League of German Officers, 422f, 426
Leeb, Field Marshal Ritter von, 20
Lend-Lease, 110, 124, 225
Leningrad, 6, 20, 28, 32–3, 37, 42, 63, 100
Lenski, General Arno von, 393, 429
Leyser, General, 250–51
List, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 78, 123, 145
Luchinsky, 102, 243, 262
Luftwaffe: and National Socialism, 18f, 41, 267;
and Stalingrad air-bridge, 270, 275, 280–81, 291–2, 300–301, 333–5, 344;
evacuation of wounded, 340–41; air-drops, 374;
losses, 398
Formations: Second Air Fleet, 34
Fourth Air Fleet, 103–5, 192
VIII Air Corps, 69, 115 –16, 138–9, 216, 230, 267, 322, 333–4, 374
9th Flak Division, 18, 254, 268, 280, 341, 364, 370
Lunovo camp, 415, 423 Lvov, 22–3
Lyudnikov, Colonel I. I., 196, 216
Mäder, Lieutenant-Colonel, 353, 355, 359, 365f
Maikop, 2, 69–70
Malinin, General M. S., 323, 388
Malinovsky, General Rodion, 106, 298, 309
Malenkov, Georgy, 9, 37, 133, 234
Manstein, Field Marshal E. von, 16–17, 22, 55, 61, 70, 75, 81, 254, 266, 268, 273–4, 296, 298f, 302,308–10, 315f, 341–2, 343, 347, 368, 403, 425, 430
Manuilsky, Dmitry, 197, 422, 425–6
Marinovka, 346, 354, 356
Melnikov, General, 422f, 425
Milch, Field Marshal Erhard, 345;
and ‘Special Staff’, 359, 368–9, 370, 383, 396, 398, 403
Millerovo, 78, 295
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 5, 9f, 37f, 234, 417
Morozovsk, 64, 78, 114, 179
Moscow, 5–6, 9, 72;
advance on, 32f, 34, 36;
state of siege, 38
Myshkova, river, 295, 299, 301, 309, 311, 314, 320
NKGB see NKVD (security police) NKVD, 19, 22, 28, 36–7, 157, 419;
propaganda and POW Department, 86, 180, 182, 279, 286, 307–8,319, 322, 350, 378, 400, 412–13;
Volga crossing and 71st Special Service Coy, 190–91
NKVD troops, 38, 79, 88, 106, 110, 167;
10th NKVD Rifle Div., 75, 109, 128, 131–3, 159–60, 174, 385
NKVD Special Detachments (later SMERSH) xiii, 79, 86, 168–9, 172–3, 199–200, 213
SMERSH, 26, 80, 186, 288
Frontier Troops, 18, 25, 41
National Committee for Free Germany, 422f, 425f
Niemeyer, Lieutenant-Colonel, 227, 366
Nizhne-Chirskaya, 177–8, 254, 263, 267–9, 293, 295
Novocherkassk, 274, 294, 301,316, 341
Operation Barbarossa, 3–6, 8ff, 12–14, 16, 18, 20, 33, 53f, 68, 75, 77
Operation Blue, 63, 64, 69–74, 77–8;
rewritten, 80, 124 Operation Fridericus, 65, 70–71
Operation Northern Light, 63
Operation Ring, 321f, 353–62
Operation Saturn, 292–3, 299;
‘Little Saturn’, 299, 310, 398
Operation Thunderclap, 296, 299, 309
Operation Torch, 214, 229f
Operation Typhoon, 33, 40
Operation Uranus, 130–31, 179;
planning and preparation, 220–23, 225–8, 230, 232–5;
execution, 236–63;
effect, 281, 292, 398
Operation Winter Storm, 296–300, 309
opolchentsy (militia), 28, 35
Order No. 227, 84–5, 97, 144
Order No. 270, 84, 169, 172
Orel, 34, 72
Organisation Todt, 255, 340
Oster, General Achim, 431
Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 17, 33, 35, 40, 51–54;
takes over Sixth Army, 61, 65, 67;
and Stalingrad, 103, 113, 119, 129f, 140, 145–6, 183, 191, 210, 216, 218;
and Uranus, 228, 245, 247, 251, 253;
and encirclement, 227, 267–9, 271–2, 275–7, 299, 302, 308–9, 314f, 317ff, 320, 324n, 342–3;
and last resistance, 360, 366, 370, 377, 380, 381–2;
and Schmidt’s influence, 379, 382f, 388n, 422;
after surrender, 387f, 389–91, 396f, 400, 403;
and fate of sons, 427;
imprisonment, 422, 427f, 431
Paulus, Elena, 53, 314, 427f
Pavlov, General D. G., 21, 25
Pavlov, Sergeant Jakob, 198
Perelazovsky, 232, 242, 252, 267
Peskovatka, 247, 258–9
Pickert, General Wolfgang, 267–8
Pieck, Wilhelm, 407
Pitomnik airfield, 281, 304, 334f, 338, 340, 343, 346, 357ff, 360, 361–2, 363f
Pfeffer, General, 62, 65, 381,382, 426
Plievier, Theodor, 377
Political department see Commissars Poltava, 2, 52f, 69, 74
Rastenburg, Wolfsschanze HQ, 44, 63, 79, 129, 267, 270, 272, 297, 316, 343–7, 391,393
Rattenhuber, Hans, 80
Raus, General Erhard, 296f, 301–2
Red Army: Armies: 1st Guards, 118;
2nd Guards, 293, 298f, 309;
3rd Guards, 300f;
1st Shock, 41–2;
2nd Shock, 44;
5th Tank Army, 227f, 230, 241, 245, 252, 296;
4th Army, 19;
6th Army, 67, 300;
16th Army, 41;
21st Army, 203, 252, 325, 355, 357, 359, 377;
24th Army, 118, 243, 323;
28th Army, 147;
51st Army, 85, 147f, 169, 172, 211, 223, 243, 248, 298;
57th Army, 67, 147f, 211f, 223, 243, 248, 278, 298, 310, 321, 359;
62nd Army, 90f, 96, 114, 118, 125–6, 128–9, 136, 144, 147, 154, 157, 190, 192, 196, 201, 212, 216, 243, 247, 264, 302–3, 359, 377, 394, 431;
64th Army, 90f, 114f, 118, 125, 147, 169, 186, 197, 202f, 211,223, 248f, 355, 359;
65th Army, 251, 257,353,355,357,359, 370;
66th Army, 243, 355
Corps: 3rd Guards Cavalry, 241, 251, 253f;
4th Cavalry, 227, 232, 248, 297;
8th Cavalry, 241, 252;
1st Tank, 246, 252;
4th Tank, 227, 241, 244, 246, 251, 253, 256;
13th Tank, 298, 356;
16th Tank, 259;
24th Tank, 300–301;
26th Tank, 246, 252, 255f;
4th Mechanized, 227, 248, 250, 254, 256, 298;
13th Mechanized, 227, 248, 250
Divisions: 13th Guards Rifle, 131–2, 133–5, 138, 140–41, 150, 163, 171, 198, 204, 215, 377;
15th Guards Rifle, 168;
33rd Guards Rifle, 91–2;
35th Guards Rifle, 138f;
36th Guards Rifle, 356;
37th Guards Rifle, 177, 191, 193f, 195–6;
38th Guards Rifle, 186;
39th Guards Rifle, 163, 189;
1st Rifle, 113;
38th Rifle, 170–71;
45th Rifle, 168–9, 212–13,
64th Rifle, 116;
93rd Rifle, 232;
95th Rifle, 138, 161f, 196, 205, 216;
96th Rifle, 325;
112th Rifle, 136, 190, 193, 195, 196–7;
138th Rifle, 196, 216;
157th Rifle, 249;
173rd Rifle, 233, 320;
181st Rifle, 96;
193rd Rifle, 164, 189;
196th Rifle, 170f;
204th Rifle, 169, 172;
214th Rifle, 115, 157;
221st Rifle, 222;
245th Rifle, 201;
248th Rifle, 213;
284th Rifle, 142–3, 150, 154, 170, 203;
302nd Rifle, 169;
308th Rifle, 187–8;
347th Rifle, 215;
422nd Rifle, 356;
81st Cavalry, 232, 297
Red Army Aviation, 92–3, 110;
8th Air Army, 133, 138, 162, 195
Red October metalworks, 161, 163, 187, 189, 198, 204, 211f, 217, 303, 377
Reichel, Major Joachim, 71–2, 73
Reichenau, Fiel
d Marshal Walter von, 16, 22, 35, 47, 52, 53–4;
Reichenau order, 16, 53, 55, 56–57
Renoldi, General Dr Otto, 304, 315, 377
Reuber, Dr Kurt, 256, 283f, 312, 348, 421
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 4, 6–8, 214
Richthofen, General Baron W. von, 69, 96, 103–5, 113, 119, 216, 230, 233, 244, 246–7, 270, 292, 334, 360
Rodenburg, General Carl, 423, 426, 430
Rodimtsev, General A. I., 106, 131–2, 134–5, 138, 141, 163
Rodin, General A. G., 246, 252, 255
Rogatin, General, 132–3, 190f, 303
Rokossovsky, Marshal Κ. K., 23, 39, 106, 225, 298, 320–2, 324, 353, 365, 388, 396
Romanenko, General P. L., 241, 245, 296
Romanian armed forces, 20, 83, 87, 183–4;
in Kessel, 319, 355, 365, 377, 386
Third Army, 81, 184, 225, 226, 229, 230, 233–4, 239, 247, 252f
Fourth Army, 81, 147, 232, 248–9, 250
Divisions: 1st Panzer, 231,245, 252;
1st Cavalry, 239, 244;
6th Cavalry, 250;
1st Inf., 183, 211;
2nd Inf., 211;
5th Inf., 183;
13th Inf., 241, 244;
20th Inf., 211, 248
Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 53, 81
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 402, 419
Roske, General, 377–8
Rostov-on-Don, 2, 51, 75, 77, 79, 84, 125, 293
Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von, 20, 29, 31, 51–2, 53, 81, 369, 425
Rynok, 107, 114, 116, 147, 167, 212, 247,346
Salsk airfield, 295, 334f
Sanne, General, 382
Saratov, 2, 226
Sarayev, Colonel A. A., 109, 132–3
Sarpa, lake, 113, 147, 243, 248
Schlömer, General, 377, 396f, 405, 426
Schmidt, General Arthur, 62, 228f, 239f, 251, 253;
and encirclement, 267–9, 271, 299, 320, 324n;
and surrender, 377, 379, 382f, 387f;
after surrender, 397, 422, 430f
Schmundt, General Rudolf, 267, 272, 345, 366, 425
Schulenberg, Count F. W. von der, 5, 9
Secret Field Police, 14, 60, 177, 263, 384, 428
Selle, Colonel Herbert, 276
Serafimovich, 226
Sevastopol, 2, 9, 61, 70, 75, 133, 253
Seydlitz-Kurzbach, General Walther von, 44, 63–4, 95, 102, 113, 117, 130, 145, 216, 218, 247, 269, 271–2,316,381,396, 398, 423ff, 426, 429ff
Shakhty, 88, 335
Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, xiii–xiv, 37f, 114, 143, 159, 186, 202, 204, 216, 425f
Shumilov, General Mikhail, 106, 383, 389, 398
Simonov, Konstantin, 91, 125–6, 156, 158n, 167, 176
SMERSH see NKVD Smyslov, Major Aleksandr, 322–30, 379
Smolensk, 28, 33, 47, 273
‘Sniperism’, 203–5, 285–6
Sodenstern, General Georg von, 244, 267
Sorge, Richard, 37
Soviet citizens in German uniform see ‘Hiwis’ Spartakovka, 109,126, 190, 211, 271
Speer, Albert, 335f, 359
SS SD-Einsatzkommandos, Sonderkommando 4a, 15, 55–6, 177–8
Waffen SS divisions: Leibstandarte, 52, 81, 352;
Das Reich, 36f;
Wiking, 79
Stahlberg, Lieutenant Alexander, 14–15, 273f, 341, 368
Stalin, Josef Vissarionovich, 4ff, 8f, 21, 27, 29, 45, 66, 72;
purge of Red Army, 23;
and Stavka, 24;
and son Yakov, 26;
and Moscow, 38–9, 42;
and generals, 88–9, 99, 221–2, 233, 250n, 301, 321–2, 405;
and defence of Stalingrad, 109, 117–18, 130, 137–8, 173, 191. 197;
and Uranus, 130–31, 220–22, 233–4, 240;
and Saturn, 292–3, 298, 301;
and crushing of Kessel, 320f, 385;
after surrender, 397, 404;
and Tehran conference, 418–19
Stalin, Major Vasily, 133
Stalingrad tractor factory, 10, 98, 109, 161, 189, 191f, 195f, 206, 392
Stamenov, Ivan, 9
Stauffenberg, Colonel Claus Count von, 67–8, 275n
Stavka (Soviet Supreme General Staff), 24f, 34f, 42, 63, 74, 79, 84, 220–21, 292, 320, 328, 389
Stempel, General, 377, 381
Stock, Lieutenant Gerhard, 229, 239
Strachwitz, Lieutenant-Colonel Hyazinth Count von, 66f, 107, 109, 124
Strecker, General Karl, 58, 76, 87, 113, 146f, 149, 195, 229, 244, 246, 251, 254, 269,290, 308,313, 318–19, 339, 357,366, 392–3, 423, 426, 428, 430
Stülpnagel, General Otto von, 369
Surkov, Alexey, 125, 289
Suzdal camp, 415, 422
Taganrog, 2, 294, 343, 360
Tanashchinshin, Colonel, 250
Tatsinskaya airfield, 295, 300,313, 334
Tehran conference, 418–19
Telegin, General Konstantin F., 388, 389n
Thomas, General, 424
Thunert, Colonel, 261
Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon, 42, 51f, 59, 61, 63, 65–6, 67, 74f, 99
Tresckow, Colonel Henning von, 14–15, 273, 275n
Tukhachevsky, Marshal M., 23
Tula, 2, 36, 90
Ukrainians in German uniform, 179, 185–6, 263
Ulbricht, Walter, 307, 322, 407, 410, 426
Uman, 29, 31
Univermag, 140, 377, 383 Ural mountains, 9, 224
United States Embassy, Moscow, 137
Vasilevsky, Marshal Aleksandr, 84–5, 99, 117–18, 131, 220–23, 233f, 250n, 293, 298
Vatutin, General Nikolay, 182, 225
Vertyachy, 102, 243, 247, 257f
Vinnitsa, Werwolf HQ, 79–80, 123, 129, 220
Vinogradov, General I. V., 281, 321, 322–3, 324–5,330
Vishnevsky, Colonel Timofey, 155
Vitebsk, 26, 266
Vlasov, General Andrey, 44
Voikovo camp, 422f
Volchansk, 64, 65, 70
Volga, river, 2, 11f, 36, 70, 75, 81, 97f, 100–101, 106f, 110–11, 126, 127f, 152, 159–60;
crossing of 13th Guards Div, 133–5;
central landing stage, 141;
civilian evacuation across, 174–5;
crossing and NKVD control, 190–91;
Hitler’s boasts, 213;
Volga becomes unnavigable, 214, 217;
frozen solid, 302–3
Volga flotilla, 134, 160, 162, 212, 214, 394
Volsky, General Vasily Timofeyevich, 250, 255, 437
Vorkhuta camps, 428 Voronezh, 2, 70, 74–5, 78, 129, 293
Voronov, Marshal Nikolay, 106, 233, 320ff, 323f, 349, 353, 360, 382, 388–91,396
Voroponovo, 178, 315, 346, 350–51
Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 23, 234, 418
Warlimont, General Walther, 123–4
Weichs, General Baron Maximilien von, 129, 247, 274, 425
Weinert, Erich, 307f 324, 350, 356, 362, 371, 407, 410, 426
Weizsacker, Baron Ernst von, 3
Werth, Alexander, 393, 397
White Rose group, 403
Wietersheim, General Gustav von, 102, 112f
Witzleben, Field Marshal Erwin von, 56, 426
women in Red Army, 66, 87, 91, 96, 106–8, 109f, 140–41, 154, 157–8, 160, 207, 224
Yakimovich, Colonel, 388, 396
Yelabuga camp, 415, 421
Yeremenko, General Andrei Ivanovich, 34, 99–100, 108, 112, 115, 125, 127, 130f, 138, 147, 189, 196, 230, 255, 298f, 321–2
Zaitsev, Vasily, 154, 203–4
Zavarykino (Don Front HQ), 320f, 387, 397f
Zeitzler, General Kurt 266, 270, 297,313, 320, 335, 357, 365, 391–2, 401
Zholudev, General V., 193f, 196
Zhukov, Marshal Georgy, 25, 35, 39, 42, 89, 117–18;
at Khalkin-Gol, 24;
and Order No. 227, 85
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Antony Beevor was educated at Winchester and Sandhurst. A re
gular officer in the 11th Hussras, he served in Germany and England. He has published several novels, while his works of non-fiction include The Spanish Civil War; Crete: The Battle and the Resistance, which won the 1993 Runciman Award; and Berlin: The Downfall, 1945. With his wife, the writer Artemis Cooper, he wrote Paris After the Liberation: 1944-1949. Antony Beevor is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France. Most of his titles are published by Penguin.
Stalingrad was awarded the Samuel Johnson Proze for Non-fiction, the Wolfson History Prize and the Hawthornden Prize in 1999. It became a number-one bestseller both in hardback and paperback, the UK edition alone selling half a million copies, and has been published around the world in eighteen translations.
* Hitler had his revenge in the end. Schulenburg, chosen in 1944 by the July plotters as their Foreign Minister after the planned assassination at Rastenburg, was hanged by the Nazis on 10 November of that year.
* ‘I do not understand,’ a Red Army intelligence officer has written at the bottom of the translation. ‘Where does this come from?’
* There were other echoes of the Spanish Civil War. Rubén Ruiz Ibarruri, the son of La Pasionaria, was killed commanding a machine-gun company of 35th Guards Rifle Division south of Kotluban. Four subsequent Marshals of the Soviet Union closely linked to the battle of Stalingrad – Voronov, Malinovsky, Rokossovsky and Rodimtsev – had been Soviet advisers in Spain, as had General Shumilov, the commander of 64th Army. Voronov had directed the Republican artillery during the siege of Madrid against Franco’s Army of Africa.
* Few members of the Sixth Army seem to have heard about the Sarmatae of the lower Volga – an interbreed of Scythians and Amazons, according to Herodotus – who allowed their women to take part in war.
* There can be little doubt that the ‘violation’ propaganda in the late summer of 1942 contributed significantly to the mass rape committed by the Red Army on its advance into German territory in late 1944 and 1945.
* Two other sons of Soviet leaders, Vladimir Mikoyan and Leonid Khrushchev, served in Red Army aviation at Stalingrad. Vasily Stalin, who was much more of a playboy, soon escaped combat duties to make a propaganda film about the air force.
* The list of nicknames and slang is almost endless. Bullets were ‘sunflower seeds’ and mines were ‘gherkins’. A ‘tongue’ was an enemy sentry captured for interrogation purposes.
* Apart from one well-known member of a tank crew, Yekaterina Petlyuk, very few women served as combat soldiers in the city. In the air armies supporting Stalingrad Front, however, there was a women’s bomber regiment led by the famous aviator, Marina Raskova. ‘I had never seen her close to,’ Simonov wrote in his diary after meeting her at the Kamyshin aerodrome, ‘and I did not realize that she was so young and so beautiful. Maybe I remember it so well because soon afterwards I heard that she was killed.’