The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve

  Voltaire on, 260–61

  weakening support of, 267–68

  word of God affirming, 254

  Logos (Word), 71

  Lucretius, 238–39

  On the Nature of Things, 273–75

  Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis), 12, 13, 281

  Luke, Saint, 128

  Lullu (ethnic name), 44, 328

  Luther, Martin, 213, 309

  Lyell, Charles, 275

  Principles of Geology, 276, 278, 279

  Lyons, bishop of, 109

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, The Prince, 294

  Maimonides, 337

  Malthus, Thomas Robert, 248

  man, first, see Adam

  Manichaeism:

  and Augustine, 87–88, 89, 90, 91, 98, 99–100, 101, 109, 111, 118, 352

  belief that flesh was the creation and possession of a wicked god, 109, 111

  Elect (true believers) in, 88

  powers of light and darkness (good and evil) in, 87, 99–100, 101, 260

  Mantegna, Andrea, 206

  Marcella (widow), 123

  Marcion, Bishop, 73–74, 75, 87

  Marduk, 70, 74

  as Babylonian Storm God, 26, 27, 30, 35, 41–42

  and Berossus, 41

  cult of, 328

  and Enuma Elish, 27, 28–29, 33, 44, 58

  and fall of Babylon, 32, 35, 41–42

  first humans created by, 33, 41, 328

  lullu hymns to, 44

  Yahweh vs., 26, 27, 35, 44

  Marlowe, Christopher, 216–17, 240

  Marranos, 231, 235

  marriage:

  and Adam and Eve story, 8, 69, 213–14, 229

  ascetic condemnations of, 124–25

  Augustine on, 108, 213, 344

  balance of power in, 126, 135

  becoming one flesh, 94, 179

  “better to marry than burn,” 94

  celebration of, 124

  and companionship, 180, 181–82, 210, 214–16, 354, 355

  and divorce, 177–85, 188, 192, 194, 196, 197, 204, 223, 227, 353–56

  intercourse sanctified by, 167, 168

  intermarriage, 34

  Julian on, 123

  and love, 216–21

  and procreation, 85–86, 118, 124, 180, 217

  and reconciliation, 226–27, 229–30

  Marvell, Andrew, 358

  Mary:

  celebration of, 127–30

  cult of, 130, 132

  illustrations of, 128–29, 130

  obedience of, 128

  and salvation, 134, 136

  Masaccio (Tomasso di Ser Giovanni di Simone), 149, 150, 152, 154, 206

  Matthew, gospel of, 179

  Maximus Tyrius, 239

  men:

  cruelty of, 134

  in God’s image, 129, 131, 218

  “he for God only …,” 218, 221

  loving men, 53–54, 56, 60, 61–62

  in monastic communities, 130, 167

  mutual companionship of, 130, 220

  relationships of women and, 239

  and sexual arousal, 115

  transgressions of, 133

  women dominated by, 3, 91, 125, 126, 127, 135–37, 218, 224, 229, 294–95, 298, 333–34

  Mersenne, Marin, 359

  Mesopotamia, 24

  Atrahasis story of, 29, 39, 46–49

  Enuma Elish origin story of, 27–29, 33, 39, 44, 46, 52, 57, 58

  fallen into ruin, 40, 42, 56

  Gilgamesh story of, 29, 39, 46–47

  Jewish community in, 25

  library of, 42

  mythology of, 27

  royal archives of, 42

  written creation myths of, 39

  see also Babylonian Empire

  Methuselah, 22

  Michael (archangel), 72, 128, 228–29

  Michelangelo Buonarotti, 9, 151, 154, 207, 277

  microscope, invention of, 275

  Middle Ages:

  Adam and Eve story interpreted in, 7, 143, 144–46, 296

  heavenly war story in, 208, 223

  medieval art and philosophy, 148–49, 206, 296

  travelers in, 42

  Milton, Christopher, 349

  Milton, John, 9, 56, 349–59

  Areopagitica, 185

  and Betty Minshull, 200

  blindness of, 185, 196–97, 200, 206, 207, 212

  at Cambridge, 164–65, 220

  on censorship, 185

  on chastity, 166–69, 170, 172, 173, 174, 181, 184, 214

  children of, 187–88, 197, 198, 200, 226, 356

  Christian faith of, 205–6, 207, 220

  and civil war, 171–72, 177, 186, 192–93, 194, 198, 204–5, 206

  Comus, 165–67, 168

  creative energies of, 206

  on divorce, 177–85, 188, 192, 194, 196, 197, 204, 223, 226

  The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, Restored to the Good of Both Sexes, 181, 183–84, 192, 194, 197, 353

  dream of immortality, 167–68, 171, 173, 176, 178, 191–92, 196, 201, 203

  early years of, 164, 220

  on free will, 185, 187, 223–25

  Genesis studies of, 191, 193

  on hierarchical order, 217, 218–21

  “Il Penseroso,” 165

  influence of, 163, 277, 283

  in Italy, 168–70, 172, 206–7, 211, 212

  and Katherine Woodcock, 197–98

  “L’Allegro,” 165

  and literalism, 205, 213, 247, 256–57

  on love, 216–21

  “Lycidas,” 165, 350

  marriage to Mary Powell, see Powell, Mary

  Milton on Himself, 351

  as moral authority, 172–73, 176, 205, 257

  papers of, 171

  Paradise Lost, see Paradise Lost

  pastoral elegy on the death of his friend, 170

  The Reason of Church Government, 349, 350

  and Republican Council of State, 196, 197, 205, 209, 213

  self-confidence of, 164–65, 174, 191, 206, 257

  shifting loyalty of, 228–30, 238, 256

  sonnet for self-protection by, 177

  “Sonnet XXIII,” 359

  The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 192–93, 220

  and typology, 205

  and Urania (muse), 201, 204

  Milton, Mary Powell, see Powell, Mary

  Minshull, Elizabeth “Betty,” 200

  misogyny, 121–23, 125–27, 129–33, 136–37, 211, 220, 342

  mitochondrial DNA, 248

  Monica (Augustine’s mother), 83–85

  and Augustine’s beliefs, 86, 87, 89, 90

  and Augustine’s conversion, 94–96

  Augustine’s escape from, 90–91, 93

  and Augustine’s mistress, 85, 89, 92, 119

  and Augustine’s sexual maturity, 82, 84–85, 114, 119

  and chastity, 84, 85, 93

  cult of Santa Monica, 120

  and legacy of Eve, 91

  return to Augustine’s household, 91–92, 93

  monogenesis, 248

  monotheism, 49, 88, 99, 101

  Montaigne, Michel de, 231, 236

  “Of Cannibals,” 360

  Monty Python, 38

  morality, 50, 101, 104, 299

  Morgan Library, New York, 149

  Mormonism, 262

  mortality:

  questions raised by Adam and Eve story, 9

  universal fact of, 8

  see also death

  Moses:

  angel’s story recounted to, 23

  as author of Genesis stories, 37, 76, 79, 136, 206, 240, 243, 330, 361

  as author of Torah, 22, 36, 70, 336

  Five Books of, 22

  God’s dictation to, 23, 70, 326, 361

  at Mount Sinai, 23, 36, 46

  Muggletonians, 196

  Muhammed, role of, 7

  Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California, 10

  mutations, 14

  myths:

>   and allegories, 206

  ancient origin tales, 16–17, 39, 51, 238

  in the Bible, 284

  Greek gods and goddesses, 121–22

  rewriting of, 48

  treating as reality, 244

  Nag Hammadi Library, 64–67, 267

  Nahman, Rabbi Samuel ben, 15, 70

  nakedness:

  of Adam and Eve, 62, 141–44, 146–47, 149–51, 154, 156–57, 207, 212, 277, 284, 348

  allegory of, 3, 9, 18, 21, 75–76, 111, 284

  awareness of, 2, 9, 149, 292, 304, 345

  depicted in artworks, 128–29, 137, 141–44, 146, 149–51, 154, 156–57, 212, 348

  in Gilgamesh, 52, 53

  idealized, 148, 154, 156–57

  lack of shame in, 21, 62, 137–38, 174, 233, 292–93

  of native Fuegians, 279–80

  of New World natives, 9, 233–42

  in Paradise Lost, 212, 277

  National Anthropology Museum, Mexico City, 241

  National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, 137

  National Herbarium, Washington, DC, 10

  National Museum of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 12

  Natural History Museum, Berlin, 10

  natural selection, 14, 274, 279, 282, 287

  nature:

  and evolution, see evolution

  force of, 105

  imperfection of, 243

  navel, significance of, 277–78

  Navigius (brother of Augustine), 339

  Nazi Germany:

  eugenics in, 282

  photographs taken in, 149

  theft of artworks in, 151

  Nebuchadnezzar II, 24, 25, 31, 32, 38, 41

  Nebuzaradan, 31

  Neckam, Alexander, 308

  Nehemiah, 22

  newt, rough-skinned (Triturus similans Twitty), 10

  New Testament, 74–75, 205, 207, 253

  Newton, Sir Isaac, 257

  New World:

  biblical chronology at odds with, 237, 240, 242

  discovery of, 233–42

  European/Christian massacres of natives in, 236

  land bridge to, 237, 248

  origin stories of, 316–17

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 338

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 297–98

  Nineveh:

  abandonment of, 43

  clay tablets recovered from, 43–44, 50

  siege of, 43

  Ninhursag (goddess), 328

  Noah, 22, 46, 47, 49, 50, 237, 244, 276, 331

  Nogarola, Isotta, 133, 136

  Old Testament, 205, 207

  orangutans:

  mental activities of, 17

  see also primates

  Origen Adamantius (the “Unbreakable”), 77–80, 91, 111, 252, 338

  origin stories, see creation stories

  Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, 145

  Ovid, 86, 168

  Metamorphoses, 315–16

  Pajana (demiurge), 317–18

  Palaeologus, Jacob, 362

  paleoanthropology, 13, 14

  Pandora, 121–22, 206, 239

  Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees), 298

  see also chimpanzees; primates

  papyrus codices, 65, 334

  Paradise:

  dream of, 295

  expulsion from, 6, 7, 50, 58, 67, 79, 98, 111, 148, 149–50, 190, 227–28, 272, 296, 310–11

  freedom in, 189, 193

  humans’ diet in, 68

  innocence of, 195, 218

  and New World discovery, 234–36

  paradaesa (Persian garden), 19

  regaining, 6

  sex in, 217

  use of term, 59, 79

  see also Garden of Eden

  Paradise Lost (Milton), 207–30, 278, 283

  Adam and Eve depicted in, 164, 188, 191, 193, 204, 210–11, 212–30

  conclusion of, 228–30

  decisions in, 224–26, 227

  expulsion and death in, 227–28

  as five-act play, 171

  gender differences perceived in, 220–21

  innocence and freedom in, 223–25

  inspirations for, 207–12, 213, 216–17

  literal truth represented in, 163, 209, 213, 228, 247, 261

  marriage and sex reflected in, 210–11, 213–14, 217–23, 226–27, 229, 250

  and Milton’s dream of immortality, 191–92, 201, 203

  Milton’s life reflected in, 204–5, 213–14, 215, 217, 220–21

  origin story in, 208, 209–10

  poetic devices in, 209

  political scenes in, 209

  publication of, 203, 252

  and Renaissance humanism, 207–8

  serpent in, 210, 211, 223, 224

  theological scheme in, 229

  writing of, 201–3, 204

  Páramo, Luis de, 259

  Parker, William Riley, 359

  Pascal, Blaise, 359

  Patagonia, Darwin’s visit to, 280

  Patricius (Augustine’s father), 82–85, 89, 90, 94, 114

  Paul, Saint:

  and Adam and Eve story, 335–36

  on the coming of Christ, 100

  on death, 142

  Epistle to Hebrews, 341

  Epistle to Romans, 93–94

  and first humans, 6

  on gender difference, 126

  on gender equality, 125

  letter to Corinthians, 74

  on marriage, 94

  Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 13

  Pelagius/Pelagians, 105–6, 107, 109, 116, 117, 118, 340, 341, 345

  Pentateuch, 22, 361

  Pergamon Museum, Berlin, 24

  Petrarch, 210

  Phillips, Edward, 176, 352

  Philo of Alexandria, 76–77, 91, 336, 338

  Piero della Francesca, 206

  Pilbeam, David, 13

  The Ascent of Man, 14–15

  Pinelo, Antonio de León, 235

  Pizan, Christine de, 134

  Plato, 76, 79, 239

  Critias, 240, 314

  Republic, 77

  Statesman, 314

  polygenesis, 248–49

  population control, 47, 48

  populations, multiplication of, 248

  Powell, Mary (Milton), 173–75, 186–88

  children of, 187–88, 197

  death of, 188, 356

  marriage of Milton and, 163, 173–74, 178, 180–81, 193, 204, 214, 220, 352, 355

  and Milton’s writings on divorce, 181, 194

  return to her family home, 175, 186, 187

  return to Milton’s household, 186–87, 226

  Royalist family of, 174, 175, 176, 186, 187

  Powell, Richard, 173–74, 187

  primates:

  alpha males, 288, 289, 291, 298, 301

  as degenerate humans, 233

  evolution of, 12–14, 270–73, 280–81, 297–98

  and hominins, 12, 13–14

  Kibale Chimpanzee Project, 285–302

  lacking knowledge of good and evil, 295

  and Last Common Ancestor, 14, 287, 298, 364

  mate-guarding, 291

  mental activities of, 17

  resemblance to humans, 294, 296, 364

  survival strategy of, 291–92

  Pritchard, James B., Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 313

  Prometheus, 121, 206, 239

  pterodactyls, 267, 268

  punishments:

  evolution motivated by, 297

  in Garden of Eden, 2–3, 73, 251, 272, 294

  questions about, 255–56

  spiritual, 243

  threat of, 250

  Purchas, Samuel, 364

  Quakers, 196, 200

  Qur’an, Adam and Eve story interpreted in, 6–7, 121, 346

  race/racism, 248–49

  and eugenics, 282

  and genetics, 282

  and natural selection theory, 282

  questions raised by Adam and Eve story, 9

  Raim
ondi, Marcantonio, Modi, 169

  Ranters, 196

  Raphael (angel), 213, 214, 216, 218–19, 224, 228–29

  Raphael (artist), 206, 277

  Rassam, Hormuzd, 43

  Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke, 330–31

  redemption, 71, 104, 111, 144–45, 205

  religious wars, 231–32, 238, 253, 360

  Renaissance:

  Adam and Eve story interpreted in, 7, 9, 149, 152, 252, 256, 261

  art in, 149, 152, 154, 159, 206, 212, 213, 249, 250, 261

  classical beauty depicted in, 154, 156, 159–60, 190

  humanism in, 9, 207–8, 238

  intellectual investigations in, 9, 149, 250

  in Italy, 190

  poetry of, 163, 209, 216–17, 249

  recovery of ancient Greek and Latin works in, 156, 239–40

  travelers in, 42

  as turning point, 206

  reproduction:

  alternative ways of, 7

  “be fruitful and multiply,” 14, 47, 60, 107, 110–11, 180, 253, 308–9, 343

  and marriage, 85–86, 118, 124, 180, 217

  and sex, 107, 110, 114, 115–16, 118, 217, 293, 345–46

  “vital fire” in, 108, 341

  Roman Breviary, 120

  Roman Empire, 83

  in Africa, 97

  Romanesque churches, artworks in, 144

  Romano, Giulio, 169

  Rome:

  catacombs of, 139–41

  Christianity in, 141

  origin stories of, 314–16

  persecution in, 77, 240

  sack of, 97

  statuary of, 141–42, 148, 156, 160–61

  Rosetta Stone, 43

  Ross, Alexander, 11, 218

  Russian Revolution, 190

  Sahelanthropus tchadensis (extinct), 10, 13–14

  St. Albans Psalter, 148–49

  St. Bavo’s Cathedral, Ghent, 152

  St. George’s Hill, Surrey, England, 194–96

  Santa Monica, feast day of, 120

  Sarah, 296

  Sardanapalus (Assyrian king), 43

  Satan:

  as angel, 6, 208

  as the Evil One, 131

  humans lured into evil by, 6, 7, 131, 221–23

  in Life of Adam and Eve, 69, 71, 73

  in Paradise Lost, 210, 228

  as Prince of Darkness, 71

  rebellion of, 208

  and serpent, 70, 71, 131, 133, 223

  and witchcraft, 132

  Savonarola, Girolamo, 349

  Schiele, Egon, 156

  Schleirmacher, Friedrich, 338

  Scotus, John Duns, 308

  Sedrach (visionary), 73

  Sendak, Maurice, 142

  serpent:

  in Adam and Eve story, 63, 70, 137, 148, 153, 223–24, 305, 307

  as allegory, 76–77

  coupling with woman, 131

  and death, 128

  in Gilgamesh, 56, 63

  as hero of the story, 16

  myths and legends about, 254

  punishment of, 2–3, 243

  removing human hope of eternal life, 63

  and Satan, 70, 71, 131, 133, 223

  talking, 75

  Testimony of Truth from perspective of, 66, 67

  woman tempted by, 2, 128, 129, 130, 135–36, 208