and the Three Pashas, 395–6

      and UAR, 490–1

      Syriac Orthodox Church, 157n, 310

      al-Tabari, 172n

      Tabernacles, 59n, 67–8, 70, 98

      Tabor Mountain, Battle of, 316

      Tacitus, 9, 99n, 116, 125, 130, 133

      Taki al-Din, 247, 253, 259

      Talaat Pasha, Mehmet, 395, 400, 414, 416n

      Talal, King of Jordan, 484

      Talbieh, 335, 346, 352, 400n, 443, 466

      Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice, Prince de, 312

      Talmud, 83, 132, 136, 191

      Talpiot, 444, 452, 467n

      Tamar, 24

      Tamara, Queen of Georgia, 296n

      Tamurlane, 282–4

      Tanakh, 16, 55

      Tancred de Hauteville, 208, 210–12

      Tankiz, Viceroy, 280–1

      Tartars, 270–1

      Tbilisi, 416n, 461n

      Tegart forts, 450

      Teima, 46

      Tel Aviv, 383, 438, 452, 455, 463, 468, 470, 474, 487, 501, 511

      Tel Dan stele, xxiv, 22, 32n

      telegraph, 356

      Tell al-Jahudiya, 66n

      Temple

      anti-Temple traditions, 99–100

      Babylonian destruction, 44

      Foundation Stone, 148, 508n, 509, 515

      Herod’s Temple, 84–7, 183, 295, 354n

      and Jewish commemoration, 374

      and Jewish revolt, 1–10, 122–3, 125, 131–2

      Julian’s rebuilding, 150

      and life of Jesus, 99–102, 104, 109–10

      and Maimonides’ grieving, 240–1

      and PLO denial, 505–6, 508

      Roman depredations, 72–3, 78

      Second Temple, 49–50, 85

      Solomon’s Temple, 7, 25–8, 50, 85, 159, 183

      spoliation under Antiochus, 62–3

      Third Temple, 437, 502, 505

      treasures, 7–8, 31, 33, 51, 60, 129, 130n, 159

      Temple Institute, 86n

      Temple Mount, xix, xxi, 9, 16, 72, 122–3, 147–9, 195, 241, 361, 400, 420, 434, 488

      and Albanian conquest, 327

      and Arab conquests, 170, 175–9, 182–3, 185, 190–1, 200

      and Arab Revolt, 448

      and archaeology, 355, 379

      and Crusaders, 211–12, 221, 227–9, 270

      and European visitors, 322, 325, 348–9, 378–9, 422

      Herod’s constructions, 67n, 71, 85

      and Intifada, 503

      and Islamic sultanate, 254, 268–9

      and Israeli wars, 466, 492–5

      and Jewish festivals, 153–4

      Jewish picnics, 58n, 384

      and Mamluk sultanate, 276, 280, 284, 286, 288

      negotiations and access, 509–10, 514–16, 517

      and Ottoman sultanate, 291–3, 295, 299n, 304, 307–8

      and Parker fiasco, 389, 391–2

      reconsecration, 162

      Roman constructions, 134–6, 138

      sacred status, 27–8, 152n and Second Coming, 502–4

      and Seljuk conquest, 202

      tomb of King Hussein, 479, 484

      tunnel construction, 509

      and World Islamic Conference, 439

      see also Haram al-Sharif Temple Mount Faithful, 503

      Temple of Amun, 31

      Temple of Jupiter, 134, 135n, 138, 140

      Temple of Solomon, see al-Aqsa Mosque Ten

      Commandments, 17

      Tennenbaum, Leah, 399–400

      Tenth Legion, 9, 132, 136, 138, 363n

      Tetragrammaton, 302

      Teutonic Knights, 267–8, 270

      Texas, 382

      Thackeray, William, 336, 339, 345, 347

      Theodora, Empress, 158–60

      Theodora, Queen of Jerusalem, 237–8

      Theodorich, 219, 239n

      Theodosius I, Emperor, 148n, 151

      Theodosius II, Emperor, 153–6

      Thibault of Champagne, Count, 270

      Third Wall, 114, 126

      Thirty Years War, 300

      St Thomas, 108

      Thomas, Lowell, 404, 425–6, 433n

      Thomas the gravedigger, 162n

      Thomas the Presbyter, 172

      Thompson, Archbishop William, 354

      Thomson, William, 329, 337

      Thousand and One Nights, 189, 363

      Thrace, 50

      Three Pashas, 394–401, 403, 415n

      Tiberias, 95, 111, 115, 161, 164, 177, 246, 295

      Tiberius, Emperor, 95, 98, 99n, 110–12

      Tiferet Israel Synagogue, 352n

      Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria, 33–4

      Tigris, river, 150

      Tikrit, 251

      Timberlake, Henry, 299–301

      Titus, Emperor, 1–10, 38, 44, 66n, 84n, 87, 99, 124–6, 129, 131, 133, 134n, 136, 479

      Tobiah the Amnonite, 56n

      Tobler, Titus, 356

      Tobruk, 459

      Toldot Haron, 486

      Tomb of Kings, 355

      Tomb of Simon, 360

      Tomb of the Abyss, 27n

      Tomb of Zechariah, 132

      Torah, 45n, 51, 61, 62, 70, 90, 190, 279, 298, 338

      Torquemada, Tomás de, 294

      Tosefta, 139

      Touro, Judah, 352n

      Tours, 186

      Tours, Battle of, 65n

      Tower of Babel, 42, 45n

      Tower of David, 84n, 203, 214, 217, 225, 236, 243, 245, 249, 260, 269–70, 280, 288, 292, 307, 319, 356, 363, 378, 418, 420, 452

      see also Citadel

      Trajan, Emperor, 133–4, 160

      Transjordan, 433, 446, 448

      Transylvania, 304n

      Treaty of Jaffa, 263

      Treaty of Karlowitz, 305

     
    Trieste, 513

      Tripoli, 209, 215

      Trojan Wars, 14–15

      Trotsky, Leon, 383, 423n, 429n

      True Cross, 146–7, 152, 162, 164–5

      and Crusaders, 214, 217, 220, 223, 227, 236, 244, 247–9, 258–61, 263

      Truman, Harry S., President, 410, 463–4, 476

      Tunis, 506

      Tunisia, 194, 251, 283

      Turanshah, Sultan, 271

      Turin Shroud, 108

      Turjman, Ihsan, 422

      Turkish Lions, 275

      Tustari, Grand Vizier, 200

      Twain, Mark, xxiv, 357–8

      Twelve Apostles, 97, 99, 103, 109

      Tyler, John, President, 336

      Tyre, 22, 27, 53, 202, 220, 227, 236, 255

      Tyropaean Valley, 35n

      Ubadah ibn al-Samit, 177n

      Ubayd Allah (al-Mahdi), 194

      Uganda, 381–2, 410, 453

      Uhuh, Battle of, 177

      Ukraine, 50n, 301–3, 359n, 444, 486n

      Umayyad dynasty, 178–87

      Union of Zionist-Revisionists, 430

      United Arab Command, 491

      United Arab Republic (UAR), 490

      United Nations, 48n, 466–7, 468–71, 478, 483, 492, 495–6, 514, 519

      United Resistance Command, 462, 465

      United States of America

      American Civil War, 347n

      American Constitution, 336

      American Jews, 428, 500

      early colonists, 300–2

      and Jewish immigration, 370

      and Six Day War, 494, 496

      and Suez crisis, 490

      and state of Israel, 467

      Unur, Atabeg of Damascus, 224, 229, 233, 235

      Ur, 16, 45n

      Urban II, Pope, 208

      Uriah the Hittite, 23, 363

      US Zionist Federation, 428

      Usamah bin Munqidh, xxv, 223–5, 229–31, 233, 237, 239, 241, 252

      Ustinov, Baron Plato von, 366

      Vagabond Café, 444

      Valley of Hinnom, 40, 185n

      Valley of Jehoshaphat, 227

      Vanderbilt, Consuelo, 389

      Varus, Publius Quinctilius, 93

      Venice, 207n

      Verdun, 408, 416

      Versailles peace conference, 427–8

      Vespasian, Emperor, 1–2, 5, 124–6, 129, 131–2

      Vester, Frederick, 485

      Via Dolorosa, 106n, 135n, 286, 300, 344n, 356, 497

      Victoria, Queen, 324, 332, 341, 350, 354, 368, 454n

      Vienna, 292, 304, 352, 373, 376, 398

      Villiers, Captain Hyde, 389n

      Vilna, 350n, 359n, 501

      Vincent, Père, 390

      Virgin Mary, see Mary, mother of Jesus

      Virgin’s Tomb, see Church of Our Lady of Jehoshaphat

      Vitruvius, 85n

      Volney, Constantin, 310–11

      von Papen, Franz, 396, 409, 416, 439n

      Wagner, Richard, 423

      Wahab, Muhammad ibn Abdul, 327n

      Wahabis, 281, 327, 432

      al-Wahrani, 252–3

      Walid I, Caliph, 184, 186

      Walter, Hubert, 263

      Waqfs, 280n, 364n, 421, 498, 508

      Ward, Hon. Cyril, 389n

      warfare, laws of, 213n

      Warren, Captain Charles, 21n, 355–6

      Warren’s Gate, 186

      Waterloo, Battle of, 323

      Watson, Brigadier C. F., 418

      Wauchope, Sir Arthur, 439–40, 450

      Wavell, Sir Archibald, 1st Earl, 451

      Wazzah, 421

      Weidenfeld, George, Baron, 482, 487

      Weizmann, Chaim, President, xxv, 351n, 374, 409–12, 414–15, 421, 423–31, 435, 444–6, 450, 453, 458, 478

      and Buraq Uprising, 438–9

      and El Alamein, 457

      and Israeli presidency, 476, 480

      and Nabi Musa riots, 429–30

      and Orde Wingate, 450–1

      Weizmann Institute of Science, 481

      Well of Souls, 27n

      West Bank, 478, 481–2, 488, 491, 502

      and Intifada, 505–6, 509

      Western Wall, 9, 24n, 71, 120n, 135n, 151n, 175, 264, 286, 300, 355, 357, 379, 408, 452, 504

      and Buraq Uprising, 436–8

      daily rituals, 518–19, 523

      as ha-Kotel, 295, 437, 497, 516

      and Jewish access, 480, 482, 502, 513, 516

      purchase attempts, 357, 374, 398n, 421, 437

      and shofar ban, 437, 459

      and Six Day War, 497–8

      tunnel constructions, 509

      Westminster, Jerusalem Chamber, 285

      White Russians, 444

      Wiesel, Elie, 512

      Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 355–6, 375–80, 389, 395, 408, 417

      William III, King, 331

      William, Patriarch, 223

      William of Tyre, xxv, 208, 222, 233–4, 237–9, 242, 244, 245n

      William the Conqueror, King, 201, 208

      William the Troubadour, 234–5

      Wilson, Captain Charles, 354, 363n, 390

      Wilson, Captain Clarence, 389n, 390–1

      Wilson, Woodrow, President, 427–8

      Wilson’s Arch, 354

      Wingate, Lorna, 452

      Wingate, General Orde, 450–2, 453n, 456, 494

      Winthrop, John, 301

      Wittenberg, 296

      Wolff, Heinrich, 439

      Woodhead Commission, 442n

      Workers of Zion, 383

      World Islamic Conference, 439

      Worms Cathedral, 379n

      Wrangel, Count Herman, 389n

      Xenophon, 49

      Xerxes, King of Persia, 50n, 52

      Yaacovy, Yitzhak, 487

      Yachin and Boaz pillars, 26

      Yad Vashem memorial, 455n, 487n, 504

      Yalta conference, 462n, 463

      al-Yaqubi, 172n

      Yarmuk, Battle of, 172–3, 177n

      Yathrib, 170

      Yaush, 42n

      Yavneh (Jamnia), 132

      Yazid, ibn Abi Sufyan, 180

      Yemen, 158n, 174, 194, 243, 251, 255

      Yishuv, 445, 459, 467, 470

      Yohanan ben Zakkai, 10

      Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem, 265n, 266–7, 270n

      Yom Kippur War, 502

      York, 257

      Young, William Turner, 330, 332, 334–5

     
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