46. Mahaffy, Social Life, 150; Symonds, 260; Murray, Greek Literature, 221.
47. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 11. 218f, tr. G. Murray, Oresteia, p. 44.
48. Tr. by Milman in Mahaffy, Social Life, 152.
49. Agamemnon, 1445f Oresteia, p. 100.
50. Choephoroe, 1024f Oresteia, 183.
51. Athenaeus, i, 39.
52. Schlegel, 95.
53. Agamemnon, 11. 55f.
54. Ibid., 160.
55. Eumenides, end.
56. Murray, Greek Literature, 215.
57. Botsford and Sihler, 34.
58. Athenaeus, i, 37; Schlegel, 97; Taine, H., Lectures on Art, N. Y., 1901, II, 483; Plumptre, E. H., Introd. to Tragedies of Sophocles, London, 1867, p. xxxvii.
59. Sophocles, Works, tr. F. Storr, Loeb Library, I, Introd., viii.
60. Symonds, 278.
61. Athenaeus, xiii, 81.
62. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, II, 57.
63. Murray, Greek Literature, 234.
64. Symonds, 290.
65. Sophocles, Oedipus the King, 980f.
66. Oedipus at Colonus, 668f, tr. Walter Headlam, Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 378.
67. Oedipus at Colonus, 607f, tr. Murray, Greek Literature, 249.
68. Oed. Col., 1648f tr. Murray.
69. Antigone, 332f tr. Storr.
70. Ibid., 786f.
71. Ibid., 1220f.
72. Murray, Greek Literature, 238.
73. Trachinian Women, 1265f.
74. Philoctetes, 451-2.
75. Electra, 473f
76. Oedipus the King, 863f.
77. Oed. Col., 121 if, slightly transposed, tr. A. E. Housman, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 378. Cf. to like effect Oedipus the King, 1187-95 and 1529-30.
78. Athenaeus, xiii, 61.
79. Symonds, 278.
80. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, II, 97.
81. Murray, Gk. Lit., 251.
82. Strabo, xiv, 1.36.
83. Diog. L., “Socrates,” ii.
84. Euripides, Hippolytus, 191-7, in Murray, Gk. Lit., 12.
85. Murray, op. cit., 34.
86. Euripides, Medea, 41 of, tr. G. Murray, Oxford, 1912, p. 15.
87. Herod., ii, 120.
88. Iphigenia in Aulis, 636-54, tr. A. S. Way, Loeb Library.
89. lph. in Aulis, tr. Webb in Mahaffy, Social Life, 202-4.
90. lph. in Aulis, 1369-84, tr. A. S. Way.
91. Hecuba, 488f, tr. Way.
92. Murray, Gk. Lit., 137.
93. Trojan Women, tr. G. Murray, Oxford, 1914.
94. Euripides, Electra, tr. Murray, Oxford, 1907, p. 77.
95. Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris, tr. Murray, Oxford, 1930.
96. Aristotle, Poetics, xiii, 4.
97. Verrall, A. W., Euripides the Rationalist, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1913, 178 and passim.
98. Elizabeth Barrett Browning referred to “Euripides the human, with his droppings of warm tears.”
99. lph. in Aulis, 957.
100. Helen, 744f tr. Way.
101. Ion, 374-8; lph. in T., 570-5; Electra, 400; Bacchae, 255-7; Hippolytus, 1059; Robertson, I, 162.
102. Euripides, Electra, tr. Murray, p. 37; Heracles, 1341; lph. in T., 386.
103. Bellerophontes, 293, tr. Symonds, 368; cf. Helen, 1137.
104. lph. in T., tr. Murray, p. 32.
105. Helen, 1688.
106. Verrall, 79.
107. Trojan Women, 884.
108. Hecuba, 282.
109. Trojan Women, prologue.
109a. Cresphontes, frag.
110. Hippolytus and the lost Stheneboea and Chrysippus.
111. Andromeda, 135, tr. Symonds, 363.
112. Norwood, 311.
113. Euripides, Medea, tr. Murray, p. 67.
114. Frag. 157 in Rohde, 438.
115. Electra, tr. Murray, p. 78.
116. Rohde, 437.
117. An uncertain frag. tr. Symonds, 367.
118. A frag, in Symonds, 366.
119. Aristophanes, Frogs, 552; Athenaeus, i, 41.
120. Symonds, 426.
121. Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., II, 98.
122. Pater, 122.
123. Plutarch, “Nicias.”
124. Greek Anthology, ix, 450.
125. Quoted by Murray, Euripides and His Age, N. Y., 1913, 10.
126. Murray, Gk. Lit., 277.
127. Aristophanes, I, 117.
128. Haigh, 260.
129. Murray, Aristophanes, 102.
130. Zeller, 203.
131. Aristophanes, I, 91.
132. Ibid., 314, 319.
133. E.g., Thesmophoriazusae II, 286; Knights, I, 11; Ecclesiazusae, II, 378.
134. Knights, I, 31.
135. Peace, I, 194. In The Birds he calls Heracles a bastard (I, 173); and in The Frogs he makes Dionysus a coward, an onanist, a lecher, and a clown.
136. Philostratus, 483.
137. Lucian, “Herodotus and Aetion,” 1; Bury, J. B., Ancient Greek Historians, N. Y., 1909, 65; Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., II, 18; Murray, Gk. Lit., 134.
138. Herod., i, 1.
139. Gibbon, Ed., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Everyman Library, I, 77, ch. iii.
140. Strabo, xvii, 1.52.
141. Herod., iii, 101.
142. Ibid., i, 68.
143. iii, 38; ii, 3.
144. E.g., vii, 189, 191.
145. vii, 152.
146. Lucian, l.c.
147. Thuc., i, 1.21-23.
148. Mahaffy, Social Life, 208.
149. Thuc., ii, 45.
150. Ibid., viii, 24; ii, 17.
151. Murray, Gk. Lit., 1.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Diog. L., “Empedocles” vii.
2. Athenaeus, xii, 34.
3. Aristophanes, Acharnians, I, 111.
4. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 314.
5. Grote, V, 390.
6. Thuc., iii, 37.
7. Ibid., i, 3.75.
8. Plutarch, “Pericles.”
9. Thuc., ii, 6.8.
10. Ibid., i, 2.58-65; i, 5.139-46.
11. Jones, W. H. S., Malaria and Greek History, 132.
12. Plutarch, “Tiberius Gracchus.”
13. Aristotle, Constitution, 28.
14. Thuc., iii, 9.49-50.
15. Ibid., v, 15.22-3.
16. v, 17.84f.
17. Plutarch, “Alcibiades.”
18. Ibid.
19. Xenophon, Memor., i, 246.
20. Athenaeus, i, 5.
21. Benson, Alcibiades, 125.
22. Plutarch, l.c.
23. Thuc., vi, 18.18.
24. Ibid., 20.89.
25. viii, 24.18.
26. viii, 26.97; Aristotle, Constitution, 33.
27. Xenophon, Hellenica, Loeb Library, i, 4.13.
28. Aristotle, Constitution, 34.
29. Plutarch, “Lysander.”
30. Isocrates, Areopagiticus, 66.
31. Aristotle, op. cit., 40.
32. Murray, Gk. Lit., 176.
33. Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.32.
34. Grote, IX, 63.
35. Ueberweg, I, 81.
36. In Reinach, 96.
37. Plato, Apology, 38.
38. Ibid., 27.
39. 18.
40. 29.
41. 30.
42. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xxi.
45. Plato, Crito.
46. Xenophon, Memor., iv, 8.1.
47. Plato, Phaedo, 59-60.
48. Ibid., 89.
49. Xenophon, Apology, 28.
50. Diodorus, xiv, 37.
51. In Zeller, 201.
52. Plutarch, De Invid., 6, in Zeller, 201.
53. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xxiii.
54. Grote, IX, 88.
55. Tertullian, Apology, 14, and Augustine, City of God, viii, 3, in Zeller, 201.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Aristotle, Physics, Loeb Library, 1269-70; Plutarch, “Lysander,” “Lycurgus.”
&nb
sp; 2. Glotz, Greek City, 300.
3. Aristotle, Physics, 1270.
4. Xenophon, Anabasis, iv, 7-22.
5. Plutarch, Moralia, 190F.
6. Plutarch, “Agesilaus.”
7. Plutarch, Moralia, 39.
8. Ibid., 192C.
9. Aristotle, Physics, 1270.
10. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 199.
11. Xenophon, “On the Revenues,” in Minor Works.
12. Calhoun, 46-8, 93-4, 101.
13. Glotz, Anc. G., 304; CAH, VI, 72.
14. Calhoun, 109.
15. Ibid., 116; Glotz, 306.
16. Glotz, Greek City, 311; Anc. G., 201.
17. Glotz, Gk. City, 312-3.
18. Plato, Republic, iv, 422.
19. Aristotle, Politics, 1310.
20. Isocrates, Archidamus, 67. Isocrates was writing of the Peloponnesian Greeks, but probably had his fellow Athenians in mind.
21. Pöhlmann, 1, 147.
22. Plato, Laws, v, 736.
23. Vinogradoff, II, 113; Glotz, Gk. City, 318.
24. Vinogradoff, II, 205.
25. Isocrates, Antidosis, 159.
26. Glotz, Gk. City, 323; Rostovtzeff, M., Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford, 1926, 2; id.. History of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1928, II, 362; Coulanges, 493.
27. Mahaffy, Social Life, 267, 273.
28. Glotz, Gk. City, 296.
29. Ibid.
30. Athenaeus, xiii, 38f; Lacroix, I, 168.
31. Athenaeus, xii, 43.
32. Aristotle, Historia Animalium, 583a.
33. Gomme, 18, 26, 47; Athenaeus, vi, 272; Müller-Lyer, Family, 203; Grote, IV, 338.
34. Xenophon, Hellenica, vi, 1.5.
35. Isocrates, On the Peace, 50.
36. Aristotle, Problems, 29, in Vinogradoff, II, 67.
37. Demosthenes in Glotz, Gk. City, 216.
38. Aristotle, Constitution, 41.
39. Aristophanes, Clouds, 991; Plato, Theaetetus, 173.
40. Isocrates, op. cit., 59.
41. Grote, XI, 198.
42. Diodorus, x, 4.
43. Aristotle (?), Economics, ii, 2.20.
44. Lyra G., III, 366.
45. Diog. L., “Plato,” xiv; Plutarch, “Dion”; Diodorus, xv, 7; Grote, XI, 34-5. Taylor, A. E., Plato, N. Y., 1936, 5, questions the story.
46. Plato, Epistles, Loeb Library, vii.
47. Athenaeus, x, 47.
48. Plutarch, l.c.
49. Plato, l.c.
50. Plutarch, l.c.
51. Athenaeus, xii, 58.
52. In Weigall, Alexander the Great, N. Y., 1933, 19.
53. Adams, Brooks, New Empire, N. Y., 1903, 36.
54. Athenaeus, xiii, 63.
55. Mahaffy, Social Life, 425-7.
56. Glotz, Gk. City, 339.
57. Philostratus, 507.
58. Plutarch, “Phocion.”
59. Philostratus, 61.
60. Plutarch, “Alexander.”
CHAPTER XX
1. Plutarch, “Demosthenes”; Moralia, 6.
2. Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., IV, 137.
3. Demosthenes, On the Crown, Loeb Library, 126, 258-9, 265.
4. Murray, Gk. Lit., 362.
5. Isocrates, Antidosis, 48.
6. Grote, G., Aristotle, London, 1872, I, 31; Murray, 344.
7. Isocrates, Panegyricus, 49.
8. Ibid., 167.
9. Ibid., 160.
10. Isocrates, On the Peace, 94.
11. Ibid., 13.
12. Isocrates, Areopagiticus, 15, 70.
13. On the Peace, 109.
14. Areopag., 20.
15. Pausanias, i, 18; so Lucian and Philostratus; cf. Murray, 350.
16. Milton’s phrase for Isocrates.
17. Diog. L., “Xenophon,” i-ii.
18. Aristophanes, Clouds, 225.
19. Plutarch, Moralia, 212B.
20. Xenophon, Economicus, x, 1-10.
21. Ibid., xiv, 7.
22. Quoted by Shotwell, 180.
23. Pausanias, viii, 45.
24. Plutarch, “Alexander.”
25. Cotterill, I, 108n.
26. Pliny, xxxv, 36, 40; Winckelmann, I, 219.
27. Pliny, xxxv, 32.
28. Ibid., xxxv, 36.
29. Ibid.
30. Aelian, Varia Historia, ii, 3, in Weigall, Alexander, 136.
31. Pliny, Lc.
32. Vitruvius, ii, 8.14.
35. Pausanias, i, 20.
36. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 397.
37. Pausanias, v, 17.
38. Ibid., viii, 9.
39. They are listed in Murray, A. S., II, 253-4. Pliny alone mentions 28.
40. Pausanias, vi, 25.
41. Pliny, xxxvi, 41.
42. Ibid., xxxiv, 19.
43. Ibid.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Sarton, 127.
2. Plutarch, “Marcellus.”
3. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 9.
4. Plato, Hippias Major, 303.
5. Sarton, 113.
6. Aristotle, Politics, 1340.
7. Sedgwick, 76.
8. Heath, Greek Math., I, 209, 233, 252.
8a. Ibid., 354.
9. Diog. L., “Eudoxus,” i-iii; Strabo, ii, 5.14; Heath, I, 320; id., Aristarchus, 192; Grote, Plato, I, 124n; Ball, W. R., Short History of Mathematics, London, 1888, 41.
10. Heath, I, 323.
11. Heath, Aristarchus, 208.
12. Sarton, 118.
13. Ibid., 141.
14. Heath, Aristarchus, 276.
15. Heath, I, 16.
16. Arrian, Indica, London, 1893, chaps. xx-xlii.
17. Sarton, 120-1.
18. Carroll, 325.
19. In Zeller, 266.
20. Zeller, 277.
21. Athenaeus, xiii, 55.
22. Vitruvius, ii, 6.1.
23. Athenaeus, xii, 63.
24. Zeller, 357, 361.
25. Ibid., 362b.
26. Diog. L., “Aristippus,” iv.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Zeller, 367.
32. Carroll, 313.
33. Ibid.
34. Plato, Phaedo, 64.
35. Xenophon, Banquet, iii, 8.
36. Diog. L., “Antisthenes,” iv.
37. Murray, Five Stages, 116.
38. Diog. L., “Diogenes,” iii.
39. Ibid., iii, vi; Zeller, 326n.
40. Diog. L., “Diogenes,” vi.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., x.
43. Ibid., vi.
44. Ibid.
45. Weigall, Alexander, 103.
46. Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, vii, 2; Diog. L., “Diogenes,” vi.
47. Ibid., xi.
48. Zeller, 308.
49. Diog. L., “Antisthenes,” iv.
50. Ibid., “Diogenes,” vi.
51. Plutarch, Moralia, 21F.
52. Diog. L., l.c.
53. Zeller, 319.
54. Ibid., 326.
55. Diog. L., “Diog.,” xi.
56. Murray, Five Stages, 118.
57. Pöhlmann, 86-91.
58. Zeller, 317.
59. Plato, Republic, 372.
60. Diog. L., “Plato,” i.
61. Ibid., v, x.
62. viii-ix; Cicero, De Finibus, v, 29.
62a. Plutarch, De Exilio, 10, in Capes, W. W., University Life in Ancient Athens, N. Y., 1922, 32.
63. Suidas, Lexicon, s.v. Plato, in Mahaffy, Greek Education, 122.
64. Diog. L., “Plato,” xi.
65. Mahaffy, op. cit., 128; Grote, Plato, I, 125.
66. Heath, 1, 11.
67. Plato, Republic, 539.
68. Heath, Aristarchus, 141.
69. Plutarch, Moralia, 79.
70. Plato, Epistles, vii, 531.
71. Taylor, 503.
72. Cf. Epistles, vii, 541.
73. Athenaeus, xi, 112.
74. Diog. L., ??
?Cimon,” i-iii, “Plato,” xxxii.
75. Athenaeus, xi, 113.
76. Taylor, 20.
77. Plato, Protag., 334.
78. Symposium, 175.
79. Euthyphro, 292.
80. Charmides, 169.
81. Cratylus.
82. Phaedo, 106.
83. Theaetetus, 161.
84. Ibid., 158; Epistles, vii, 344.
85. Aristotle, Meta., i, 5-6; iii, 2; xiii, 4; Cratylus, 440.
86. Aristotle, Meta., i, 9.16, etc.
87. Plato, Phaedo, 65.
88. Ibid., 74-5, Theaetetus, 185-7.
89. Carrel, Alexis, Man the Unknown, N. Y., 1935, 236.
90. Spinoza, De Emendatione Intellectus, Everyman Library, p. 259.
91. Phaedrus, 245.
92. Philebus, 22.
93. Rep., 505.
94. Laws, 966; Phaedo, 96.
95. Sophist, 247.
96. Phaedrus, 245; Philebus, 30.
97. Meno, 81-2.
98. Gorgias, 523.
99. Phaedo, 69, 80-5, 110, 114; Rep., 615f; Timaeus, 43-4.
100. Phaedo, 91, 114.
101. Rep., 365.
102. Symp., 209.
103. Gorgias, 482.
104. Ibid., 495; Rep., 619; Philebus, 66.
105. Rep., 441, 587.
106. Philebus, 64-6.
107. Ibid., 57-8.
108. Crito, 49.
109. Ibid.; Laws, 951; Phaedo, 82.
110. Aristotle, Poetics, i, 4.
111. Rep., 424.
112. Quoted by Symonds, 411.
113. Philebus, 51; Rep., 529.
114. Symp., 206.
115. Laws, 636.
116. Symp., 201; Phaedrus, 244f.
117. Rep., 500.
118. Epistles, vii, 337.
119. Rep., 555.
120. Ibid., 557.
121. 562.
122. 565.
123. 567.
124. 496.
125. Phaedrus, 239.
126. Rep., 459.
127. 473.
128. Statesman, 297; Epistles, vii, 337.
129. Laws, 710.
130. Ibid., 704.
131. 968.
132. 761.
133. 742.
134. 744, 922-3.
135. 785.
136. 721, 774.
137. 672.
138. 885, 908-9.
139. Phaedo, 66.
140. Pater, 126.
141. Laws, 7.
142. Diog. L., “Plato,” xxv.
143. Calhoun, 125-7.
144. Locy, W. A., Growth of Biology, N. Y., 1925, 27.
145. Athenaeus, xiii, 56.
146. Grote, Aristotle, I, 8.
147. Diog. L., “Aristotle,” iv.
148. Grote, Aristotle, 1, 43.
149. Murray, Greek Epic, 99; CAH, VI, 333.
150. Aristotle, Meta., iii, 6.7-9.