30 Furneaux, pp. 135–6.
31 Acton, p. 262.
32 Hüe, p. 414.
33 Walter, Procès, p. 23.
34 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 228–31; Lenotre, pp. 215–16.
35 Larivière, pp. 355–7; Saint-Priest, II, p. 97.
36 Lamorlière, pp. 228 et seq.
37 Lamorlière, pp. 230–1.
38 Walter, Procès, p. 27.
39 Lamorlière, p. 240.
40 Lenotre, pp. 295–7 & notes 1 & 2.
41 Fouché, pp. 308–19.
42 Campan, II, pp. 199–200.
43 Ségur, pp. 320 et seq.; Castelot, Queen, pp. 372 et seq.; Walter, Procès, p. 678; Hüe, p. 151.
44 Cobb, French, pp. 48 et seq.
45 Barbey, p. 61; Lenotre, p. 292 note 1.
46 Klinckowström, II, pp. 82–3; Pimodan, pp. 388–91.
47 Pimodan, p. 396.
48 Verlet, p. 56; Reitlinger II, p. 130.
49 Bacourt, III, p. 418.
CHAPTER 26: THE HEAD OF ANTOINETTE
pp. 421–40
1 Lamorlière, pp. 227 et seq., p. 232 note 1, p. 246.
2 Lamorlière, p. 241.
3 Corti, p. 206; Hüe, pp. 148–9; Lamorlière, p. 234.
4 Royal Memoirs, III, p. 233; Lamorlière, pp. 239–40; Lenotre, pp. 234–5 note 1.
5 Lamorlière, p. 236.
6 Lafont d’Aussone, I, p. 52.
7 Campardon, pp. 55–7; AN, W296 & dossier F7.4392 cit. Castelot, p. 435.
8 Walter, Procès, pp. 26–36.
9 Fortescue, pp. 456–61.
10 Oberkirch, p. 191.
11 Staël, Réflexions, pp. v, xxx.
12 Walter, Procès, pp. 39 et seq.
13 Walter, Procès, p. 43.
14 Walter, Procès, pp. 45 et seq.
15 Lenotre, p. 301; Fouché, pp. 318–19; Castelot, pp. 418–20; but see Lafont d’Aussone, I, p. 57.
16 Mills, p. 95; Forrest, p. 101; Maza, Private, p. 170; RA, Add. MSS GEO 21/91, 6 February 1787.
17 Chauveau-Lagarde, p. 3.
18 Chauveau-Lagarde, p. 5; Lettres, II, pp. 440–1.
19 Lamorlière, p. 249; Campardon, p. 229.
20 Walter, Procès, pp. 53, 98.
21 Walter, Procès, pp. 53 et seq.
22 Walter, Procès, pp. 59–61.
23 Walter, Procès, p. 61 & note 1; Chauveau-Lagarde, p. 23.
24 Walter, Procès, p. 63.
25 Lamorlière, p. 251.
26 Walter, Procès, pp. 68 et seq.
27 Walter, Procès, pp. 93 et seq.
28 Lenotre, p. 348; Castelot, Queen, p. 395.
29 Campardon, pp. 125–8 & note 1.
30 Lépinay & Charles, Annexes III, pp. 90 et seq.
31 In this form, probably invented by a journalist, although similar words seem to have been spoken; Cléry, p. 229 & note; Arasse, p. 90.
32 Lamorlière, pp. 252 et seq.
33 Marie-Clothilde, p. 152 note G: “Des Deuils de cour et de famille.”
34 Lamorlière, pp. 252 et seq.
35 Arasse, p. 96.
36 Arasse, pp. 123 et seq.; Le Moniteur, 27 October 1793.
37 Campardon, p. 237; Le Moniteur, 27 October 1793; Grouchy & Guillois, p. 477; Walter, Procès, pp. 99–100.
38 Campardon, p. 232; Chalon, p. 469.
CHAPTER 27: EPILOGUE
pp. 441–58
1 Lenotre, p. 398.
2 Cottrell, p. 150; Lenotre, p. 394.
3 Fortescue MSS, p. 462; AN, W 15. 534/11.
4 Castelot, Queen, p. 439.
5 AN, C 279. C1. 730; Fleischmann, Terror, p. 324.
6 Elliott, p. 177.
7 Vigée Le Brun, pp. 2–3; Pimodan, p. 411.
8 Lindqvist, p. 204; Foster “Journal,” MSS; Söderhjolm, p. 315.
9 Pimodan, Appendix IV, pp. 438–43; Lindqvist, p. 215.
10 Bearne, pp. 114, 200; Corti, p. 207; Acton, p. 262.
11 Corti, p. 231.
12 Barbey, p. 243.
13 Marie-Clothilde, p. 224.
14 Yalom, p. 62.
15 Evans, p. 202; Boigne, I, p. 255.
16 Delorme, Louis XVII, passim, esp. pp. 93, 203–4.
17 A. W. T. Webb, Story of the Seychelles, 1964; John Demos, The Unredeemed Captive: a family story from early America, 1996, pp. 245 et seq., p. 309 note 6.
18 Lenotre, pp. 398 et seq.; Béarn, pp. 223 et seq.
19 Chauteaubriand, III, p. 461; Lenotre, p. 410.
20 McLynn, p. 469; Bruce, pp. 302, 457.
21 C. A. Moberly & E. Jourdain, An Adventure, 2nd edn, 1913; Lucille Iremonger, The Ghosts of Versailles: Miss Moberly and Miss Jourdain and their adventure, 1957, p. 181; Castle, pp. 10, 112, 140.
22 Castle, pp. 143–4.
23 Figes, p. 277; Zeepvat, p. 4 et seq.
24 Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna, 1928, pp. 100–10.
25 Versailles 1955; Mossiker, p. 582.
26 Information of Mlle Cécile Coutin, Association Marie-Antoinette; Higonnet, p. 295.
27 Walpole, pp. 264–5.
28 Sorel, p. 189.
29 Bessborough, p. 203; Tarante, p. 203.
30 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 290.
31 Prochaska, p. 17; Besenval, p. 181.
32 Hüe, p. 466; Ribeiro, Art, p. 83.
33 Goncourt, p. 73.
34 Fleischmann, Appendix II, pp. 311–15.
35 Corti, p. 181.
36 Dormois, p. 98.
37 Bombelles, I, p. 196.
38 Ford, p. 140; Leviticus 16:10; George Foot Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, New York, 1978, p. 55; James Frazer, The Golden Bough: a study in magic and religion, abridged edn, 1922, pp. 540–2, 565, 568–9, 577–87.
39 Morris, II, p. 602.
40 Dormois, p. 43.
SOURCES
A full bibliography of the life and times of Marie Antoinette is impractical for reasons of space. This is a list of the principal sources consulted and also gives details of books cited in brief in the Notes. The place of publication is London (English) and Paris (French) unless otherwise stated.
Books
Acton, Harold, The Bourbons of Naples (1734–1825), 1959
Adams, William Howard, The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson, New Haven, US, 1997
Allen, Rodney, Threshold of Terror: the last hours of the monarchy in the French Revolution, 1999
Almeras, Henri d’, Marie-Antoinette et les Pamphlets Royalistes et Révolutionnaires: avec une bibliographie . . ., 1907
Amarzit, Pierre d’, Barnave: le conseiller Secret de Marie-Antoinette, 2000
L’Ami du Peuple
Amiguet, Philippe, ed., Lettres de Louis XV à son petit-fils l’Infant Ferdinand de Parme, 1938
[AN] Archives Nationales, Paris
Anderson, Emily, ed., The Letters of Mozart and His Family, 2 vols., 2nd edn, New York, 1966
[Antonina] Memoirs of Antonina, Queen of Abo, displaying her private intrigues . . ., trans. from the French, 2 vols., 1791
Arasse, Daniel, La Guillotine et l’Imaginaire de la Terreur, 1987
Arizzoli-Clémentel, Pierre, introd. & commentaries, Views and Plans of the Petit Trianon at Versailles, 1998
Armaille, Comtesse d’, Marie-Thérèse et Marie-Antoinette, 3rd edn, 1893
Arnaud-Bouteloup, Jeanne, La Rôle Politique de Marie-Antoinette, 1924
[Arneth, Marie Antoinette] Arneth, Alfred von, Marie Antoinette, Joseph II und Leopold II, Leipzig, Paris & Vienna, 1866
[Arneth & Flammermont] d’Arneth, Alfred & Flammermont, Jules, Correspondance Secrète du Comte de Mercy-Argenteau avec l’Empereur Joseph II et le Prince de Kaunitz, 2 vols., 1889
[Arneth & Geffroy] d’Arneth, Alfred & Geffroy, M. A., Marie-Antoinette: Correspondance Secrète entre Marie-Thérèse et le Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, 3 vols., 1874
Ashton, Leigh, trans. & introd., Letters and Memoirs of the Prince de Ligne, 1927
Aspinall, A., ed., The Correspondence of
George, Prince of Wales, 1770–1812, II, 1789–1794, 1964
Aspinall, A., ed., The Later Correspondence of George III, 2 vols., 1963–4.
Augeard, J. M., Mémoires Secrètes . . ., introd. M. Évariste Bavoux, 1866
Austen Papers, 1704–1856, ed. R. A. Austen-Leigh, 1942
[Bachaumont] Mémoires Historiques, Littéraires, Politiques, Anecdotiques et Critiques de Bachaumont, 2 vols., 2nd edn, 1809
Bacourt, M. Ad. de, ed., Correspondance entre le Comte de Mirabeau et le Comte de La Marck pendant les années 1789, 1790 et 1791, 3 vols., 1851
Baillio, Joseph, Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun, 1755–1842, Kimball Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, 1982
Baillio, Joseph, “Marie-Antoinette et ses enfants par Mme Vigée Le Brun,” pts I & II, L’Oeil, Lausanne, 1981
Barbey, Frédéric, A Friend of Marie-Antoinette (Lady Atkyns), 1906
Bauchart, Quentin, Les Femmes Bibliophiles, 1826
[Bault] “Relation de la femme Bault: veuve du concierge de la prison de la Conciergerie” (11 September–16 October 1793): see Lenotre
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Béarn, Pauline de, Souvenirs de Quarante Ans 1789–1830, nouvelle edn, 1868
Bearne, Mrs., A Sister of Marie Antoinette: the life-story of Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples, 1907
Bernard, J. F., Talleyrand: a biography, 1973
Bernier, Olivier, Louis the Beloved: the life of Louis XV, 1984
Bernier, Olivier, “The Eighteenth Century Woman,” Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1981
[Bernier] Bernier, Olivier, Imperial Mother, Royal Daughter: the correspondence of Marie Antoinette and Maria Teresa, 1969
Berry, Mary, A Comparative View of the Social Life of England and France, 1828
[Bertin] Mémoires de Mademoiselle Bertin sur la Reine Marie-Antoinette, 1824
[Bertin, Lamballe] Bertin, Georges, Madame de Lamballe d’après des documents inédits, 1888
Besenval, Baron de, Mémoires sur la Cour de France, introd. & notes Ghislain de Diesbach, 1987
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[BL] British Library MSS
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Blanning, T. C. W., Joseph II, 1994
Blanning, T. C. W., The French Revolution in Germany: occupation and resistance in the Rhineland 1792–1802, Oxford, 1983
Bluche, François, La Vie Quotidienne de Temps de Louis XVI, 1988
[Boigne] Mémoires de la Comtesse de Boigne née d’Osmond: du règne de Louis XVI à 1820, ed. Jean-Claude Berchet, 2 vols., 1986
Bombelles, Marquis de, Journal, ed. Jean Grassion & Frans Durif, 3 vols., Geneva, 1977
[Bouillé] Mémoire du Marquis de Bouillé (Cte Louis) sur le départ de Louis XVI au mois de juin, 1791 . . ., en réponse à la Relation de M. le Duc de Choiseul, 1823
Boutry, Maurice, Le Mariage de Marie-Antoinette, 1904
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[Brosse, Marie Thérèse] Brosse, Jacques, ed., Mémoire Écrit par Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte de France sur la captivité des Princes et Princesses ses Parents, depuis le 10 août 1792 jusqu’à la mort de son frère: see Cléry
Browne, Rory, “The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited: the Rohan family and court politics,” Renaissance & Modern Studies, XXXIII, Nottingham, 1989
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Bruce, Evangeline, Napoleon and Josephine: an improbable marriage, 1995
Burke, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. Conor Cruise O’Brien, 1981
[Campan] Campan, Madame, Memoirs of the Private Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre, 2 vols., 3rd edn, 1824
[Campan (1988)] Mémoires de Madame Campan: première femme de chambre de Marie Antoinette, ed. Jean Chalon, notes Carlos de Angulo, 1988
Campardon, M. Émile, Marie-Antoinette a la Conciergerie (du 1er août au 16 octobre 1793), 2nd edn, 1864
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[Castelot] Castelot, André, Marie Antoinette, 1957
Castelot, André, Le Procès de Marie Antoinette, 1993
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Castle, Terry, The Apparitional Lesbian: female homosexuality and modern culture, New York, 1993
Castries, Duc de, Le Maréchal de Castries (1727–1800), 1979
Chalon, Jean, Chère Marie-Antoinette, 1988
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Chinard, Gilbert, Trois Amitiés Françaises de Jefferson d’après sa Correspondance Inéditée avec Mme de Bréhau, Mme de Tessé et Mme de Corny, 1927
Choiseul, Duc de, Mémoires, preface Jean-Pierre Guiccardi, notes Philippe Bonnet, 1987
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Christoph, Paul, Maria Theresia und Marie Antoinette: ihr geheimer briefwechsel, Vienna, 1958
[Cléry] Journal de ce qui s’est passé à la Tour du Temple pendant la captivité de Louis XVI par M. Cléry, valet du chambre du roi et autres mémoires sur le Temple, ed. Jacques Brosse, 1987
Cobb, Richard, The French and Their Revolution, ed. David Gilmour, 1998
Cobb, Richard, The Police and the People, Oxford, 1970
Cobban, Alfred, A History of Modern France; I, 1715–1799, pbk, 2nd edn, 1962
Corbin, Alain, The Foul and the Fragrant: odour and the social imagination, pbk, 1996
Corson, Richard, Fashions in Make-up: from ancient to modern times, 1972
Corson, Richard, Fashions in Hair: the first five thousand years, 1965
Corti, Conte Egon Caesare, Ich, ein Tochter Maria Theresias: ein Lebensbild der Königin Marie Karoline von Neapel, Munich, 1950
Cottrell, Leonard, Madame Tussaud, 1951
Coutts & Co. MSS, London
Couty, Mathieu, La Vie aux Tuileries pendant la Révolution, 1789–1799, 1988
[Cradock] Journal de Madame Cradock, Voyage en France (1783–1786), ed. Mme. O. Dolphin, 1896
Crankshaw, Edward, Maria Theresa, pbk, 1983
Crawford, Katherine B., “Regency Government in early modern France: gender substitution and the construction of monarchical authority,” D.Phil. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1997
Cronin, Vincent, Louis and Antoinette, 1974
Croÿ, Duc de, Journal inédit 1718–1784, ed. Vicomte de Grouchy & Paul Cottin, 4 vols., 1906
[Damas] “Rapport de M. le Comte Charles de Damas”: see Bouillé
Dard, Émile, Un rival de Fersen: Quintin Craufurd, 1947
Darnton, Robert, The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France, 1996
Darnton, Robert, “The Memoirs of Lenoir, Lieutenant de Police of Paris, 1774–1785,” notes & documents, EHR, LXXXV, 1970
Darnton, Robert, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France, Cambridge, Mass., 1968
Daudet, Ernest, Histoire de l’émigration: Coblentz 1789–1783, 1890
[Daujon] “Relation de Daujon, Commissionaire de la Commune (août 1792–Octobre 1793)”: see Lenotre
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ame Elisabeth: la princesse martyre, 1997
Delorme, Philippe, Louis XVII, La Verité: sa mort au Temple confirmée par la science, 2000
Delorme, Philippe, Histoire des Reines de France: Marie-Antoinette, 1999
Delpierre, Madeleine, “La garde-robe de la famille royale au Temple”: see “Modes et Révolutions”
Delpierre, Madeleine, “Rose Bertin, les marchandes de modes et la Révolution”: see “Modes et Révolutions”
Demuth, Norman, French Opera: its development to the Revolution, Horsham, Sussex, 1963
[Deslon] “Relation de M. Deslon”: see Bouillé
Deutsch, O. E., Mozart: a documentary biography, 1965
Devonshire MSS: 5th Duke’s Group, Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth
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“Dix siècles de joaillerie française,” Musée du Louvre 13 mai–3 juin 1962, Ministère d’État Affaires Culturelles, 1962
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[Dufour] “Relation de Dufour (10–13 août 1792)”: see Lenotre
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Dunlop, Ian, Versailles, 1956
[Dutens] Dutens, Louis, Memoirs of a Traveller now in Retirement, 5 vols., 1806
Dutens Papers, Coutts & Co. MSS
Eagles, Robin, “Francophilia and Francophobia in English Society 1748–1783,” D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1996
Ehrman, John, The Younger Pitt: the years of acclaim, pbk, revised edn, 1996
Eiwes, Carmen, Die Brautfahrt der Marie Antoinette 1770: festlichen, zeremoniell und standische Rahmenbedungen . . ., Hamburg, 1992
Elliott, Grace Dalrymple, Journal of My Life During the French Revolution, 1859
Ellis, Joseph P., American Sphinx: the character of Thomas Jefferson, New York, 1998
Elon, Amos, Founder: Meyer Amschel Rothschild and His Time, 1996
[Esterhazy Lettres I] Lettres du Cte Valentin Esterhazy à sa femme, 1784–1794, introd. & notes Ernest Daudet, 1907
[Esterhazy Lettres II] Nouvelles Lettres du Cte Valentin Esterhazy à sa femme, 1792–1795, pub. Ernest Daudet, 1909
[Esterhazy Mémoires] Mémoires du Cte Valentin Esterhazy, introd. & notes Ernest Daudet, 1905