NOTES
Page =1=, Line 2 =se detuvo=: on the grammar of reflexive verbs, and thetranslation of reflexive verbs in this book, see the Vocabulary under=se=.
=1= 9 =aquel=: the unaccented masculine and feminine forms =aquel, ese=,etc. modify a noun expressed; the accented forms =aquel, ese=, etc.,refer to a noun clearly thought of (here =apeadero=) with the samesense as if they were modifiers of an understood noun; the neutersingular forms =aquello, eso, esto=, refer to a thought for whoseexpression no particular noun is in mind.
=1= 11 =propiedad del autor=: the regular Spanish for 'copyrighted.'
=1= 14 =eran subidas al furgon:= 'were being put into the baggage car'(furgon = Fr. _fourgon_). R. 811; K. 384, 387; C. 270, I.--=Se me habiaolvidado=: R. 844; K. 406.
=1= 17 =un frio de tres mil demonios=: the hyperbole implied in=demonio= is commonly heightened by the addition of =tres mil, ocho mil,todos=, etc.
=1= 19 =donde descansar=: R. 1223; C. 277, 3.
=2= 3 =al compas de la marcha=: 'in rhythm with his walk.'
=2= 5 =al que=: R. 448; C. 108, _a._
=2= 13 =cestas=: in Europe heavy baskets are much used for crates.
=2= 19 =una obscura masa=, etc.: 'a dim mass of dark gray cloth woundround itself; i.e. the large =capa=, or circular cloak, one edge ofwhich hangs from the left shoulder in front of the person, while therest is thrown completely round the body and back over the sameshoulder.
=2= 29 =sera=: R. 1195; K. 703, _c_; C. 266.
=2= 32 =guste=: R. 895; K. 710; C. 109, 3.
=3= 17 =oprimiria=: 'was to press.' The conditional is here used withoutany sense of a condition implied; it represents a future of necessity orintention (equivalent to Eng. 'is to do a thing'), thrown into the pastby the sequence of narration.
=3= 20 =cargaria=: for tense see n. on =1.= 173. The verb =cargar= meanseither 'load' or 'take on a load,' 'carry as a load.'
=3= 23 =se iba escurriendo=: R. 528; K. 208; C. 207, 5.
=3= 26 =lanzo=: the subject is =el tren=, i.e. the engine (=maquina=).
=4= 1 =empezada la caminata=: R. 1228, 2; K. 741; C. 276, 5.
=4= 3 =de muy buen ver=: 'of very good appearance,' 'very good to lookupon.' R. 1206, rem. 1.
=4= 8 =vamos al caso=: 'let us come to the point.'
=4= 13 =Asi viviera=: 'I wish... might live.' =Asi= is often used tointroduce a wish (C. 282, 3,_c_). The usage probably arose from phrasesof asseveration, like the Eng. 'so may I prosper as I tell the truth.'
=4= 14 =que le echan en la tierra=: 'which they' (i.e. people) 'bestowupon her on earth.'
=4= 17 =Bien haya quien a los suyos parece=: 'a blessing on one who islike his own (family),' colloquial phrase derived from the proverb"Quien a los suyos se parece, honra merece." R. 860; K. 353,_a_; C. p.229, n.
=4= 22 =Poco va de Pedro a Pedro=: 'Peter and Peter [i. e. you and she]are pretty nearly even'; the proverb says =algo= (or =mucho=) =va dePedro a Pedro=, 'there's quite a difference in Peters,' i.e. in personswho might be classed together.
=4= 24 =metidillo en=: 'up to his ears in'; past participle of =meter=,with diminutive termination perhaps implying depreciation. Words formedwith diminutive, augmentative, or depreciative suffixes are given in thevocabulary of this book with appropriate definitions; but in generaldictionaries they are not individually given, because of the inordinatebulk which a list of them all would have. The user of the dictionary isexpected to recognize the suffix and its force, and to find in thedictionary the word to which the suffix is appended. The student musttherefore form the habit of consulting over and over those pages of hisgrammar which deal with these suffixes, and of recognizing at sight suchorthographical changes of consonants as those by which =poco= with=-ito= makes =poquito=, and =pez= with =-ecillo= (longer form of=-illo=) makes =pececillo=.
=5= 3 =que no viven=: 'fit to die.' An idiomatic phrase of emphasis.
=5= 4 =de que callen=, etc.: i.e. for talking face to face.
=5= 6 =Amanecera Dios=, etc.: idiomatic expression used either forpostponing a disagreeable thing or for indicating an expectation ofsomething good impending. The impersonal verb expressing a phenomenon ofthe sky is treated as personal with God as subject.
=5= 10 =uno piensa el bayo=, etc.: 'the bay horse thinks one thing, theman who saddles him something else,' i.e. it takes two to make abargain.
=5= 12 =buen mozo=: 'fine fellow.'
=5= 15 =iba=: 'was'; cf. K. 389,_a_.
=5= 18 =echar por=: 'turn into.'
=5= 30 =ni=: 'not even.' R. 752.
=5= 33 =hombre de Dios=: 'man alive.' The word =hombre= is one of thecommonest interjectional expressions in Spanish, and is constantly usedwith little or no sense of addressing a particular person; C. 237, 9.The addition of =de Dios= merely strengthens it.
=6= 15 =veo=: 'I have seen.' Cf. p. 5, ll. 23, 24 ('have been traveling'etc.).
=6= 19 =caza mayor y menor=: 'hunting of large and small game.'
=6= 20 =todo lo habia=: 'there was everything.' Cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.
=6= 23 =con=: 'by.' R. 1439, _c_; K. 642.
=6= 28 =norias=: rude wheels with earthen jars =(cangilones)= bound tothe rim to dip up water for irrigation; turned by a toothed wheel andbeam driven by a mule or donkey. Derived originally from the Arabs, thispoor apparatus is still common all over Spain.
=6= 32 =garbanzo=: the chick-pea, a small-leaved bushy plant bearing ineach pod two large wrinkled peas, is an important crop from Spain toIndia, and especially famous as the national bean of Spain.--=de lo queno hay=: 'not to be matched.'
=6= 34 =cuarto=: small Spanish coin of the olden time, equivalent tofour maravedis, or one thirty-fourth of a peseta (20 cents). Nowmentioned only as the smallest conceivable sum of money; not in actualcirculation.
=7= 5 =me los van cercenando=: 'keep shearing them off [for me].' So theearlier Madrid editions; cf. p. 65, l. 21. Later editions have =va=, asif the plough were subject.--=me=: R. 323; K. 193.
=7= 6 =mojones, ni linderos=: properties, especially large properties,are often not fenced in Spain, and ownership is determined by means ofposts, piles of stones, and other traditional landmarks.
=7= 13 =roe que roe=: C. 233, _b_.--=fanegadas=: antiquated measuresupposed to be land enough for a fanega of seed. In Castile =fanega= =1.575 bushels, =fanegada= = 1.6 acres; in other provinces otherwise.
=7= 14 =escuela=: i.e. =de filosofia=.
=7= 16 =quien las sabe las tane=: 'he who knows 'em, plays 'em.' =Las=is often used idiomatically for those things in general suggested by thephrase in which it stands (e.g. =las de Pepe=, 'Joe's tricks,' 'Joe'sways,' cf. K. 267, _a_; C. 201); here for tunes, instruments, tricks, orthe like.
=7= 19 =ver=: depends on =puede= above.--=de=: 'about.'
=7= 21 =no sea=: 'may not be'; subjunctive in independent clauses withadverbs of doubt (C. 213, 1); so with =tal vez=, p. 68, l. 8.
=8= 16 =desde mas alto=: 'from a higher position.'
=8= 20 =que se pone al sol=: 'sunning himself.'
=8= 24 =picara=: 'will bite' (primarily said of mustard etc.).
=9= 9 =seran=: R. 1195; K. 703, _c_; C. 266.
=9= 26 =unas=: R. 641; K. 344, _b_; C. 179, 3.
=9= 29 =Guardia civil=: 'the Civil Guard,' a select body of Spanishpolice, armed and disciplined like soldiers, whose particular businessis guarding highways and railroads. In pairs =(parejas)= these guardspatrol the roads and accompany all trains. Kept as isolated from thecommunity as possible and at a high point of efficiency, they are muchfeared by the rabble. The cruelty of their treatment of prisonersdescribed a little further on accords with numerous actual occurrencesin Spain; and, as will be remembered by those who have paid attention tothe history of the foreign relations of the United States during theearly part of Wilson's administration, it is exactly the process bywhich President Madero of Mexico met his death while under arrest onFeb. 23, 1913.
=10= 2 =a aquel sitio=: dir. obj. R. 1318: K. 750, _c_.
=10= 5 =muertos=: R. 1143; K. 567.
=10= 27 =debia de ser=: R. 1005, 2, rem.; C., Appendix II, 7.
=10= 28 =coplas=: 'popular songs,' particularly the brief songs of asingle quatrain peculiar to Spain.
=11= 5 =retebien=: double intensive of =bien=. The ordinary intensiveprefix for adjectives and adverbs is =re-=(R. 596; K. 159); but inpopular speech this is often doubled, =rere-=, or takes the form =rete-=(C. 146, 3, _a_).
=11= 8 =a lo mejor=: familiar phrase for the occurrence of an untowardevent at an unexpected moment (lit. when things are going as well aspossible). Cf. =el mejor dia=, p. 163, l. 13.
=11= 10 =Se les lleva=: 'you're taking them.'
=11= 12 =que=: cf. n. on p. 49, l. 17.
=11= 13 =sumaria=: 'indictment.'--=requeridos=: 'examined,' or possibly,but less probably, 'summoned.'
=11= 17 =a mas de largo=: 'besides being long.'
=11= 33 =Partenon=: the Parthenon, or temple of Athena Parthenos,erected in Athens in the time of Pericles (5th cent. B.C.), had numeroushorses carved on its frieze and metopes.
=12= 5 =tomado la delantera=: 'got the start of.'--=se pone a ello=:'set about it,' 'try.' R. 1360.
=12= 13 =por muchos anos=: abbr. expression of courtesy, '[may you live]for many years.'
=12= 23 =ha de ser=: R. 857; K. 353, _b_; C. 107, 3.
=12= 31 =Ahi donde le ve=: 'just as you see him there,' commonexpression used to forestall surprise at a statement about to be madeconcerning a person or thing.--=cacique=: 'local political leader,''boss.' The word is of Haitian Indian origin, meaning properly the headof an Indian family or tribe.
=13= 1 =vuecencia=: contraction for =vuestra excelencia=.--=retulo=:vulg. for =rotulo=, 'address.'--=Tira a la barra=: 'he throws the bar'(Spanish game, in which bars of iron of various shapes and sizes arethrown so as to fall point downward).--=San Cristobal=: a saint andmartyr of the third century, traditionally famous for his size andstrength.
=13= 3 =fielato=: 'inspectorship,' as of weights and measures; or, here,of the goods and provisions brought into a place, upon which toll mustbe paid (= Fr. _octroi_).
=13= 10 =Madriles=: provincial for =Madrilenos=; used here for=Madrid=.
=13= 15 =rematarlo el=: 'and he to execute it' (Eng. slang, 'put itthrough'). The construction is peculiar and noteworthy in Spanish.
=13= 19 =andan diciendo=: R. 525; K. 734; C. 275.
=13= 20 =vuelve a haber=: R. 1187; K. 725, _a_; C. 107, 5.
=14 9 =!...=: the suspensive points represent the omitted object(perhaps Cristo) of the preposition de. In other words, thecorresponding punctuation in English would be '--!' not'!--.' It is thehabit of Spanish printers not to discriminate = ...!= from =!...= but toset always =!...= (this being the form that is oftener right thanwrong), so that the reader of Spanish literature must be always ready tomake this mental transposition, though the cases where the points are tobe read as they stand are still more numerous. The same applies to=?...= also.
=14= 26 =en lo mas alto=: 'at the highest point.'
=14= 32 =de hojalata=: because of the brightness of the water.
=15= 16 =deposito de caballos sementales=: 'government horse-breedingstation.'
=15= 26 =disgusto=: not 'disgust.'
=16= 4 =tocando=: 'skirting.'
=16= 10 =Justo y cabal=: 'exactly.'
=16= 31 =Penitenciario=: a priest nominated by a bishop to hearconfession, impose penance, and grant absolution in reserved cases,--acanon penitentiary.
=17= 12 =de aquellos que no coge un galgo=: 'hard to catch,' 'elusive'(lit. 'of those which a greyhound does not catch').
=17= 16 =hacer diabluras=: 'get into mischief.'
=17= 27 =si mas=, etc.: 'had not death been quicker to carry him offthan he was to squander it' (his fortune).
=18= 21 =a flote=: a common colloquialism for having enough to payexpenses.
=18= 28 =sepa=: for mood, cf. R. 910; K. 710; C. 109, 3.
=19= 5 =perogrulladas=: from the proverb "Las verdades de Perogrullo,que a la mano cerrada llamaba puno."
=19= 8 =Montblanch=: a town seventeen miles northwest of Tarragona. The=raya=, of course, is a railroad. It appears by the map that the twoplaces lack direct connection, the railroad trip from the one to theother being a roundabout one through Reus.
=19= 9 =el rio Francoli=: a small river that falls into theMediterranean about one mile southwest of Tarragona.
=19= 21 =e=: R. 72; K. 653; C. 232, I.
=19= 28 =fisico=: agrees with =cultura= (fem.) =y bienestar= (masc.).
=21= 15 =_ergo tua rura manebunt_=: Vergil, _Ecl._ I, 47.
=21= 26 =bajo el punto de vista minero=: 'from the mining point ofview.'
=21= 28 =dio lugar=: 'gave rise'; cf. the English idiom 'take place.'
=21= 30 =noviazgo=: R., p. 498.
=22= 25 =mistificaciones=: Madrid edition =mixtificaciones=; a commonmisprint, since Spaniards pronounce =xt= as =st= (C. 5).
=22= 27 =gongorismo=: 'Gongorism,' a literary style, so called from theSpanish writer Luis de Gongora y Argote (1561-1627). This style, whichis similar in many ways to the affected manner called in EnglandEuphuism, and in France and Italy Marinism, was distinguished by itselaborate and artificial expression of ideas, and by its frequentsubstitution of mere play upon words for solid thought.
=23= 16 =las herraduras=: 'the horses' shoes.'
=24= 7 =cuya=: 'which,' or 'the which.' This use of =cuyo= for =el cual=is pronounced improper by the best grammarians (e.g. Andres Bello,_Gramatica Castellana_, ed. Cuervo, section 1050). It is said to be ofnotarial origin. Many excellent writers, however, employ it, and it isvery common in conversation.
=24= 30 =_saudades_=: almost untranslatable Portuguese word, derivedfrom the Latin _solitas_, 'loneliness.' It has come in Portuguese tomean the melancholy that arises from introspection and the vagueyearnings of unsatisfied sentiment. The German _Weltschmerz_ expresses asomewhat similar idea.
=24= 33 =Enriqueta, Julia=: conventional names of heroines of novels.Not Spanish in tone. By comparing a list of eminent men in Spain with asimilar list in the United States it will be seen that saints of theChurch furnish about two thirds of the Christian names in Spain, aboutone third here; for women's names the contrast is still greater. ManySpanish women's names that do not look like saints' names are attributesof the Virgin; e.g. Rosario for Our Lady of the Rosary.
=25= 12 =alli=: 'at that point.'
=25= 18 =Estaras=: R. 1195; K. 703, _c_; C. 266.
=26= 6 =un mueble de laton dorado=: i.e. a cuspidor.
=26= 11 =correr el transparente=: 'draw the shade.' For trans. use of=correr= cf. R. 265.
=26= 19 =testero=: 'facade' of a building; 'wall,' or 'side,' of a room.
=27= 12 =Mas dias hay que longanizas=: 'there are more days thansausages'; i.e., time is a plentiful commodity.
=27= 21 =Dele usted expresiones=: 'remember me to him.' Cf. R.,Appendix, pp. 610 ff.
=27= 25 =Abur=: 'good-bye' (colloq. for =agur=, from Lat. _augurium_,through a Low Latin form _agurium_; K. 60, footnote). Not discourteous,but more offhand in tone than the =adios= of p. 28, l. 5.
=27= 32 =lo tuyo=: 'what is yours,' 'your business.'
=27= 34 =Hombre=: cf. n. on p. 5, l. 33.
=28= 2 =Del lobo=, etc.: 'one hair of the wolf, and that from hisforehead' (is sufficient). Proverb signifying that in dealing with whatis bad, the less you get of it, the better for you.
=29= 1 =la emprendio con=: 'fell to upon.' For use of =la= cf. n. on p.7, l. 16.
=29= 21 =No hay que hablarme=: R. 867; K. 353, _c_; C. 107, 2.
=30= 12 =cartoncejo=: the ending =-cejo= is unusual and contrary to theruling of the Academy (of which Galdos is a member); the Academy's ruleis that =-ito,-illo,-ico,-uelo=, usually become =-cito= etc. whenaffixed to a word ending with =n=, but that of =-ajo,-ejo,-ijo=, only=-ajo= allows euphonic letters to be prefixed to it, and that withoutset rule.
=30= 34 =ristras=: the noun 'trace,' the exact equivalent of =ristra=,is not in Eng
lish dictionaries; but see the verb in Webster, and thenoun in the list of prizes of the Vermont State Fair, 1910. 'Rope' is abetter-known word for the same thing.
=31= 3 =la Corte=: 'the Capital,' Madrid.
=31= 7 =de bancos=: the list ends abruptly with a pun on =saltabanco=,'mountebank,' 'street quack.' A translator, instead of giving =saltos deaguas= its proper force of 'water powers,' will do well to represent itby something useful that puns with a proverbial swindle; e.g., say'fire-bricks, gold bricks.'
=31= 16 =a uno=: dir. obj. of =tenemos=.
=31= 23 =Nada=: 'enough said.' =Nada= is colloquially very common as apure interjection.
=31= 34 =cuyas ... descoloridos=: each adjective agrees in gender withthe nearer of the modified nouns.
=32= 4 =al descubierto=: 'uncovered,' 'unprotected.'
=32= 10 =_Ferdinand Cortez, Donna Marine_=: italicized as being theFrench forms of the names =Hernan Cortes= (the conqueror of Mexico) and=Dona Marina= (the Mexican girl who was his companion and interpreter).
=32= 17 =observandolo todo=: when =todo=, neuter, is object of a verb,the use of =lo= is exactly opposite to that of English 'it'; that is, if=todo= refers to an identifiable antecedent, thus meaning 'it all,' =lo=is omitted (e.g. p. 3, l. 16), but if =todo= means simply 'everything,'without an 'it,' then =lo= must be inserted (e.g. p. 112, l. 2). Butwhen =todo= is not object of a verb (e.g. p. 6, l. 3) no such ruleholds. C. 203, 2, _a_.
=32= 21 =empaque=: word used familiarly to indicate the traits of aperson that produce an impression at first sight, whether good or bad.
=32= 24 =tiran a=: 'verge upon.'
=33= 2 =debia de ser=: R. 1005, 2, rem.
=33= 10 =_buquinista_=: italicized as not Spanish but HispanicizedFrench. _Bouquiniste_ is properly 'second-hand bookseller,' but themeaning here may be 'book-collector.' A _bouquin_ is a conspicuously oldbook.
=34= 5 =merienda=: 'picnic.'
=34= 22 =Mientras mas, mejor=: 'the longer the better.'
=34= 34 =acompanara usted=, etc.: i.e. by eating our Lenten fare.
=35= 12 =Lopez de Berganza=: this name, like many others of authors andbooks in the remainder of the story, is purely imaginary.
=35= 15 =tenga=: cf. R. 914 and n. on p. 7, l. 21.
=35= 16 =de hierro=: probably corrugated iron, which was one of theworld's recent and valued inventions about the time when _Dona Perfecta_was written.
=35= 25 =la octava=: i.e. one in addition to the traditional seven.
=35= 26 =en buen hora=: originally this meant 'at an auspicious time.'It is now a colloquial, often ironical, phrase of acquiescence orapproval.
=36= 3 =donde quiera=: cf. R. 896; K. 326; C. 197.
=36= 19 =_maria ac terras, caelumque profundum_=: Vergil (_Aen._ I, 58f.) says that if Aeolus did not hold the winds in control, they
_Maria ac terras caelumque profundum Quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras_.
=36= 23 =gusanera=: strictly defined as a place where worms breed;apparently meant here as a mass of worms, with reference to the look ofthe surface of the brain, and doubtless with a pun on the colloquial useof =gusanera= for that reservoir of "maggots" (crotchets) whose contentscome out when you touch upon a man's hobby.
=36= 24 =daba paso a=: 'sent down.'
=37= 14 =martillazos=: for force of termination =-azo= cf. R. 1273 (p.499); K. 765, _b_, rem.; C. 132, 4, _b_. Cf. n. on p. 90, l. 29.
=37= 30 =cazadora traviesa=: like Diana.
=37= 31 =cochero emperegilado y vagabundo=: like Phaethon.
=37= 34 =Mercurio=: the god of commerce.--=Manzanedo=: the firm ofManzanedo is a leading Madrid banking house.
=38= 1 =barbilampino=: Spaniards regard abundance of hair as an evidenceof force. The allusion is to the well-known frail look of Count vonMoltke.
=38= 6 =a la electricidad le da la gana=: 'electricity takes thenotion.' The subject of =da= is =gana=; cf. the plural form p. 82, l.11. This construction of =dar= is most common in expressions of desire,whim, etc., with words like =gusto, ventolera=, and the like. TheSpanish Academy says that =da la gana= is an uncultured colloquialism,but does not object to this use of =dar= with other words.
=38= 8 =los de Paris=: the Champs-Elysees, the central garden of Paris,is one of the most famous public squares in the world.
=38= 13 =pisos=: lit. 'stories,' meaning the celestial spheres, whosenumber Dante, however, makes nine.
=38= 14 =sino=: i.e. =nada sino, cosa sino=. R. 739; C. 232, 4.
=38= 20 =esta de cuerpo presente=: 'is laid out for its funeral.'
=38= 28 =se han corrido=: 'have been issued'.
=39= 7 =sulfurar=: colloq. expression, equivalent to Eng. 'get a riseout of.'
=40= 1 =todo se acabo=: 'it's all over,' 'that's an end of it.'Noteworthy as an idiom is the use of the past absolute of =acabar=, andoccasionally other verbs of ending or stopping, where the perfect wouldbe expected according to ordinary tense usage.
=40= 7 =salimos con=: see =salir con= in vocabulary.
=40= 13 =no podia menos de=: R. 1033; K. 619; C. 291.
=40= 18 =al Ateneo=: 'to the Athenaeum,' a literary and scientific clubin Madrid, established in 1835, which has been for many years themeeting-place of Spanish liberals and freethinkers. It is looked uponwith great suspicion by the clerical party.
=40= 30 =haciendose la mosquita muerta=: 'playing possum,' 'lying low'(colloq.), feigning insignificance and biding his time.
=40= 31 =los siete doctores=: as the mediaeval church had its sevensacraments, its seven cardinal virtues, its seven deadly sins, its sevensages of antiquity, etc., so it had its seven doctors, or divinelyappointed teachers of the faith. The list of these last was a veryvariable one.
=40= 34 =Si=: the conditional =si= is idiomatically used to give pointor emphasis to an affirmation, much like the English colloquial _why_.R. 1423; K. 601; C. 214, 4. Similarly on p. 43, l. 15. This usage mustbe distinguished carefully from the similar use of the affirmativeparticle =si=, marking a real or implied antithesis.
=41= 9 =ante=: R. 191; K. 632; C. 222.
=41= 13 =diera=: really plup. ind., not imperf. subj. As is well known,the forms in =-ara,-iera=, came from the Latin plup. ind. (Span. =amara== Lat. _amaveram, amaram_), and in older Spanish retained in most casestheir original force; but they were confused with the Latin imperf.subj. in _-rem_, and gradually the subjunctive use supplanted theindicative. The latter, however, survives in relative clauses in formalor elevated discourse, and still more in colloquial idiom. Galdos usesit more than do most modern authors. Cf. R. 1202; K. 702; C. 280.
=41= 22 =hieraticos=: a form of ancient Egyptian writing intermediatebetween hieroglyphic and demotic.
=42= 34 =tomar el arado=: 'take the plough-handle.'--=sentarse altelar=: 'sit down at the workbench' (lit. 'loom').
=43= 9 =recien=: the adv. =recientemente=, when it immediately precedesa past participle used adjectively, assumes this abbreviated form. R.1405; K. 600; C. 211, 2.
=43= 20 =a macha martillo=: 'solidly' (though not elegantly). Colloquialfor that which is vigorously hammered together, though not a finelyfinished piece of work.
=44= 2 =vio ... el cielo abierto=: this phrase (from the New Testament)regularly means 'get an opportunity,' but here rather 'feel a greatdeliverance.'
=44= 28 =Toditos los dias=: 'every single day.' Bello says that=todito=, =nadita=, are "notable" in that the diminutive form does notat all alter the meaning of =todo, nada=, but merely makes themcolloquial.
=45= 2 =tresillo=: a game of cards similar to ombre.
=45= 8 =pobre=: unaccented in translation, since it precedes the noun.Hence omit the comma in translation.
=45= 10 =borla de doctor=: 'doctor's tassel,' the most conspicuousornament of the gown worn by successful candidates for the degree ofdoctor at the Spanish universities.
=45= 11 =saco nota de sobresaliente=: 'obtained the mark _excellent_ [or_distinguished_].'
=46= 3 =unas maneras ... un modo ... una figura=: we have here
a use of=uno= not noted in the grammars, yet common to all the Romancelanguages. It is often marked in conversation by a slight stress uponthe word; while in sense it at times merely indicates somethingnoteworthy or distinctive in the noun, at other times it approachesclosely the English 'such' in phrases like 'such a sight!'=--figura=:'style.'
=46= 19 =entre tu y yo=: owing to its implication of reciprocal action,the preposition =entre= when used with two pronominal objects inclinesto take the nominative instead of the terminal forms after it. Thisusage probably arose from cases in which the form of the first object isapparently nominative (though really terminal), such as =entre el yyo= or =entre mi padre y yo= (cf. R. 338), but has now extended itselfto all cases.
=46= 32 =si que=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34. Also R. 1408; C. 214, 2.
=47= 11 =os estais=: R. 807.
=48= 5 =inmigracion fenicia=: the Phoenician settlements in Spain inprehistoric times have long been a favorite subject for the speculationsof Spanish antiquaries.
=48= 27 =los hombres de chispa=: 'you clever men.' For use of =los= cf.R. 324, 325; K. 189.
=49= 17 =ya viene, ya esta cerca=; que te quemas: phrases used in thegame of blindman's buff to indicate to the player that is blindfoldedhis approach to the right person or place. For elliptical use of =que=cf. R. 1421; C. 214, 3.
=50= 5 =Te quiero=: 'I have loved you.'
=50= 18 =de picotazos=: this instrumental use of =de= with the verb=dar= is colloquially common.
=51= 1 =no podia menos de=: R. 1033; K. 619; C. 291.
=51= 9 =No es=, etc.: the advice is bad; Pepe is not speaking for thegarden's sake.
=51= 17 =_Insere nunc_=, etc.: Vergil, _Ecl._ I, 73. It is to be notedthat the good priest's translation of _pone ordine_ (=arregla=, 'set inorder,' 'attend to') is not very accurate. The phrase means, of course,'plant in rows.'
=52= 9 =al crecer=: 'as it grew.'
=52= 11 =pero=: 'an out;' the conjunction 'but,' used substantively.
=52= 31 =Concilio de Trento=: this council of the Church (1545-1563)reasserted most positively the principle of the celibacy of the clergy.
=53= 32 =_Nec vero terrae_=, etc.: Vergil, _Georg._ II, 109.
=54= 3 =_Ille horridus alter_=, etc.: Vergil, _Georg._ IV, 93-94.
=54= 17 =le ha dado por=: 'the whim has taken him.' Cf. n. on p. 38, l.6.
=54= 19 =Flammarion=: French popular writer on astronomy, CamilleFlammarion.
=55= 9 =no debe sentirse=: 'it cannot be taken ill.'
=55= 11 =Bismarck=: in 1876, when _Dona Perfecta_ was published,Bismarck was just coming to the end of the so-called _Kulturkampf_, thestruggle with the Church in which he imprisoned bishops, closedchurches, and took other extreme measures to browbeat the Catholics intosubmission. Hence the priest's feeling toward him.
=55= 21 =Bufos=: name of an objectionable variety show in Madrid justthen. It was suppressed a little later.
=56= 1 =merecere=: R. 1195; K.703,_c_; C. 266.
=56= 19 =Si=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.
=57= 16 =Adelantado=: in ancient times a high official of the realm, whoacted as governor of a frontier province, president or lord high justiceof part of the kingdom, and the like. In this case, some local celebrityof this rank who happened to be buried in the cathedral.
=58= 4 =disgusto=: not 'disgust.'
=58= 8 =a ello=: R. 1360.
=59= 22 =Tenganme=: sc. =ustedes=.
=60= 4 =_Est Deus in nobis_=: Ovid (_A.A._ III, 549; _Fasti_ VI, 5) thusdescribes the inspired poet. The Renaissance was fond of the quotation.The capital D is doubtless meant to indicate the priest's monotheisticapplication of the words; yet many old editions of the Latin classicscapitalize _Deus_ even when referring to heathen gods.
=60= 16 =abside, coro= ('choir'): parts of the cathedral.
=60= 32 =quincalleria=: properly a shop or stall for the sale of=quincalla=, which the Academy defines as "metal articles, mainly cheap,as scissors, thimbles, imitation jewelry."
=61= 11 =iconoclastas=: "a breaker or destroyer of images; a personconspicuously hostile to the use of images in Christian worship," saysthe Century Dictionary. Jacintito uses the word in the latter sense,which is the theological and dictionary definition in Spain; Pepe in theformer, the etymological and international sense.
=61= 29 =que=: 'how far.'
=61= 32 =_La Traviata_=: opera by Verdi.
=62= 2 =_La Gran Duquesa_=: the comic opera _La Grande Duchesse_, byOffenbach.
=62= 34 =de=: 'to.'
=63= 27 =zarzuela=: light dramatic performance peculiar to Spain, partlyrecited and partly sung.
=64= 1 =Si no=: elliptical expression very common in colloquial Spanish,'otherwise,' 'if you don't think so.'
=64= 20 =alguno=: i.e. =negocio=.
=64= 23 =papel sellado=: legal documents are required to bear a revenuestamp.
=65= 10 =tejares=: 'brickyards,' where tiles (=tejas=), sun-dried bricks(=adobes=), and burnt bricks (=ladrillos=) are made.
=65= 16 =superior=: i.e. higher up the stream.
=65= 23 =linderos=: cf. n. on p. 7, l. 6.
=66= 1 =Caco=: 'Cacus,' robber giant, son of Vulcan, who lived in a caveof the Aventine Hill, and who was killed by Hercules for stealing fromhim the oxen of Geryon (cf. Vergil, _Aen._ VIII, 193 ff.).
=66= 5 =prescripcion=: by Justinian's code, twenty years' adversepossession of an absent person's real estate makes the occupant theowner.
=66= 9 =lo que es eso=: 'as for that.'
=66= 13 =juicio de conciliacion=: 'reconciliation hearing.' The Spanishlaw requires that before actual trial of a civil cause the parties shalltry, in open court, to arrive at a friendly settlement of theirdifferences.
=67= 6 =No vale la pena=: 'it's not worth while,' vague phrase used inpolitely deprecating an apology (Fr. _ce n'est pas la peine_).
=68= 11 =pegan la hebra=: 'get the thread tied' (get started inchatting).
=68= 31 =_Madrid_=: the pronunciation of final =d= like =z= (Eng. _th_in _teeth_) is either provincialism or affectation. It is the singlepoint on which the pronunciation of well-bred Castilians is not acceptedas standard.
=68= 34 =muy relacionada en la Corte=: 'widely acquainted at thecapital.'
=69= 4 =Muley-Abbas=: Moorish prince, brother of the Emperor of Morocco,who visited Spain soon after the war between Spain and Morocco(1859-1860) was ended.
=69= 7 =el 60=: i.e. =el ano 1860=.
=69= 10 =moreria=: this quaint word is common in the Spanish popularballads (=romances=) both for the land of the Moors and for the Moorsthemselves. Galdos uses it, of course, with a touch of humor.
=69= 13 =que se salia=, etc.: (seemingly) 'bursting out of himselfthrough being too big to go in his own skin.'
=69= 15 =Procedia=, etc.: 'he was a product of the exclaustration'; i.e.a monk who had turned priest at the time of the confiscation of themonasteries by the Spanish government (1835).
=69= 24 =la Fama=, etc.: cf. Vergil, _Aen._ IV, 174 ff.
=69= 33 =vacia=: that is, owing to the removal of his great bulk.
=70= 10 =Por mas que=: R. 899.
=70= 23 =_Augusto Nicolas_=: imaginary author or book.
=70= 25 =que pareces=: ellipsis for =tan cargado que pareces=.
=70= 34 =_Concilios_=: there are four or five voluminous histories ofthe councils of the Church, with the texts of their decisions; the titleis _Collection of Councils_, with variations. In any one of these, Vol.3 might be presumed to belong to the early part of the Middle Ages.
=71= 14 =gastar=: 'wear' (of clothes, with something of humoroussuggestion of extravagance).
=71= 21 =vete a acostar=: K. 207; C. 207, 4.
=71= 28 =no te fies=: answering Pepe's words in lines 15-16.
=72= 5 =No hay que darle vueltas=: refers to the succeeding statement.
=72= 8 =si no=: cf. n. on p. 64, l. 1.
=72= 9 =Emperador=: i.e. Charles V.--=Felipe=: i.e. Philip II.
=72= 24 =Bustamante=: imaginary author; perhaps a pun on the thought"lo
ver (_amante_) of tombs (in Latin, _busta_)."
=73= 10 =de centinela=: R. 1440, _m_; K. 631, _f._
=73= 14 =retamas=: 'Spanish brooms' (bot. _Spartium junceum_).
=73= 16 =D. Fulano ... D. Perencejo=: R. 238; K. 306; C. 196, 4.
=73= 20 =monte=: a game.
=74= 7 =concediera=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.
=74= 13 =explorar=: cf. p. 21, l. 31. The Madrid edition has here=explotar=, 'exploit,' which makes sense, but a less satisfactory sense.
=75= 6 =como no sea=: 'unless it be.'
=75= 9 =Nicolasito Hernandez=: the tall-hatted money-lender of p. 92.The Madrid edition reads =Nicolasita= here.
=75= 21 =A que=: elliptical phrase, derived from expressions like=apuesto a que=, 'I wager that.'
=75= 22 =dejaron bizcos=: 'made cross-eyed' (with astonishment andenvy). Since the London Exhibition of 1862 there had been those ofParis, 1867, and Vienna, 1873. By not mentioning these the Orbajosans of1875 practically confess that they had never been able to repeat theirsuccess of thirteen years ago.
=76= 8 =que=: the double syntax of this word, as accusative with=celebro= and nominative with =fue=, is a grammatical fault.
=76= 26 =fulminante=: medical men in our country use "fulminant,""fulminating," or "foudroyant," in the same sense.
=76= 30 =regular porcion=: 'a good big lot' (colloq.).
=76= 31 =fuese=: from =ir=, not from =ser=. Cf. R. 523, rem. and 525; K.734; C. 275.
=77= 6 =a la pena de su martirio=: like Prometheus to his cliff.
=77= 7 =fuera de su centro=: the Academy defines =estar en su centro= as"to be comfortable and happy in a place or occupation."
=77= 11 =condujera=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.
=79= 8 =Ministerio de Fomento=: the government department "which hascharge of promoting advancement and improvement in agriculture,industry, commerce, and public works" (and, before 1900, education).
=79= 25 =si no puedo=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.
=80= 14 =seremos=: R. 1195; K.703,_c_; C. 266.
=80= 28 =un=, =82= 1 =unas=: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 3.
=82= 11 =le dan=: cf. n. on p. 38, l. 6.
=82= 26 =Asi le ahorcaran=: 'I wish they'd hang him!' or simply 'hanghim!' Cf. n. on p. 4, l. 13.
=83= 5 =fueron entrando=: cf. n. on p. 76, l. 31.
=84= 21 =hasta donde alcanzara=: 'in so far as ... might suffice.'
=85= 1 =Hastiado=: 'bored.'
=85= 9 =empujara=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.
=85= 17 =carcomido=: cf. =cara carcomida= = face marked with smallpox.
=85= 32 =hacer cocos=: properly, to signify love by looks or gestures.
=86= 5 =Antinoo=: 'Antinoues,' a Bithynian youth loved by the EmperorHadrian, proverbial as a paragon of beauty in the male sex.
=86= 18 =paises=: 'parts.'
=86= 23 =derechito=: dim. of =derecho=, 'all straight.'--=espigado=:'tall.'
=86= 24 =Tenorio=: 'Don Juan.' The legend of Don Juan, so famous inEuropean literature by reason of Moliere's play (_Le festin de Pierre_),Byron's poem (which uses, however, hardly more than the name), andMozart's opera (_Don Giovanni_), originated in Spain. The hero of it isthere represented to have been a Sevillan of illustrious family, DonJuan Tenorio by name. The story first appears in a Franciscan chronicleof Seville, written in the 16th century. It then attracted the attentionof the great Spanish dramatists of the end of the 16th and beginning ofthe 17th century. The first complete use of it for literary purposes wasby Tirso de Molina (whose true name was Gabriel Tellez), in his play _ElBurlador de Sevilla y el Convidado de Piedra_.
=87= 5 =Estado Mayor de Plazas=: body of staff officers charged with thesupervision of forts or strongholds (Fr. _etat-major des places_).
=87= 6 =el 54=: in July, 1854, the main army being in the south fightinginsurgents, the populace of Madrid defeated the soldiery in a bloodystreet battle of three days, and turned the government out of office.
=87= 15 =seran=: cf. R. 1195; K. 703,_c_; C. 266.
=87= 33 =Si se alimentan=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.
=88= 10 =entroncar con=: 'marry into the family of' is the dictionarymeaning; but the derivation from =tronco=, 'trunk,' may here suggest 'begrafted into the stock of.'
=88= 25 =motes=: 'nicknames,' =apodos=, says the Academy; more strictly,offensive or disrespectful =apodos=.
=88= 34 =ello es=: cf. R. 1361; K. 188,_a_; C. 206, 2.
=90= 5 =guitarrillo=: an instrument like a tiny guitar with fourstrings.
=90= 29 =cascarazo=: a word which, like the diminutives, will never befound in any general dictionary. Grammars (cf. n. on p. 37, l. 14) treatthe suffix =-azo=, and a few others of this sort, along with thediminutives.
=91= 12 =formula=: 'shibboleth.'
=92= 5 =coman=: sc. =ustedes=.
=92= 13 =_Cirio Pascual_=: a =cirio pascual= is an immense candlelighted on Holy Saturday and used at services till Ascension Day.
=92= 14 =de tres pisos=: 'three-story'; not a rare expression for a tallhat.
=92= 17 =A que=: used to introduce an instigation to do something, likeEng. 'I'll bet.' Cf. n. on p. 75, l. 21.
=92= 28 =media onza=: gold coin worth 40 pesetas (about $7.75), coinedbefore 1833.
=93= 7 =en campana=: 'in the open,' 'out of her intrenchments' (militaryterm).--=colgando la ropa=: 'hanging out the clothes.'
=93= 28 =esas=: R. 442; K. 265; C. 162, 2.
=94= 2 =llaman=: sc. =ustedes=.
=95= 16 =echara un responso=: in his capacity as priest.
=95= 33 =mujer=: used like =hombre=. Cf. n. on p. 5, l. 33.
=96= 1 =tendre=: R. 1195; K. 703,_c_; C. 266.
=96= 33 =rumiantes=: i.e. as truly progressive as oxen.
=97= 9 =Su Ilustrisima=: i.e. the bishop.
=97= 14 =1. deg., 2. deg.=, etc.: in these abbreviations for 'first,''secondly,' etc., the small circle was originally the final _o_ of theLatin words _primo, secundo_, etc. So in counting degrees: 60 deg. means_sexagesimo_, 'at the sixtieth (degree).'
=98= 4 =Tomarias=: just as the fut. ind. is used to indicate an elementof doubt or conjecture in an assertion of present fact, so theconditional is employed to convey the same implication with regard to apast fact (K. 706, _f_; C. 268). Translate 'you probably took,' 'nodoubt you took,' or the like.
=98= 8 =Todo lo he meditado=: cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.
=98= 19 =extremeno=: native of the province of Estremadura (spelled inSpanish =Extremadura=; but cf. n. on p. 22, l. 25, and p. 102, l. 27).In small Spanish towns, shopkeepers and the like from other provincesare commonly designated in brief in this way rather than by their names.
=99= 33 =Por poco mas le dejan=, etc.: 'a little more and they had lefthim [dead] on the spot.' For tense cf. R. 1201; C. 262, 4.
=101= 3 =trastazo=: lit. 'blow with a =trasto=' (R. p. 499; K. 765, _b_,rem. 1; C. 132, 4,_b_), then 'blow' (colloq.).
=101= 20 =_Trojae qui primus ab oris_=: Vergil, _Aen._ I, 1.
=101= 27 =!...=: cf. n. on p. 14, l. 9. Here it is the object of=merecia= that is omitted.
=102= 3 =me merece=: 'has a right to from me.' With a noun thepreposition =a= would be used (=merece a Pepe=). Cf. K. 753, rem.
=102= 16 =como me pusieron la cabeza=: 'what a state they got my headinto.'
=102= 17 =Que si habias=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34. For use of =que= cf.R. 1421; C. 214, 3.
=102= 27 =estrangular=: Madrid edition =extrangular=; cf. n. on p. 22,l. 25; K. 41, rem.
=103= 1 =postrer=: for form cf. R. 356; K. 123; C. 46, 1.
=103= 9 =tenia que hacer=: R. 1223-1224; C. 277, 3.
=104= 15 =altura=: 'exaltation,' 'joy.'
=104= 28 =Gaume=: the Abbe Jean-Joseph Gaume (1802-1879), a Frenchwriter of the extreme Catholic party, who published much on religionand education; best known as an advocate of substituting the ChurchFathers for the Greek and Latin classics in secondary education.
=104= 29 =unos ... unas=: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 3.
=105= 4 =violencia=: 'violent effort.'
/> =105= 30 =le=: dative feminine.
=106= 3 =Y esta celoso=, etc.: apparently this paragraph should form apart of the following (or the preceding?) paragraph; otherwise it ishard to see who is speaking here.
=107= 29 =se sentara=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.
=108= 6 =se escurrian=: 'slipped along.'
=108= 7 =graznar=: dissonant singing resembling the cackle of geese.
=108= 9 =_Ave Maria Purisima_=: the formula with which Spanishnight-watchmen preface their chanted announcement of the hour.
=110= 1 =el mismo ano=: this cannot refer to the date 1537 (p. 109, l.33), which, being before the accession of Philip II, is much too earlyfor any fighting between Spaniards and Netherlanders. Don Cayetano isreading from a different note.
=110= 8 =Mateo Diaz Coronel=: imaginary author of an imaginary book.
=110= 22 =recibiera=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13. The force of the tense ishere, however, rather perfect than pluperfect. Such use is not rare.
=112= 2 =ensimismado=: 'wrapt in his own thoughts' (from =en si mismo=).--=lo ve todo=: 'sees everything.' Cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.
=112= 21 =consonante=: the gender (agreeing with =letra= understood)shows that the word here means 'consonant' (the letter _s_), not'accord.'
=113= 16 =que tanteaban=: 'feeling their way.'
=113= 27 =escalon=: i.e. the =peldano= mentioned above.
=114= 7 =Daba diente con diente=: 'her teeth chattered.'
=114= 24 =Tentando=: 'feeling along.'
=115= 30 =Que si creo=: this (cf. R. 1421) would be the obvious Spanishway to express a surprised exclamation 'Whether I believe in God!' Butsome good grammarians prefer to explain such a =que si= on the principleof the note on p. 40, l. 34.
=117= 11 =es ley=, etc.: 'it's the rule not to oppose directly.'
=118= 12 =vernos las caras=: 'see each other's faces.' Cf. R. 481; K.253.
=118= 17 =Limbo=: in Catholic theology the place where souls of infantswho died sinless but unbaptized abide free from the pains of hell (thepunishment of actual sin) but lacking the joy of the vision of God(whose loss is the punishment of original sin). Old Testament saintswere kept in Limbo till the death of Christ, then taken to heaven.
=110= 24 =fascinada=: this word properly belongs to the superstition ofthe evil eye, and expresses the bad luck or sickness which one suffersin consequence of having fallen under such a glance. Note the word=ojos= below. In untechnical use it corresponds to a loose popular useof the word 'hypnotized.'
=118= 29 =fueras=: from =ir=, not =ser=.
=120= 13 =sea=: 'shall be.' The subjunctive, in spite of depending onthe present tense =juro=, has here a future sense because of itsrelation to the future thought involved in her prayer; such seems to bethe safest explanation of this difficult passage.
=121= 6 =Volvio a sentarse=: R. 1187; K. 725,_a_; C. 107, 5.
=121= 19 =Recobrado el sentido=: R. 1228, 2; K. 741; C. 276, 5.
=122= 14 =_alla voy_=: 'here I come.' The verb =ir=, not =venir=, isused in answering a call (Eng. _I'm coming_ = =voy=). =Alla= is not'here,' but 'here I come' is the idiomatic equivalent of the phrase as awhole; besides, somewhat of the beat of the accents must here be kept intranslation.
=123= 16 =Anticipo forzoso tenemos=: 'they are forcing our hand.'
=123= 20 =Si=: the conclusion from this 'if' is concealed in thesuspensive points at the end of the sentence.
=124= 6 =o sea=: 'that is to say' (lit. 'or let it be,' 'put it so').
=124= 20 =por cuya razon=: cf. n. on p. 24, l. 7.
=125= 1 =behetria=: in the Middle Ages a =behetria= was a community(urban or rural) which had the right of choosing its own lord and ofmaking a new choice from time to time. With the disappearance of theinstitution from actual life its reputation as a hotbed of uncertaintyand contention grew all the stronger, and the word is used to-day tomean 'anarchy' (in a loose sense) or 'turmoil.'
=125= 12 =_Gestas_=: italic because the word, like English 'gest,' isobsolete.
=125= 19 =cuando los Apostolicos=: 'at the time of the Apostolics,' areactionary faction that undertook to get possession of the state in thelast years of the reign of Ferdinand VII (1814-1833). Galdos has devotedto them one of his series of _Episodios Nacionales_.--=la guerra de lossiete anos=: the Carlist uprising in 1833 and the following years.
=125= 20 =1848=: a revolutionary year in all Europe; not soconspicuously so in Spain, yet cf. p. 129, l. 25.
=125= 23 =la guerra de la Independencia=: i.e. against Napoleon;generally known in English as the Peninsular War (1808-1814).
=125= 27 =con visos de=, etc.: 'looking like a representative orinstrument of the central power.'
=126= 13 =por do quiera que=: 'wheresoever.' The antiquated form =do=,doublet of =donde=, is now preserved only in phrases in which it isfollowed by =quiera=, and in a few locutions like =a do=, 'whither.'
=126= 15 =municipio=: 'city authorities.'
=126= 33 =caben=: R. 1155; K. 529, _a_; C. 284.
=127= 18 =entre tu y yo=: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 19.
=128= 11 =dar la direccion a los globos=: before the development ofaviation, to give steering power to balloons was one of the perennialenterprises of the most wildly ambitious type of inventors.
=128= 23 =me pican=: 'bite' (of mustard, garlic, etc.).
=129= 5 =periodico suelto=: 'irregular periodical' (hence appearing whenand where least expected). The most familiar type of irregularperiodical in the Spanish-speaking world is the revolutionary sheet(to-day usually anarchistic) which is driven to the announcement"Aparece cuando puede" by the double pressure of poverty andgovernmental hostility.
=129= 20 =perezca=, etc.: 'die and be born again.'
=129= 25 =en 1848=: cf. n. on p. 125, l. 20.
=129= 26 =en puertas=: i.e. on police duty.
=130= 3 =maldicion de Dios=: cf. "=ser bendicion de Dios= (figurativeand colloquial phrase) be very abundant", Academy.
=130= 16 =de que pie cojea=: i.e. what really ails it.
=130= 19 =ello es=: R. 302; K. 188, _a_; C. 206, 2.
=131= 2 =Como se van atando cabos=: lit. 'how ends go getting tied!'i.e. 'how things do fit together (in one's mind)!' Cf. vocabulary under=atar=.
=131= 20 =sueltas=: 'from time to time,' 'now and then' (lit.'disconnected').
=131= 23 =desperezandose=: the Academy defines this as stretching andtwisting in order to shake off either =pereza= (in the sense "repugnanceto rising from one's bed or seat") or the numbness of a sleepy limb.
=131= 31 =ya no se estilan=: 'are no longer good form.'
=132= 14 =Al mirar=: 'when she looked.'
=133= 5 =para=: from =parar=.
=133= 19 =cinco=: the Madrid edition has =cincos=.
=136= 18 =te confieso=, etc.: 'confess to you--Yes, I have indeed,' etc.
=136= 25 =cada vez=: 'all the time.'
=136= 28 =brios=: 'spirit.'
=138= 22 =Que se acabo todo=: 'it's all over.' For use of =que= cf. R.1421. For tense of =acabo= cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.
=139= 17 =todo lo=: 'everything.' Cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.
=139= 27 =con perfecta conciencia de si misma=: 'thoroughlyself-conscious.'
=140= 9 =olor de infalibilidad=: a variation of the traditional phrase=olor de santidad=, 'odor of sanctity,' which arose from the beliefformerly current that the dead body of a saintly person emits a sweetsmell.
=141= 3 =adocenados=: 'common,' 'vulgar' (derived from =docena=, andapplied to what is reckoned _by dozens_, not individually).
=141= 10 =acabo=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.
=141= 23 =patetica=: not 'pathetic.'
=141= 34 =entre usted y yo=: cf. n. on p. 46, l. 19.
=142= 30 =Guardia civil=: cf. n. on p. 9, l. 29.
=143= 19 =alzado la mano a=: '"lifted his hand" against,' i.e. struck.
=143= 22 =montado=: 'equipped,' 'furnished' (Gallicism = Fr. _monte_).The word lends itself easily, however, to the play on words involved inthe succeeding phrases, =a la altura, a la bajeza=, bec
ause from thetrue Spanish =montar= it is strongly colored with the meaning 'ascend'or 'cause to ascend.'
=143= 29 =si bien=: this phrase introduces a fact which cannot bedenied, but insists that that fact does not alter the main point. Cf. p.124, l. 21.
=144= 10 =a partir un confite=: 'hail-fellow-well-met.' The dictionarysays: "=morder en un confite=, of two or more persons, have greatfriendship or intimacy"; "=estar a partir un pinon con=, be entirely atone with."
=145= 17 =un infeliz=: this term "always holds in solution a grain ofmadness, or, what is perhaps worse, of helplessness akin to idiocy"(Knapp).
=145= 30 =Allan Cardec=: the French author Hippolyte-Leon-DenizardRivail (1803-1869), better known by his pseudonym Allan Kardec, whoseworks on spiritualism made a great sensation in the middle of thecentury, and contributed much to the diffusion of the belief both inEurope and in America.
=147= 20 =corregidor=: a magistrate appointed by the government of Spainto govern a district or municipality. He has much greater power than an=alcalde=, or mayor, and is responsible to the central administrationalone. In general, he is appointed only in time of local disturbances ofsome kind.
=147= 28 =Si que lo es=: 'that's just what it is.'
=148= 22 =se le trababan=, etc.: 'the words stuck in his mouth.'
=149= 8 =la brigada Batalla=: 'Batalla's brigade,' lit. 'the Batallabrigade.'
=149= 17 =cobro un semestre=: 'collected a six months' payment'(possibly of a tax levied in the name of the revolution).--=pidioraciones=: 'demanded rations.'
=149= 21 =registro civil=: i.e. the record of births, marriages, deaths,etc.
=150= 3 =_Romancero_=: the name given to the body, or collection, ofSpanish ballads (=romances=). Among these ballads, the oldest and mosttruly popular celebrate the achievements of national heroes--the Cid,Fernan Gonzalez, Bernardo del Carpio, etc. The best published collectionof the Spanish ballads is the _Romancero General_ of Agustin Duran(Vols. X and XVI of Rivadeneyra's _Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles_).
=150= 15 =recibiera=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.
=150= 22 =partiendo un pinon=: 'hobnobbing'; cf. n. on p. 144, l. 10.The =pinon=, the seed found in the cone of the stone pine, is a verysmall but pleasant nut.
=150= 31 =Brumario=: 'Brumaire,' an autumn month of the Frenchrevolutionary calendar. The occasion on which Napoleon with his soldiersoverthrew constitutional government and made himself master of France isalways designated as "the 18th Brumaire."--=el saco de Roma=: in 1527the Constable of Bourbon led the armies of Charles V against Rome.Bourbon was killed in the beginning of the assault, but his leaderlesssoldiers took the city and plundered it for six months, at the end ofwhich only a third of the population was left.
=150= 32 =la ruina de Jerusalen=: the siege of Jerusalem by the Romansunder Titus (A.D. 70) is perhaps the most famous in all history forhorrors.
=151= 5 =cabe duda=: R. 1155; K. 529,_c_; C. 284.
=151= 7 =sendas=: 'as many,' 'a mule apiece.' R. 674; K. 332.
=151= 8 =preguntandoles que a do=: 'asking them whither.' For use of=que= cf. R. 1418. For =do= cf. n. on p. 126, l. 13.
=151= 13 =complexion=: 'physique.'
=151= 19 =aquel=: i.e. =aquel dia=.
=151= 22 =confiara=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.
=152= 1 =han dado de=: cf. n. on p. 50, l. 18.
=152= 21 =Bien esta Pedro en su casa=: the Academy lists =bien esta SanPedro en Roma=, 'let well enough alone,' 'go farther and fare worse,''I'm better as I am'; and =como Pedro por su casa=, 'without saying "byyour leave."'
=152= 29 =sere=: R. 1195; K. 703,_c_; C. 266.
=152= 31 =Lastima de Cid Campeador=: 'it's a pity about the CidCampeador' (ironical). The Cid (often called also Campeador, 'champion')is the chief of the popular national heroes of Spain. His true name wasRodrigo Diaz de Bivar. His exploits against both Christians and Moslemsmade him a marked figure even in his own time, and shortly after hisdeath in the year 1099 he became one of the favorite subjects of popularpoetry. He is the hero of one of the earliest and most famous monumentsof Spanish poetry, the _Poema del Cid_; the early chronicles give muchspace to him, and he was sung in great numbers of popular ballads(=romances=).
=153= 1 =capitular=: a member of a =cabildo=, which is the body of=canonigos=; hence, practically a synonym of =canonigo=.
=153= 8 =despues de deshonrado=: R. 1233; K. 742; C. 276, 7.
=153= 15 =por aquello de que tiene uno=: 'by reason of the fact that onehas.' A peculiarity of the Spanish use of =uno=, 'one,' well illustratedby this example, is that there is a feeling against employing it exceptwith reference to the speaker himself. Thus the general andindeterminate 'one,' 'they,' 'people,' Fr. _on_, is rendered by thereflexive or by the third person plural of the verb; but when thespeaker for any reason desires to generalize himself, so to speak, heemploys =uno=.
=153= 16 =que si no=: 'otherwise.' Cf. n. on p. 64, l. 1.
=154= 5 =amanezcamos ... asesinadas=: 'may be found in the morningmurdered.'
=154= 11 =menos=: a comparative has superlative force whenever thissuits the sense, whether the article is used or not.
=155= 22 =por el hilo se saca el ovillo=: 'by the thread the skein ispulled out,' proverbial phrase implying that a small indication willenable one to get at the whole of a thing.
=155= 23 =por la una el leon=: identical with the Latin proverb _exungue leonem_.
=155= 33 =cuatro soldados y un cabo=: i.e. an insignificant force.
=156= 4 =Por vida de!...=: cf. n. on p. 14, l. 9.
=156= 13 =echartela=: for =la= cf. n. on p. 7, l. 16.
=156= 24 =echarse fuera=: 'burst forth.'
=157= 26 =de=: cf. R. 1440,_m_; K. 631, _f_.
=159= 4 =montes=: not 'mountains.'
=159= 8 =me=: ethical dative; cf. R. 323; K. 231; C. 204.
=159= 19 =como=: pres. ind. of =comer=.
=159= 28 =porque es mosquito=: 'simply because it's a gnat' (not a man).
=159= 32 =mete y saca de palabrejas=: 'prodding [lit. 'sticking in andpulling out'] with lingo.' =Mete= and =saca= are imperatives, but usedhere nominally. =De= is instrumental, as often after =dar=; cf. n. on p.50, l. 18.
=159= 33 =sermoncillos al reves=: i.e. phrases meaning the opposite ofwhat they say.
=160= 13 =gaznate=: inaccurately used, it would seem.
=161= 6 =Es tiempo ya de trasquilar=: 'it's already [sheep-]shearingtime.'
=161= 12 =tan buen pan=, etc.: i.e. Orbajosa can furnish her sons withas good an insurrection as they could get by going outside.
=161= 15 =tanto asi=: with snap of the finger, or the like.
=161= 23 =guarda de montes=: 'ranger.'
=162= 1 =echarte a la calle=: 'take to the street' (as a rioter orinsurrectionist). Cf. =se eche al campo=, 'take the field' (military),in l. 9, below.
=163= 18 =cuantos vestimos=: 'we [lit. 'as many as there are of us'] whowear.'
=163= 23 =toquen a degollar=: 'give the signal for cutting throats.'
=163= 33 =adelantan mas edificando=: 'make more progress as they build'(than the destroyers as they tear down).
=164= 3 =Dejarles=: for use of infinitive for imperative see R. 1225; K.731; C. 277, 5.
=164= 13 =No les arriendo la ganancia=: colloquial; lit. 'I don'tbargain to take the profit off their hands.' See vocabulary.
=165= 3 =que pudierais=: the antecedent of =que= is =mancha=. EarlierMadrid editions have =que= not here but before =por causa=; latereditions, as in our text.
=165= 8 =lo, lo=: omit in translation, and express the verbs merely by'it did,' 'will it'; or else translate the first =lo= by 'so.'
=165= 11 =en buen hora=: cf. n. on p. 35, l. 26.
=166= 1 =mas mundo=: 'more people.' Cf. the phrase =todo el mundo=,'everybody' (Fr. _tout le monde_).
=166= 32 =que se han de=: 'what ground have they to,' 'how shouldthey.'--=atrever=: may well be omitted in translation.
=167= 1 =aquel romance=, etc.: the extracts that follow are from one ofthe finest of the Spanish bal
lads (=romances=) that deal, not with thetraditional heroes of Spain, but with personages whose epic history hadfirst been developed in mediaeval France, and thence diffused throughthe other countries of Europe. Roldan is the French Roland (called inthe Italian forms of his story Orlando), and Renialdos is the herocalled in the French _chansons de geste_ Renaut de Montauban (inItalian, Rinaldo da Montalbano). The present ballad appears in both theoldest existing collections of Spanish ballads, printed the one in 1550and the other slightly earlier (it bears no date). The poem relates howRenialdos (or Reinaldos), having fallen into the hands of his feudallord and unforgiving enemy, the Emperor Charlemagne, is about to be putto death, when Charlemagne's nephew Roldan (Roland) rides up andviolently interposes in the prisoner's behalf. The Emperor yields oncondition that Renialdos shall leave France forever. This the heropromises to do, and makes his way to the land of the Great Khan, whoreceives him warmly and offers to aid him against Charlemagne. Renialdosrefuses, however, to make war upon his liege lord, even though wrongedby him. Then the Khan furnishes him with men to conquer the Emperor ofTrebizond and to establish himself in his place. The story of thebanishment of Renialdos is not told in this form in the splendid oldFrench poem (_chanson de geste_) entitled _Renaut de Montauban_, but isan Italianized version containing elements not truly popular andtraditional. The Spanish ballad, too, is in some other respects notthoroughly popular in its character. Nevertheless, it is written in thetraditional ballad style, and is very fine and spirited. It is printedin full in Duran, _Romancero General_, Vol. I, p. 240; and in Wolf yHofmann, _Primavera y Flor de Romances_, Vol. II, p. 346.
=167= 5 =Briador=: in the old French poems (_Chanson de Roland_, etc.)Roland's horse is called Veillantif; but the Italian poets Boiardo (inthe _Orlando Innamorato_) and Ariosto (in the _Orlando Furioso_) callhim Brigliadoro (= _briglia d'oro_, 'bridle of gold'). Pulci, however,in the _Mergante Maggiore_, but slightly modifies the French name,making it Vegliantin. The Spanish =Briador= is a corruption ofBrigliadoro.
=167= 7 =Durlindana=: the name of Roland's sword. In the French poemsthe word is Durendal. We have here again the Italianized form.
=167= 9 =entena=: the yard of a lateen sail, much longer andconsequently also stouter than the yard (=verga=) of a square-riggedship.
=167= 18 =como D. Renialdos=: in the ballad it is Roldan, not Renialdos,that pronounces the following lines. None the less, the readiness of thepeasant to go on with the quotation is very true to life. The averageSpaniard of the lower classes is perfectly familiar with large numbersof these old popular poems.
=167= 20 =ser bien librado=: in the sense of the intransitive =librar=.
=168= 4 =Vaya=: R. 1429; K. 659,_a_; C. 237, 6.--=unos=: cf. n. on p.46, l. 3.
=169= 1 =Valgame=, etc.: cf. R. 1427; K. 658,_d_; C. 237, 1; and p. 62,l. 27.
=169= 12 =que decia=: 'saying'; lit. probably 'who' rather than 'which.'
=169= 13 =Ya parecio=: after =ya= the past absolute is commonly usedwhere ordinary tense usage would require the perfect. The suddenness orcompleteness of a past action is thus emphasized. Cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.
=169= 23 =esa=: R. 442; K. 265; C. 162, 2.
=170= 9 =dice=: the tense of this, as of several other verbs in theparagraph, is present, after the manner of legal depositions.
=170= 17 =entregara=: for tense cf. n. on p. 110, l. 22.
=170= 10 saldria=: for tense cf. n. on p. 3, l. 17.
=170= 20 =sin tapujos=: 'unmuffled.' The Spanish =capa=, thrown roundthe neck and face as well as the body, is an unrivaled means ofdisguise. It is a point of Spanish courtesy, when wearing the =capa=, tounmuffle (=desembozarse=) before addressing any one.
=171= 13 =se hizo sangre=: 'drew blood' (se = on herself).
=171= 17 =patetico: not 'pathetic.'
=171= 20 =inmenso=: cf. the Academy's definition "=no caber el corazonen el pecho=, be so wrought up by some occasion of grief or anger thatit cannot get relief or quiet," and, since Arabic has affected Spanishso much, the Arabic phrase "his breast is narrow" to express the sameidea.
=171= 24 =Entre tanto=: this ought to mean while the conversations ofpp. 170-171 were going on; and this is doubtless the meaning, howeverdifficult it may be to reconcile this with =dormia o aparentaba dormir=on the next page.
=172= 15 =rezar=: properly this means reciting the prescribed prayers ofthe Church (so that Protestants prefer to say =orar=); otherwise here.
=173= 1 =tan solo=: 'merely,' 'and nothing more.'
=173= 6 =dicha=: noun.--=conciliarlo todo=: cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.
=173= 19 =que no movia=: elliptical for =de manera que=, etc., or thelike, equivalent to an English participle construction, 'not moving afoot,' etc.
=173= 27 =expectativa=: Madrid edition =espectativa=, cf. n. on p. 102,l. 27.
=173= 32 =extrano=: the dream, which thus far had been fairly faithfulmemory, begins from this point onward to mix dream-fancies with facts.
=173= 34 =recortada=: this word is applied to the "cut" or lobed leavesof plants and trees; also to silhouettes cut out of paper.
=175= 12 =_Agnus Dei_=: a common object of household adoration inCatholic countries, consisting of a flat piece of wax on which isstamped the figure of a lamb supporting the cross, or of some saint.These tokens are blessed by the Pope in large numbers, generally everyseventh year, and distributed among Catholics. The possession of one issupposed to be a protection against misfortune.
=175= 13 =rizada=: Palm Sunday in Spain has two kinds of palms, bothalike blessed: the simple natural bits of palm-leaf, and those which are=rizadas=, i.e. frilled and crimped into all sorts of ornamental shapeswith a view to using them as decorations.
=175= 14 =flores de trapo=: 'artificial flowers' (lit. 'of cloth').
=175= 18 =narigudo=: such was the meaning of Ovid's surname, Naso. Thereis perhaps also a reminiscence of the secondary meaning of Lat._nasutus_, 'witty,' 'clever.'
=175= 19 =conceptista=: the =conceptista= style in Spanish literature isthat style of which Quevedo was the most eminent master. See cyclopediasunder "Quevedo" and under "Spanish Literature."
=175= 24 =dando vueltas=, etc.: Aulus Gellius (_Noct. Att._ III, 3, 14)says that Varro and other older authorities related how Flautus, aftermaking some money by the stage, lost it all in trade, and was obliged tohire himself to a baker in Rome, being put to turn a hand-mill (_molatrusatilis_). Of the plays mentioned by Aulus Gellius as written byPlautus under these circumstances, however, none is preserved.
=175= 26 =picaro=: several unsavory tales about Sallust were current inantiquity, and his political conduct was far from being above suspicion.
=175= 30 =Rutilio=: the anti-Christian poet Rutilius ClaudiusNamatianus, who has left us a poem entitled _De reditu sito_, describinga journey made by him in 416 A. D. from Rome to his home in Gaul.
=176= 6 =las cabras=, etc.: in most Spanish towns the milkman (or moreoften milkwoman) drives a flock of she-goats through the streets,milking at the door of each customer the amount required.
=176= 18 =las=: the =misas=.
=176= 29 =conforme=: 'just as.'
=177= 11 =Nada, nada=: 'well, well.' Cf. n. on p. 31, l. 23.
=177= 30 =justiciada=: not given in the dictionaries; a noun inparticipial form from =justicia=, like =cuchillada= from =cuchillo,lanzada= from =lanza, calaverada= from =calavera=. K. 765, rem. 2; C.132, 4, _b_.
=177= 32 =llamarles y decirles=: for imper. use of infin. cf. R. 1225;K. 731; C. 277, 5.
=178= 16 =amigotes=: the coloring given by Spanish augmentatives anddiminutives is well brought out by the contrast between this word and=amiguito= in line 1 above.
=178= 22 =sentar=: the infinitive has something of imperative coloring(cf. p. 177, l. 32, and n.), but inclines decidedly to the usage knownas the historical, or continuative, infinitive.
=179= 17 =quien=: 'anybody who' (woman).--=no siendo sacerdote=: 'unlesshe is a priest.'
=179= 23 =de mi=: R. 1440, _q_; C. 128, 3, _a_; 237, 8.
=1
80= 1 =Vuelta a=: this idiom expresses impatience at repetition.
=180= 6 =dos dedos de frente=: 'any sense' (lit.' two inches offorehead').
=180= 14 =porque=: 'in order that.'
=180= 18 =Sera=: R. 1195; K. 703, _c_; C. 266. The form =hara= below ismore difficult; the force of the future there is presumably either 'whyis it that God apparently makes me' or 'what do you suppose God makes meso silly for,' 'what can God be after in making me,' etc.
=182= 28 =Falta=: verb, lit. 'is lacking'; i.e., 'you do not say thatthey....' 'I guess they did not....'
=182= 31 =ademanes encomiados=: 'an air of approbation.'
=183= 5 =refiriendo=: 'while relating.'
=183= 23 =unos humos=: 'such airs!' For use of =unos= cf. n. on p. 46,l. 3.
=185= 6 =acabo de encender=: 'finished kindling.'
=185= 24 =Valido=: in the same sense as =valiendose=, line 15. Note boththe absence of any past sense and the fact that the past participledrops the reflexive pronoun. Cf. C. 276, 4.
=185= 32 =recibiera=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.
=186= 25 =por cuya razon=: cf. n. on p. 24, l. 7.
=186= 27 =sin perjuicio de=: 'without prejudice in regard to' (legalphrase, indicating that a given action is not to annul or diminish theright of one party to demand a further accounting from the other).
=187= 2 =las=: cf. n. on p. 7, l. 16.
=187= 6 =pues=: 'since.'
=187= 9 =Sacramento=: the capital S suggests that we take this word inits special sense defined by the Academy as "Christ sacramented in theHost," so that our phrase would mean 'by having the power to work themiracle of transubstantiation'; if the word here means his ordination aspriest, which is one of the seven sacraments of the Church, the capitalS is probably a misprint.
=187= 19 =por lo muy santo y noble=: cf. R. 1358; K. 671; C. 125,_a_;here =que es= is lacking, as is often the case after =por=.
=188= 20 =consejero aulico=: the Aulic Council, 1500-1806 A.D., was theEmperor's supreme personal council, whose members all held office tillhis death.
=188= 31 =el mas alla=: 'the beyond.'
=189= 9 =cinco dias=: the chronology is not clear. Comparison of p. 183,ll. 12-14, and p. 186, ll. 20-24, with p. 208, ll. 18-20, shows that theletter dated April 14 (p. 207) cannot have been written till at leastthe day after Caballuco's coming to the priest's house (p. 184); indeed,by p. 208, ll. 20-21, it would seem that the letter was a day or twolater. The progress of the story will show that the letter dated April20 (p. 209) cannot have been written later than the evening at which wehave now arrived.
=190= 14 =cuanto en lo humano cabia=: 'that lay in human power.' Cf. R.1155; K. 529,_b_; C. 284.
=190= 28 =con lo que sale usted=: lit. 'what you are coming out with.'
=190= 29 =se estan luciendo=: 'are showing themselves off' (cf. =lucirun nuevo paraguas= = 'to sport a new umbrella').
=191= 4 =No asustarse=: imperative use of infinitive. R. 1225; K. 731;C.277, 5.
=191= 7 =como el rascar=: i.e., to do a little of it makes you want todo more.
=191= 27 =refregones en los morros=: in Spain, 'rubs across the lips'(as if cleansing them) are, like spanking (=azotes=), a standardpunishment for naughty words from a little child.
=192= 2 =soberbia=: adjective.
=192= 12 =la Encomienda=: this word means generally a piece of propertybestowed upon a knight of one of the military orders; here, a particularestate of this kind that had sometime come into the possession of thePolentinos family.
=193= 15 =Juan Lanas=: traditional name for a simpleton.
=193= 26 =alla se le va=: 'are about the same as she,' 'are taking thesame line.'
=193= 33 =esto se lo lleva la trampa=: grammatically, =la trampa= is thesubject of the clause; =lo=, which repeats =esto=, is the object; =se=is the reflexive of interest, often used with =llevar=.
=194= 22 =en buen hora=: cf. n. on p. 35, l. 26.
=195= 5 =le dan=: cf. n. on p. 38, l. 6.
=195= 11 =sonsonete lloron=: 'sarcastic whine.'
=195= 25 =si=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.
=196= 8 =tenebrario=: properly a candlestick which is used during matinsof the last three days of Holy Week. These matins are called in Spanish=tinieblas=. The light of the =tenebrario= is dimmed by placing itwithin a kind of shrine. The idea here, of course, is that obscurity ispart of the family inheritance.
=197= 18 =acabo de estrujarle=: 'gave him the last squeeze.'
=198= 3 =suspirando a moco y baba=: 'sighing and snuffling.'
=198= 15 =en un quitame alla esas pajas=: 'in a wink of your eye'(colloq.). The phrase means literally 'get those straws [trifles] out ofmy way,' and implies the feeling that a thing can be done quickly andeasily.
=198= 27 =los juegos de manos son juegos de villanos=: the SpanishAcademy defines this proverb in about the sense given to it by Gase'sFrench-English Dictionary, "playing with the hands is bad manners, roughplay is low"; but the priest here, quite legitimately, makes it mean"physical force is a blackguard's way."
=200= 12 =qui tenga visos=: 'that has the look.'
=200= 27 =Como lo huelan los de tropa=: 'supposing the military get asmell of it.' For conjugation of =oler= see grammars.
=201= 4 =Guarde usted=: 'look out for.'
=201= 16 =el salitre=, etc.: i.e. powder.
=202= 6 =Si=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.
=202= 17 =ha perdido la chaveta=: 'have lost your wits.' =Chaveta=, ormore commonly =chabeta=, is properly a wedge or key used by blacksmithsor carpenters to unite and tie several pieces of metal or wood.
=202= 31 =medio=: adverbial, i.e. to be followed by a hyphen inEnglish. Contrast =media=, adjectival, in the line above.
=203= 2 =Para solfas=, etc.: 'drubbings by treachery are not whatCristobal Ramos is good for.'
=203= 31 =si es empeno de usted=: 'if it is your particular wish.'
=204= 4 =jofaina=: 'finger-bowl' here.
=205= 6 =no tienen espera=: 'endure no stay.'
=205= 21 =me tiene=: 'she has for me.'
=208= 13 =quijotadas=: 'extravagances,' 'quixotic undertakings.' Theword is formed from the name of Cervantes' hero.
=209= 13 =Mi coalicion=, etc.: 'my half-serious, half-jocularcoalition.'
=210= 3 =Sentire mucho que=: 'I shall be very sorry in case.'
=210= 11 =y concluira=: 'and end it shall,' or simply 'and it shall.'
=211= 28 =Ira=: 'he must be going.'
=212= 4 =el pueblo se acaba=: 'the town ends,' i.e. we are coming to thelast houses.
=212= 21 =bruto=: 'an idiot.'
=213= 11 =quinque=: from the French manufacturer Quinquet, who firstmade such lamps on a considerable scale. The inventor was a Swisschemist and physicist named Argant or Argand (1755-1803); hence theselamps are generally known in English as Argand lamps.
=213= 19 =acicalarse=: 'prinking.'
=213= 25 =despejada=: 'open.'
=214= 3 =allegados=: the Academy defines this word by =pariente=('relative,' the same word by which it defines =deudo=) and =parcial=;and it defines a colloquial figurative sense of =pariente= by "allegado,semejante o parecido."
=215= 8 =un Limbo prematuro=: 'a Limbo before the time.' Cf. n. on p.118, l. 17.
=215= 9 =cuidan bien=: this is normal Spanish for 'take good care,'declaratively. May it be a misprint of the Madrid edition for =cuidenbien=, to be interpreted 'let them take good care'? In that case theorder of words would be hardly the most usual; but it is not easyotherwise to reconcile the sentence with the general course of thethought in this passage.
=218= 15 =veros=: 'to see each other.'
=220= =un su amigo=: 'a friend of his.'
=220= 5 =virtuosisimo=: this word is used in the sense of the Italian_virtuoso_, a connoisseur, an appreciative and successful collector. Theending =-isimo= is here not merely intensive but very nearly truesuperlative; not 'extremely' but 'supremely.'
=220= 6 =emblema=: 'crest'; the word =creston= appears to mean not theheraldic device but the part of the he
lmet over which the device rises.=Emblema= is defined as meaning a symbol accompanied by a motto.
=220= 7 =rabillo=: this word must here mean a serif, but is probably nota technical term.
=222= 20 =le impondra a usted=: 'will advise you.'
=224= 23 =nos=: ethical dative. R. 323; K. 231; C. 204.
=224= 26 =dude=: sc. =usted=, unless it is a misprint for =dudo=.
=224= 31 =San Baudilio de Llobregat=: a small town, commonly called SanBoy, on the river Llobregat. It is six miles west of Barcelona. A largeand well-administered private insane asylum is situated there.
=225= 5 =pliegos=: 'sheets' (sixteen pages each if the book is octavo).
=225= 25 =Albricias, albricias=: 'joy, joy!' (lit. a reward paid to thebringer of good tidings).
=226= 22 =acaparada=: 'monopolized,' 'beguiled.' This verb (from Fr._accaparer_, to 'corner' a commodity in the market, to 'seize upon' athing, to 'sway' voters by demagogic methods) was condemned as aGallicism in the middle of the nineteenth century, but is now fullyaccepted in Spanish. It must not be confounded with the older butprobably now less common verb =acaparrar=, whose meaning is entirelydifferent.
=227= 9 =novenas=: periods of nine days given to devotion and prayer. InEnglish the word is pronounced with the English sounds of _e_ and_a_.--=manifiestos=: exposures of the Sacrament for the adoration ofbelievers.
=227= 15 =el duque de Osuna=: a nobleman of very illustrious family,Spanish viceroy of Naples in the reign of Philip III. The plot mentionedbelow was, according to the Venetians, a diabolical scheme entered intoby the Duke of Osuna, the Marquis of Villafranca, and the Marquis ofBedmar, all Spaniards of high rank engaged in the war of the Spanishkingdom in Italy against Duke Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, who was aidedby the Venetians. The plan was said to have involved the surprise ofVenice, the slaughter of its senate and nobles, and its reduction to amere dependency of Spain. Spanish historians have denied the existenceof any such plot; for all that, it has remained the most memorable thingconnected with the viceroyalty of the Duke of Osuna. Hence the irony ofthe present reference to it.
=227= 19 =Esto se acabo=: 'this story is finished.' Cf. n. on p. 40, l.1.