Throne of Apollo, 222
Thucydides , historian (ca. 471–399 B.C.), 10*, 48–49, 79, 82, 107*, 123, 140, 160*, 206, 237, 264, 275, 284–285, 295, 305, 313*, 361, 362, 430 431, 432–435, 436, 439–440, 442, 443–444, 447, 449, 456, 489, 490, 491, 613, 614
Thurii , 161, 167*, 437, 447
Thyestes (thī-ěs’-tēz), 386
Tiber River, 659
Tieum , 156
Tigris River, 3, 460, 557, 564, 572, 575
Tilsit, Peace of, 157
Timachus , sculptor (4th-3rd century B.C.), 621
Timaea, Queen of Sparta (5th century B.C.), 447
Timaeus , historian (345–250 B.C.), 278*, 510, 612–613, 614
Timaeus (Plato), 513*
Timarchus, businessman (5th century B.C.), 272
Timochares , astronomer (3rd century B.C.), 636
timocracy, 115, 487, 536–537
Timocreon , lyric poet (fl. 5th century B.C.), 246
Timoleon , statesman and general (411–337 B.C.), 475, 598
Timon of Athens (fl. 5th century B.C.), 163, 355, 445, 503
Timon of Phlius, Skeptic philosopher (320–230 B.C.), 351, 642
Timophanes , revolutionary (4th century B.C.), 475
Timotheus , Athenian general (d. 354 B.C.), 470, 486, 487
Timotheus, poet and musician (447–357 B.C.), 75, 380*, 437, 482
Timotheus, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 494
Tiryns , 21, 26, 27–30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 44, 62, 72
Tissaphernes , Persian general (d. 395 B.C.), 447
Titans, 27†, 99, 181, 187, 190
Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, Roman emperor (40–81), 622
Tobit, Book of, 603
Tolstoi, Leo Nikolaevich, Count, Russian novelist (1828–1910), 365
tombs, in Mycenae, 29, 32
Tomi (tō’-mē), 157
tools, in Crete, 7, 12
in Troy, 34
Topics (Aristotle), 526*
Torah, 604
Torone (tôr-ō’-nē), 158
Tours (city), 56
Tower of the Winds, 482
toys, 288
Trachinian Women, The (Sophocles), 392
Trachis , 42, 240
trade, in Crete, 4, 11, 21
in Mycenae, 30–31
in Troy, 36
in Homeric society, 47
prohibition of, in Sparta, 79
in Corinth, 91
in Megara, 92
in Athens, 116, 121, 272–276, 464
in Miletus, 134–135
in Sybaris, 160
in Africa, 173
in 4th and 3rd centuries, 562–563
in Rhodes, 571
in Seleucid Empire, 575
in Egypt, 589–590
trade organizations, 195
trade routes, 4, 11, 160, 575–576
tragedy, 231–233, 384–391, 392–400, 401–416, 533
Tralles , 332, 623, 639
transport, 273
trapezite, 274
Trapezus , 135, 156, 460
Treasury of Priam, 26, 35
treaties, commercial, 121, 262
Treatise on Tactics (Polybius), 613
Treatise on Weights (Archimedes), 633
Trebizond, see Trapezus
trials, 260–261
tribes, of Attica, 108
in Athens, 124
and religion, 175
tribunals, 259
Tricca , 106
trigonometry, 635
Tripolis , 88, 156
Triptolemus , 319
Troad (trō’-ăd), 25, 35, 36, 327, 497
Troesmis (trēz’-mŭs), 157
Troezen (trē’-zěn), 240, 553, 569
Troglodytes , 590
Trolius , 36
Trojan Women, The (Euripides), 310, 401*, 406–409, 418, 419
Tros (trōs), 35‡
Troy (troi), 5, 21, 24–27, 33–36, 37, 38, 42, 44, 46, 51, 53, 55–59, 60, 62, 68, 77, 102, 127, 128, 151, 165, 171, 181, 207, 229, 242, 333, 387, 404, 406, 538, 544
Tsountas, C. T., Greek archeologist, 27
Turin, 591
Turkestan, 234, 575
Turkey, 25, 26, 150*
Tyche (tī’-kē), 186, 566
Tyche (Eutychides), 621
Tylissus , 6, 7, 10, 21
Tyndareus , 39, 55*
Tyrannicides (Antenor), 221
Tyrannicides (Nesiotes and Critius), 324
tyranny, see dictatorship
tyrant, derivation of ferm in Greek sense, 122*
Tyras (tī’-răs), 157
Tyre (tīr), 4, 68, 544, 571, 575
Tyrrha , 122*
Tyrtaeus , elegiac poet (fl. 7th century B.C.), 75–76, 113
U
Uffizi Museum (Florence), 624†
Universal History (Ephorus), 488
universities, 503, 510–511
Upanishads, 350*
Urania , 186
Uranus , 99, 177, 181
Uriel, 604
Utica , 67, 575
utopianism, 509, 519–521, 522–523
V
Valhalla, 308
Vaphio , 32
Varna, see Odessus
Varro, Marcus Terentius, Roman scholar (116-27 B.C.), 562
vases, see ceramics
Vasiliki, 6
Vatican, 142, 219, 315, 478, 495*, 498, 499, 620, 622†, 623, 624*, 625
Vedism, 177
Velchanos , 11, 13, 14, see also Zeus
Velia , 167
Venice, 159, 571
Venus Callipyge , 624
Venus de’ Medici, 624
Venus de Milo, see Aphrodite of Melos
Venus of Aries, 499
Venus of Capua, 499
Vesta , 186
Vesuvius, Mt., 168, 620
Victorian novel, 171
Victory, 326, 531
Victory (Callicrates), 331
Victory of Samothrace, 624
Vienna, 56, 639
Villa Medici (Rome), 497
Vinci, Leonardo da, see Leonardo da Vinci
Virchow, Rudolf, German pathologist (1821–1902), 26, 27*
Virgil (Publius Virgilius Maro), Roman poet (70-19 B.C.), 58, 100, 102, 609, 611, 622
viticulture, 3, 150, 269
Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, Roman architect and engineer (1st century B.C.), 327, 332†, 630
vivisection, 502–503, 638
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, French philosopher (1694–1778), 372, 401, 432, 509, 522, 657, 669
voting by lot, 116, 254, 257, 263, 264
Vulcan, 183, see Hephaestus
Vulgate, Roman Catholic, 604*
W
Wace, Alan John Bayard, English archeologist, 27
wages, 280–281, 563
Waldstein, C., English archeologist, 27
walls, in Tiryns and Mycenae, 27–29
in Troy, 34
in Athens, 246, 250
Walpole, Horace, 4th Earl of Orford, English author (1717–1797), 416
“Wanderer’s Night-Song” (Goethe), 76†
war, in Homeric society, 54–55
in Sparta, 74, 77, 81
in Athens, 262, 295–296, 468
Wasps (Aristophanes), 422
water clock, 69, 256
Waterman, Leroy, archeologist, 572*
water routes, see trade routes
water supply, 142, 576
Watteau, Antoine, French painter (1684–1721), 159
wealth, influence of trade on, 4
of Crete, 5, 11
of Troy, 36
concentration of, in Sparta, 74, 85, 459
of Athens, 110–112, 121, 464–465
concentration of, in Athens, 281–282
weapons, in Crete, 7, 12, 16
in Mycenae, 32
in Cyprus, 34
in Troy, 34
of Achaeans, 37, 46
in Syracuse, 471
weaving, in Crete, 6
, 10
in Homeric society, 46
in Athens, 272; see also textiles
Wedgwood, Josiah, English potter (1730–1795), 616
weights and measures, in Crete, 20
in Homeric society, 47
origins of, in Greece, 69
in Argos, 72
in Aegina, 95
in Euboea, 106
in Athens, 273–274
Westmacott Ephebos (Polycleitus), 323
Wild Men, The (Pherecrates), 420
wills, 116, 259, 591
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, German archeologist and art historian (1717–1768), 296, 326, 328, 622†, 624, 626*
winds, around Aegean, 4
around Crete, 11
Winged Victory, 222
Wingless Victory, see Nike Apteros
woman, position of, in Crete, 10
in Homeric society, 50–51
in Sparta, 83–84
in Athens, 252, 253, 299–301, 302, 305–307
in 4th and 3rd centuries, 567
in Alexandria, 593
woodwork, in Crete, 18
World War, 441
Wordsworth, William, English poet (1770–1850), 166
Works and Days (Hesiod), 100
wrestling, 48, 214–215
writing, Cretan, 6, 15, 20
in Cyprus, 33
in Homeric society, 52
early Greek, 205–206
in schools, 289
Hellenistic Greek, 600
writing materials, in Crete, 6, 15
in Mycenae, 31
in Homeric society, 52
in early Greece, 205–206
in Hellenistic age, 600
X
Xanthippe , wife of Socrates (5th-4th century B.C.), 365, 455
Xanthippus, father of Pericles, Athenian general (fl. 479 B.C.), 240, 248
Xanthoudidis, S., Greek archeologist, 6
Xanthus (zān’-thŭs), historian (n. 450 B.C.), 140, 341
Xanthus (city), 575
Xanthus River, 58
xenelasia , 76, 263; see also hospitality
Xeniades of Corinth, merchant (fl. 4th century B.C.), 507
Xenocrates , philosopher (396-314 B.C.), 310, 500, 512, 641–642, 651
Xenophanes , philosopher and poet (fl. 536 B.C.), 136, 139, 144, 148, 167–168, 176, 350
Xenophon , historian and general (445-355 B.C.), 26, 86, 156, 193, 212, 277, 295, 302, 310, 313, 364, 366, 369, 371, 372, 373, 452, 453, 460–461, 463, 467, 488–491, 504, 650
Xenophon, athlete (5th century B.C.), 91
Xerxes (zûrk’-sēz) I, King of Persia (reigned 485–465 B-c.), 86, 156, 173, 216, 234, 237–241, 246, 431, 543, 546
Xuthus (zū’-thūs), 401
Y
Yahweh (yä’-wě), 94, 181, 191, 582
Youth of Subiaco, 625
Z
Zacynthos , 159
Zagreus (zā’-grūs), 187, 189, 232
Zakro, 6, 11, 22
Zaleucus of Locri, lawgiver (fl. 660 B.C.), 77, 167, 258
Zama , 234, 663, 664
Zanzibar, 590
Zeller, Eduard, German theologian and philosopher (1814–1908), 651*
Zeno (zē’-nō), Stoic philosopher (ca. 336–264 B.C.), 34, 316, 479, 504, 560, 563, 576, 636, 640, 650–652, 655, 656, 657, 658
Zeno, Eleatic philosopher (fl. 475 B.C.), 248, 351, 352, 367, 373, 503, 513, 524, 527, 642
Zeno of Tarsus, Stoic philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 652
Zenodotus (zěn-ōd’-ð-tŭs) of Ephesus, grammarian and critic (fl. 280 B.C.), 601, 602
Zephyr (zēf’-ēr), 177
zeugitai, 110, 115, 250
Zeus (zūs), 13, 14, 20, 26, 35‡, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 48, 55*, 56, 57, 58, 59, 67, 72, 88, 90, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 122, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181–182, 183, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 197, 213, 214, 216, 226, 231, 239, 256, 312, 328, 333, 334, 376, 384, 385, 391, 398, 401, 481, 548, 565, 579, 582, 583, 595, 617, 653–654, 660
Chthonios, 179
Labrandeus, 20
Meilichios, 179, 199
Zeus, 623
Zeus (Pheidias), 143*, 221, 315, 325–326
Zeus of Artemisium, 321
Zeuxis , painter (fl. 430 B.C.), 317, 318, 437
Zion, Mt., 582
zoology, 528, 530–531, 639
About the Authors
WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry (1907–11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Transition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911–13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.
Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her (1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Wood bridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.
The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The Life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).
Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume 7, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it was on The Age of Louis XIV (1963), The Age of Voltaire (1965), and Rousseau and Revolution (winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1968).
The publication of Volume 11, The Age of Napoleon, in 1975 concluded five decades of achievement. Ariel Durant died on October 25, 1981, at the age of 83; Will Durant died 13 days later, on November 7, aged 96. Their last published work was A Dual Autobiography (1977).
Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume VII, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so pervasive that justice required the union of both names on the title page. The name Ariel was first applied to his wife by Mr. Durant in his novel Transition (1927) and in his Mansions of Philosophy (1929)—now reissued as The Pleasures of Philosophy.
The authors hope to present Volume IX in 1964 or 1965 as The Age of Voltaire (1715–56), and Volume X, the concluding w
ork in the series, as Rousseau and Revolution (1756–89).
* The Greeks called the Mediterranean Ho Pontos, the Passage or Road, and euphemistically termed the Black Sea Ho Pontos Euxeinos—the Sea Kindly to Guests—perhaps because it welcomed ships from the south with adverse currents and winds. The broad rivers that fed it, and the frequent mists that reduced its rate of evaporation, kept the Black Sea at a higher level than the Mediterranean, and caused a powerful current to rush through the narrow Bosporus (Ox-ford) and the Hellespont into the Aegean. The Sea of Marmora was the Propontis, Before the Sea.
* All dates in this volume are B.C. unless otherwise stated or obviously A.D.
† The modern capital, now officially renamed Heracleum.
* Evans labored brilliantly at Cnossus for many years, was knighted for his discoveries, and completed, in 1936, his monumental four-volume report, The Palace of Minos.
* Since the earliest layer of copper implements at Cnossus may be dated, by correlation with the remains of neighboring cultures, about 3400 B.C., i.e., about 5300 years ago, and since the neolithic strata at Cnossus occupy some fifty-five per cent of the total depth from surface to rock, Evans calculated that the Neolithic Age in Crete had lasted at least 4500 years before the coming of metals—approximately from 8000 to 3400. Such calculations of time from depth of strata are, of course, highly problematical; the rate of deposition may change from age to age. Allowance has been made for a slower rate after the abandonment of Cnossus as an urban site in the fourteenth century B.C.7 No paleolithic remains have been found in Crete.
† For the approximate duration of these epochs cf. the Chronological Table on p. 2.
* Current anthropology divides post-neolithic Europeans into three types, respectively preponderating in north, central, and southern Europe: (i) “Nordic” man—long-headed, tall, and fair of skin and eyes and hair; (2) “Alpine” man—broad-headed, of medium height, with eyes tending to gray and hair to brown; and (3) “Mediterranean” man—long-headed, short, and dark. No people is exclusively any of these “races.”
* The usually cautious and accurate Thucydides writes: “The first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos. He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic Sea, and ruled over the Cyclades. . . . He did his best to put down piracy in those waters, a necessary step to secure the revenues for his own use.”20
* The ascription of rooms is, of course, highly conjectural. It should be added that nearly all the exhumed decorations of the palace have been removed to the museum at Heracleum or elsewhere, while much of what remains in site has been tastelessly restored.