The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve

condemnation of, 127, 134

  created from Adam’s rib, 16, 60–61, 75, 113, 128, 130, 132, 136, 143, 148, 216, 253, 333

  creation of, 16, 66, 125, 148, 179, 184, 194, 306

  death of, 72, 308

  descendants of, 125, 133, 136, 151

  free will of, 223–25

  height of, 276

  images in artworks, 137–38, 147–53, 161, 207, 212, 216; see also art

  innocence of, 143, 223, 293

  and knowledge, 66, 135

  leaving the garden, 148–49, 256

  legacy of, 91, 136

  and love, 224–25

  and Mary, 127–30

  and misogyny, 129–31, 220

  myths and legends about, 254–55

  and Pandora, 122, 239

  penitence of, 69

  punishments of, 122–23, 125, 227–28, 243, 254, 294–95, 308

  and salvation, 134

  and the serpent, 2, 67, 70, 75, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135–36, 137, 153, 208, 224, 226, 254, 305, 307

  and shame, 150, 212

  as source of temptation, 121, 122, 131, 135, 137–38, 147–48, 254

  as transgressor, 113, 125, 126, 127, 129, 133–35, 136, 150, 225, 243, 254, 295, 305, 346

  see also Adam and Eve; Adam and Eve story

  Everard, John, 191

  evil, sources of, 88, 335

  Evil One, 131

  see also Satan

  evolution:

  creation of new species, 238–39

  Darwin on, see Darwin, Charles

  and extinction, 270, 274

  first common ancestor, 249

  and geology, 275–79

  Last Common Ancestor, 14, 249, 287, 298

  Lucretius on, 273–75

  mutations in, 14, 238, 273, 274

  natural selection, 14, 274, 279, 282, 287

  Oxford debate on (1860), 296–97

  process of, 12–13, 238–39, 278, 297, 299

  signs of development and history, 276

  survival skills in, 272–74, 282

  transvaluation of values in, 298

  evolutionary biology, 14, 272, 281

  Ezekiel, 329

  Ezra, 22, 33, 34

  Fairfax, Thomas, 186

  Fall of Man, 271, 280, 281

  Familists, 196

  Figino, Ambrogio, 347

  fig leaves, 2, 146, 149, 153, 252, 292–93

  fire, mastery of, 272, 273–74

  FitzRoy, Robert, 278, 280

  Flood, 22, 45, 46–49, 55, 56, 237, 240, 244, 276

  folktales, 18, 111

  fossils:

  collections of, 12–14, 278

  discoveries of, 13, 275, 276, 283

  interpretation of, 14, 277, 297

  Fox, George, 191

  Fra Angelico, 128

  France, Wars of Religion, 231–32, 253, 360

  Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, 258

  freedom:

  of choice (free will), 105–6, 109, 116, 133, 135, 179, 185, 187, 209, 222–25, 256, 344

  in Eden, 189, 193

  encumbrances on, 233, 272

  individual, 57, 223–24

  innocence threatened by, 223

  loss of, 114, 344

  and revolutionaries, 194

  self-control as, 116, 119

  from sin, 104, 105–6

  universal, 193, 199, 230

  French Revolution, 137, 190

  fundamentalism, 276

  Galápagos Islands, Darwin’s visit to, 279, 283

  Galileo Galilei, 168, 238, 257

  Galton, Francis, 282

  Garden of Eden:

  Adam and Eve in, 3, 16, 137, 194, 243, 280

  as allegory, 76, 110, 205, 251, 252

  and Bagh-e Fin garden, Iran, 18–19

  eating forbidden fruit in, 2, 16, 73, 100, 125, 135

  evil in, 257

  food provided in, 59–60, 148

  loss of, 6

  marriage in, 182, 184

  and Paradise, see Paradise

  in Paradise Lost, 211–12

  punishments in, 2–3, 73, 251, 272, 294

  re-creating, 194

  rivers in, 59, 234, 235

  tree of knowledge in, 75

  United States of America as, 262

  in Voltaire’s Philosophical Dictionary, 258–61

  Yahweh’s design of, 59

  Gassendi, Pierre, 359

  Genesis:

  Adam and Eve story in, 3, 49, 67, 70, 72, 91, 94, 100, 131, 133, 174, 190, 232, 233, 293

  as allegory, 110–11, 205, 252, 261, 276, 295

  and alternative origin stories, 239, 241, 242–43

  Augustine’s studies of, 110–19

  authenticity of, 23, 206, 238, 255

  building a city in, 58

  creation stories in, 15, 16, 18, 37, 41, 44, 57, 70, 148, 208, 216, 238, 244, 276, 282

  Darwinism as inconsistent with, 272–73

  as folktale, 87

  garden in, see Garden of Eden

  and Gilgamesh story, 56–63

  human dominion directed in, 14–15

  human responsibilities in, 50

  imaginative images in, 19, 79

  initiation as transgression in, 62, 63

  “In the beginning …,” 71, 278, 336

  miracle of animation in, 57

  moral lessons in, 252, 293

  origins of, 22, 44, 240

  questions rising from, 72, 73, 232–33, 238, 243, 248, 251, 255–56, 271

  serpent’s role in, 223

  in Sistine Chapel frescoes, 151, 154, 207

  sources of, 36

  speculations absent in second chapter of, 15–16, 57

  storyteller of, 37–38, 45, 47–49, 51, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62–63

  truth found in, 191

  Vienna Genesis, 348

  Genesis Rabbah, 303, 306, 307

  genetics, 282, 298

  Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, 37

  geology, 275–79

  Gilgamesh, 51–63, 331–32, 334

  ascent of man depicted in, 53, 56, 57–58, 63

  in The Buried Book, 331

  comparisons to Genesis stories, 56–63

  creation scene in, 52, 57, 60

  dates of compilation, 51

  Enkidu in, 52–55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63

  Hebrew response to, 57

  human awareness of mortality in, 54–56, 61, 63

  mythical figure of, 51

  same-sex friendship depicted in, 53–54, 56, 60, 61–62

  setting of, 51, 58

  Shamhat in, 52–54, 63

  story of, 29, 39, 46–47, 51–56

  tree of life in, 56

  triumph of, 63

  Gislebertus (stonemason), 147–48

  God:

  coming face-to-face with, 1–2

  communication with, 112, 214–16, 219, 220, 222, 224

  creatures created by, 11–12, 16, 56, 71, 216, 277, 278

  freedom conferred by, 230

  goodness of, 101–2

  grace of, 93

  humans made in image of, 8, 57, 70, 110, 157, 218

  keeping accounts, 101

  limitations of, in Nag Hammadi writings, 66

  limitations of, in Voltaire, 260

  man as higher than, 66

  and marriage, 182, 215

  mercy of, 104, 105, 135

  Moses guided by, 23, 70

  omnipotence of, 38, 49, 101, 102, 208

  punishments inflicted by, 243, 255, 294

  questions undermining faith in, 255–56, 257, 259–60

  as ruler of the universe, 74, 309–10

  universe created by, 74, 100, 102, 112, 277

  and “vital fire,” 108

  Word of, 128

  see also Yahweh

  Golgotha, 144

  Gómara, López de, 235

  good and evil, 9, 70, 75, 87, 99–102, 105, 224, 255, 259, 293–95

  gorillas, see primates

&
nbsp; Gossaert, Jan, 154

  Gosse, Philip, Omphalos, 276–78

  Gray, Asa, 283

  Great Debate, Valladolid, 233–35

  Greece, origin stories from, 314

  Greek art:

  and Apollo Belvedere, 160–61

  nudity permissible in, 141, 148

  Renaissance interest in, 156

  Greek classics, translations of, 239

  Greek philosophy, 77

  Greenland, Eskimos in, 242

  Gregory of Nyssa, 306

  Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, 18

  Grotius, Hugo, 241–42, 359

  guilt, attribution of, 48, 110

  Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, 234

  Haeckel, Ernst, 282

  Hale, Matthew, 237

  Hanina, Rabbi, 71

  Harrison, William, Historical Description of the Island of Britain, 37

  Hawaii, volcanoes in, 21

  Hebrews, see Jews; Judaism

  Helen of Troy, artistic depiction of, 158

  Henrion, Denis, 276

  Henry VIII, king of England, 178

  heretics:

  and Hebrew scripture, 70, 74–75

  and Jerome, 124–25

  and La Peyrère, 242, 246–48, 250

  Marcion, 74, 75

  Origen, 77–78

  Pelagius, 106

  punishment of, 106, 240, 250, 253, 260

  in Renaissance, 240, 250

  and Voltaire, 260

  Herodotus, 240

  Herod the Great, 328

  Herrera, Antonio de, 235

  Hesiod, 79, 121, 239

  heterodoxy, persecution of, 65

  Higgins, John, Mirror for Magistrates, 37

  Hildegard of Bingen, 308

  Hildesheim:

  doors at, 128, 145–46, 154

  St. Albans Psalter in, 148–49

  Hobbes, Thomas, 294, 359

  Holinshed, Raphael, Chronicles, 37

  holotypes, 10–12, 79

  Holstein, Lucas, 207

  Homer, 51, 191, 203, 208, 210

  hominids, 270, 281

  hominins, 12, 13–14, 287

  Homo sapiens:

  evolution of, 12–14, 15, 270–72

  genes shared with chimpanzees, 298

  and Last Common Ancestor, 14, 249, 287, 298

  and Lucy, 12, 13, 281

  type specimen of, 10

  see also humans

  hope, 122, 141

  Hugh of St. Victor, 205

  humanism, 9, 207–8, 238

  humans:

  ability to speak, 274

  Adam and Eve as progenitors of, 237, 253, 277

  before the creation, 232

  “be fruitful and multiply,” 14, 47, 60, 107, 110–11, 180, 253, 308–9, 343

  changes in origin beliefs of, 281–82

  in childhood, 191

  common ancestor of, 14, 249, 287, 298

  companionship of, 60–61

  creation of, 23, 44, 45, 207, 238, 239

  cultural hierarchy among, 281

  and death, 106, 227–28, 345

  decisions made by, 16, 17, 48, 57, 60, 105, 109, 114, 224–25, 284, 299

  distinct qualities of, 270

  diversity of, 237

  dominance over other species, 8, 14–15, 57, 193, 248, 282

  evolution of, 12–14, 15, 238–39, 248–49, 270–72, 276, 281, 284, 287, 297

  extinct types of, 270, 274

  first, alternative theories about, 241–42, 253, 256–57

  freedom of, 230

  in God’s image, 8, 57, 70, 110, 157, 218

  history of, 16

  independent thinking of, 225

  inherited traits and behaviors of, 272

  intelligence of, 15

  language abilities of, 15, 270, 274, 298

  moral responsibilities of, 48, 49–50, 270, 298, 299

  Platonic idea of, 76

  polygenesis of, 248–49

  punishment of, 99, 101, 229, 272

  reality of, 9, 213, 219

  reasoning abilities of, 270

  redemption of, 71, 104, 229, 245

  reproduction of, 48, 62, 107, 115–16, 135

  resemblance to apes, 294, 296, 364

  and sex, 107–10, 219

  shared African origin of, 248–49

  sinfulness of, 100, 102, 104, 105, 108–10, 229, 255, 272, 340

  sizes of, 276

  social skills of, 272, 273–74

  storytelling by, 18

  suffering of, 100–102, 104

  toolmaking skills of, 15, 272

  traduction of, 237

  as work in progress, 297

  see also Homo sapiens

  Huxley, Thomas Henry, 296–97

  Huynh Sanh Thong, 311

  Iberia, Jews expelled from, 231

  Iblis, Satan as, 6

  innocence:

  of Adam and Eve, 119, 143, 144, 153–54, 174, 217, 258, 293, 295–96

  final moment of, 153–54, 251

  and freedom, 223

  and impossibility of understanding evil, 223, 267, 338

  of infants, 105, 106, 107, 109, 191

  of New World natives, 235–36

  in Paradise, 195, 218

  recovery of, 6, 120, 236

  and virginity, 169

  vs. fallenness, 147–48, 263, 284

  Inquisition, 131–33, 136, 168, 259, 267

  insects, emergence of, 11

  Iran, Bagh-e Fin garden in, 18–19

  Irenaeus, Saint:

  Against Heresies, 75

  as bishop of Lyons, 109

  Ireton, Henry, 358

  Isaac, 35

  Isaiah, book of, 33

  Isbell, Lynne A., 311

  Ishtar Gate, 24, 42

  Islam, Adam and Eve story interpreted in Qur’an, 6–7, 121, 346

  Israel, history of, 36

  Italy, reunification of, 190

  Jacobsen, Thorkild, 327

  Jefferson, Thomas, 193, 261

  Jeremiah, 329

  Jerome:

  Against Jovinian, 127

  ascetic views of, 124–25, 126, 347

  Bible translated by, 123

  Jerusalem:

  destruction of the Temple in, 25, 26, 31, 35, 38

  ethnic cleansing in, 34

  fall of, 26, 30, 31, 38

  Great Temple in, 25

  puppet government in, 24

  rebuilding the Temple in, 33

  return of Jews to, 32–33, 34

  siege of, 25

  Western Wall, 33

  Jesus Christ:

  and allegory, 205

  born of virgin, 109, 118

  crucifixion of, 111, 144, 245

  faith in, 73, 74

  father of, 74

  historical figure of, 87, 205

  and marriage/divorce, 179–80, 354

  as messiah, 109, 245–46

  mystical links of, 74

  as New Adam, 6, 74, 75, 100, 128, 298

  and New Testament, 74–75, 253

  sacrifice of, 6, 26, 38, 71, 104, 122, 144, 245

  as savior, 38, 75, 111, 129, 134, 144, 151, 205, 229, 236, 242, 245, 335, 336

  unknown sayings of, 66, 78, 109, 179

  Word incarnate in, 71

  Jews:

  Adam as father of, 242

  anti-Semitism, 128–29, 246

  “By the waters of Babylon,” 30–31, 34, 44

  canon of, 68

  as chosen people, 245, 258, 260

  creation story of, 38, 41, 44, 244–45, 327

  cultural memory of, 40–41, 45, 48

  dehumanization of, 131

  exiled to Babylon, 24–34, 38

  expulsion of, 231, 245

  history of, 23, 24, 245

  house of David, 24

  intermarriage of, 34

  language of, 32

  laws of, 33, 74, 242, 325, 337, 354

  Marranos, 231, 235

  as People of the Book, 35

&nbs
p; prohibition of graven images, 140–41

  questions raised by, 73

  return to Jerusalem, 25, 32–33

  stories of, 33, 34, 48

  and transvaluation of values, 298

  Job, 73

  Johanson, Donald, 12

  John (evangelist), 71

  Jonson, Ben, 209

  Jovinian, 124, 126, 347

  Judah, kingdom of, 24, 25, 32

  Judaism:

  Adam and Eve story interpreted in, 6, 22, 35, 38, 49

  and Elohim, 331

  and Greek philosophy, 77

  Hebrew Bible, 240

  rabbinical writings, 109

  and Talmud, 215, 325

  and Torah, see Torah

  and Yahweh, see Yahweh

  Julian, Emperor, Against the Galileans, 75

  Julian of Eclanum, 106–9, 116, 341

  Julius II, Pope, 160

  Jurieu, Pierre, 255

  Kant, Immanuel, 338

  Kibale Chimpanzee Project, 285–302

  Kierkegaard, Søren, 338

  Kingsley, Charles, 278

  knowledge:

  absence of, 218, 293, 294–96

  acquisition of, 16, 63, 67, 73, 135, 224, 239, 284

  forbidden, 73, 75, 251

  of majestic man, 339

  transmission of, 17

  tree of, see Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil

  Koerner, Joseph, 156

  Kramer, Heinrich, 131–33, 137

  Krishna, 87

  Kudai (High God), 318

  labor:

  after the Fall, 3, 8, 63, 111, 151, 189–90, 243, 272

  allegorical interpretation of meanings, 6, 76, 111

  in Eden, 45, 59–60, 75, 221

  gender division of, 221, 272

  Lactantius, 244

  language:

  ability to speak, 274

  acquisition of, 9

  Coptic codices, 65

  as cultural heritage, 32

  first writing system, 332

  origin of, 311

  and Tower of Babel, 27, 59

  tracing of, 7

  unidentified in Genesis, 11, 75

  La Peyrère, Isaac, 231–33, 235

  heresies of, 233, 242, 246, 250

  Men Before Adam/Prae-Adamitae, 241–42, 245–46, 248

  recantation of, 246–48, 250

  scripture questioned by, 232, 237–38, 240–48, 251, 252, 361–62

  Las Casas, Bartolomé de, A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 235–36

  Last Common Ancestor, 14, 287, 298, 364

  Lee, Lady Margaret, 355

  Le Jeu d’Adam, 210

  Leonardo da Vinci, 206

  Lewis, R. W. B., 263

  Life of Adam and Eve, The, 67–73

  Lilith, 218

  Linnaeus, Carl, 10

  literalism, 3, 8–10, 79–80, 262, 300

  Augustine on, 97, 111–19, 137, 163, 205, 206, 228, 244, 250, 276, 342–45

  Enlightenment doubts about, 9–10, 137, 261, 268, 284, 338

  and fundamentalism, 276

  and Milton, 205, 213, 247, 256–57

  and Paradise Lost, 163, 209, 213, 228, 247, 261

  questions raised by, 9–10, 112, 113, 117–18, 137, 237, 250, 252, 253–56, 260–61

  scientific discoveries vs., 275–76, 281, 297