AUTHOR'S NOTES.
Note I. p. 201.--THE TROUBADOURS.
The smoothness of the Provencal dialect, partaking strongly of theLatin, which had been spoken for so many ages in what was called fordistinction's sake the Roman Province of Gaul, and the richness andfertility of a country abounding in all that could delight the sensesand soothe the imagination, naturally disposed the inhabitants tocultivate the art of poetry, and to value and foster the genius ofthose who distinguished themselves by attaining excellence in it.Troubadours, that is, _finders_ or _inventors_, equivalent to thenorthern term of _makers_, arose in every class, from the lowest tothe highest, and success in their art dignified men of the meanestrank, and added fresh honours to those who were born in the patricianfile of society. War and love, more especially the latter, weredictated to them by the chivalry of the times as the especial subjectsof their verse. Such, too, were the themes of our northern minstrels.But whilst the latter confined themselves in general to thosewell-known metrical histories in which scenes of strife and combatmingled with adventures of enchantment, and fables of giants andmonsters subdued by valiant champions, such as best attracted the earsof the somewhat duller and more barbarous warriors of northern France,of Britain, and of Germany--the more lively Troubadours produced poemswhich turned on human passion, and on love, affection, and dutifulobservance, with which the faithful knight was bound to regard theobject of his choice, and the honour and respect with which she wasbound to recompense his faithful services.
Thus far it cannot be disputed that the themes selected by theTroubadours were those on which poetry is most naturally exerted, andwith the best chance of rising to excellence. But it usually happens,that when any one of the fine arts is cultivated exclusively, thetaste of those who practise and admire its productions loses sight ofnature, simplicity, and true taste, and the artist endeavours todiscover, while the public learn to admire, some more complicatedsystem, in which pedantry supersedes the dictates of natural feeling,and metaphysical ingenuity is used instead of the more obviousqualifications of simplicity and good sense. Thus, with the unanimousapprobation of their hearers, the Troubadours framed for themselves aspecies of poetry describing and inculcating a system of metaphysicalaffection as inconsistent with nature as the minstrel's tales ofmagicians and monsters; with this evil to society, that it wascalculated deeply to injure its manners and its morals. EveryTroubadour, or good Knight, who took the maxims of their poeticalschool for his rule, was bound to choose a lady love, the fairest andnoblest to whom he had access, to whom he dedicated at once his lyreand his sword, and who, married or single, was to be the object towhom his life, words, and actions were to be devoted. On the otherhand, a lady thus honoured and distinguished was bound, by acceptingthe services of such a gallant, to consider him as her lover, and onall due occasions to grace him as such with distinguished marks ofpersonal favour. It is true that, according to the best authorities,the intercourse betwixt her lover and herself was to be entirely of aPlatonic character, and the loyal swain was not to require, or thechosen lady to grant, anything beyond the favour she might in strictmodesty bestow. Even under this restriction, the system was like tomake wild work with the domestic peace of families, since itpermitted, or rather enjoined, such familiarity betwixt the fair dameand her poetical admirer; and very frequently human passions, placedin such a dangerous situation, proved too strong to be confined withinthe metaphysical bounds prescribed to them by so fantastic andperilous a system. The injured husbands on many occasions avengedthemselves with severity, and even with dreadful cruelty, on theunfaithful ladies, and the musical skill and chivalrous character ofthe lover proved no protection to his person. But the real spirit ofthe system was seen in this, that in the poems of the otherTroubadours, by whom such events are recorded, their pity is allbestowed on the hapless lovers, while, without the least allowance forjust provocation, the injured husband is held up to execration.
Note II. p. 203.--HIGH AND NOBLE PARLIAMENT OF LOVE.
In Provence, during the flourishing time of the Troubadours, Love wasesteemed so grave and formal a part of the business of life, that aParliament or High Court of Love was appointed for deciding suchquestions. This singular tribunal was, it may be supposed, conversantwith more of imaginary than of real suits; but it is astonishing withwhat cold and pedantic ingenuity the Troubadours of whom it consistedset themselves to plead and to decide, upon reasoning which was notless singular and able than out of place, the absurd questions whichtheir own fantastic imaginations had previously devised. There, forexample, is a reported case of much celebrity, where a lady sitting incompany with three persons, who were her admirers, listened to onewith the most favourable smiles, while she pressed the hand of thesecond, and touched with her own the foot of the third. It was a casemuch agitated and keenly contested in the Parliament of Love, which ofthese rivals had received the distinguishing mark of the lady'sfavour. Much ingenuity was wasted on this and similar cases, of whichthere is a collection, in all judicial form of legal proceedings,under the title of _Arrets d'Amour_ (Adjudged Cases of the Court ofLove).
Note III. p. 344.
The following very striking passage is that in which Philip deCommines sums up the last scene of Charles the Bold, whose variousfortunes he had long watched with a dark anticipation that a characterso reckless, and capable of such excess, must sooner or later lead toa tragical result:--
"As soon as the Count de Campo-basso arrived in the Duke of Lorrain's army, word was sent him to leave the camp immediately, for they would not entertain, nor have any communication with, such traytors. Upon which message he retir'd with his party to a Castle and Pass not far off, where he fortified himself with carts and other things as well as he could, in hopes, that if the Duke of Burgundy was routed, he might have an opportunity of coming in for a share of the plunder, as he did afterwards. Nor was this practice with the Duke of Lorrain the most execrable action that Campo-basso was guilty of; but before he left the army he conspir'd with several other officers (finding it was impracticable to attempt anything against the Duke of Burgundy's person) to leave him just as they came to charge, for at that time he suppos'd it would put the Duke into the greatest terror and consternation, and if he fled, he was sure he could not escape alive, for he had order'd thirteen or fourteen sure men, some to run as soon as the Germans came up to charge 'em, and others to watch the Duke of Burgundy, and kill him in the rout, which was well enough contrived; I myself have seen two or three of those who were employed to kill the Duke. Having thus settled his conspiracy at home, he went over to the Duke of Lorrain upon the approach of the German army; but finding they would not entertain him, he retired to Conde.
"The German army marched forward, and with 'em a considerable body of French horse, whom the King had given leave to be present at that action. Several parties lay in ambush not far off, that if the Duke of Burgundy was routed, they might surprise some person of quality, or take some considerable booty. By this every one may see into what a deplorable condition this poor Duke had brought himself, by his contempt of good counsel. Both armies being joyn'd, the Duke of Burgundy's forces having been twice beaten before, and by consequence weak and dispirited, and ill provided besides, were quickly broken and entirely defeated: Many sav'd themselves and got off; the rest were either taken or kill'd; and among 'em the Duke of Burgundy himself was killed on the spot. One Monsieur Claude of Bausmont, Captain of the Castle of Dier in Lorrain, kill'd the Duke of Burgundy. Finding his army routed, he mounted a swift horse, and endeavouring to swim a little river in order to make his escape, his horse fell with him, and overset him: The Duke cry'd out for quarter to this gentleman, who was pursuing him, but he being deaf, and not hearing him, immediately kill'd and stripp'd him, not knowing who he was, and left him naked in the ditch, where his body was found the
next day after the battle; which the Duke of Lorrain (to his eternal honour) buried with great pomp and magnificence in St. George's Church, in the old town of Nancy, himself and all his nobility, in deep mourning, attending the corpse to the grave. The following epitaph was sometime afterwards ingrav'd on his tomb:--
'_Carolus hoc busto Burgundae gloria gentis Conditur, Europae qui fuit ante timor._'
I saw a seal ring of his, since his death, at Milan, with his arms cut curiously upon a sardonix that I have seen him often wear in a ribbon at his breast, which was sold at Milan for two ducats, and had been stolen from him by a rascal that waited on him in his chamber. I have often seen the Duke dress'd and undress'd in great state and formality, and attended by very great persons; but at his death all this pomp and magnificence ceas'd, and his family was involv'd in the same ruin with himself, and very likely as a punishment for his having deliver'd up the Constable not long before, out of a base and avaricious principle; but God forgive him. I have known him a powerful and honourable Prince, in as great esteem, and as much courted by his neighbours (when his affairs were in a prosperous condition), as any Prince in Europe, and perhaps more; and I cannot conceive what should provoke God Almighty's displeasure so highly against him, unless it was his self-love and arrogance, in appropriating all the success of his enterprises, and all the renown he ever acquir'd, to his own wisdom and conduct, without attributing anything to God. Yet to speak truth, he was master of several good qualities: No Prince ever had a greater ambition to entertain young noblemen than he, nor was more careful of their education: His presents and bounty were never profuse and extravagant, because he gave to many, and had a mind everybody should taste of it. No Prince was ever more easie of access to his servants and subjects. Whilst I was in his service he was never cruel, but a little before his death he took up that humour, which was an infallible sign of the shortness of his life. He was very splendid and curious in his dress, and in everything else, and indeed a little too much. He paid great honours to all ambassadors and foreigners, and entertain'd them nobly: His ambitious desire of fame was insatiable, and it was that which induced him to be eternally in wars, more than any other motive. He ambitiously desir'd to imitate the old Kings and Heroes of antiquity, whose actions still shine in History, and are so much talked of in the world, and his courage was equal to any Prince's of his time.
"But all his designs and imaginations were vain and extravagant, and turn'd afterwards to his own dishonour and confusion, for 'tis the conquerors and not the conquer'd that purchase to themselves renown. I cannot easily determine towards whom God Almighty shew'd his anger most, whether towards him who died suddenly without pain or sickness in the field of battle, or towards his subjects who never enjoy'd peace after his death, but were continually involv'd in wars, against which they were not able to maintain themselves, upon account of the civil dissentions and cruel animosities that arose among 'em; and that which was the most insupportable, was, that the very people, to whom they were now oblig'd for their defence and preservation, were the Germans, who were strangers, and not long since their profess'd enemies. In short, after the Duke's death, there was not a neighbouring state that wished them to prosper, nor even Germany that defended 'em. And by the management of their affairs, their understanding seem'd to be as much infatuated as their master's, for they rejected all good counsel, and pursued such methods as directly tended to their destruction; and they are still in such a condition, that though they have at present some little ease and relaxation from their sorrows, yet 'tis with great danger of a relapse, and 'tis well if it turns not in the end to their utter ruin.
"I am partly of their opinion who maintain, that God gives Princes, as he in his wisdom thinks fit, to punish or chastise the subjects; and he disposes the affection of subjects to their Princes, as he has determin'd to raise or depress 'em. Just so it has pleas'd him to deal with the House of Burgundy; for, after a long series of riches and prosperity, and six-and-twenty years' peace under three Illustrious Princes, predecessors to this Charles (all of 'em excellent persons, and of great prudence and discretion), it pleas'd God to send this Duke Charles, who involv'd them in bloody wars, as well winter as summer, to their great affliction and expense, in which most of their richest and stoutest men were either kill'd, or utterly undone. Their misfortunes continu'd successively to the very hour of his death; and after such a manner, that at the last, the whole strength of their country was destroy'd, and all kill'd or taken prisoners who had any zeal or affection for the House of Burgundy, and had power to defend the state and dignity of that family; so that in a manner their losses were equal to, if not over balanc'd their former prosperity; for as I have seen those Princes heretofore puissant, rich, and honourable, so it fared the same with their subjects; for I think, I have seen and known the greatest part of Europe; yet I never knew any province, or country, tho' perhaps of a larger extent, so abounding in money, so extravagantly fine in furniture for their horses, so sumptuous in their buildings, so profuse in their expenses, so luxurious in their feasts and entertainments, and so prodigal in all respects, as the subjects of these Princes, in my time: but it has pleased God at one blow to subvert and ruin this illustrious family. Such changes and revolutions in states and kingdoms God in his providence has wrought before we were born, and will do again when we are in our graves; for this is a certain maxim, that the prosperity or adversity of Princes are wholly at his disposal."
COMMINES, Book V. Chap. 9.