NOTE
In names drawn from other languages than Eldarin the same values for the letters are intended, where not specially described above, except in the case of Dwarvish. In Dwarvish, which did not possess the sounds represented above by th and ch(kh), th and kh are aspirates, that is t or k followed by an h, more or less as in backhand, outhouse.
Where z occurs the sound intended is that of English z. gh in the Black Speech and Orkish represents a 'back spirant' (related to g as dh to d); as in ghâsh and agh.
The 'outer' or Mannish names of the Dwarves have been given Northern forms, but the letter-values are those described. So also in the case of the personal and place-names of Rohan (where they have not been modernized), except that here éa and éo are diphthongs, which may be represented by the ea of English bear, and the eo of Theobald; y is the modified u. The modernized forms are easily recognized and are intended to be pronounced as in English. They are mostly place-names: as Dunharrow (for Dúnharg), except Shadowfax and Wormtongue.
Notes
1
See App. F, 54.
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2
There were thirty days in March (or Rethe) in the Shire calendar.
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3
It was probably Orkish in origin: sharku, 'old man'.
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4
A few references are given to The Lord of the Rings by volume and page, and to The Hobbit by page.
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5
In this edition the dates have been revised, and some errors emended: most of these were accidents occurring in the course of typing and marking,
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6
Cf. I, 54; II, 54; III, 54: no likeness remained in Middle-earth of Laurelin the Golden.
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7
I, 54; II, 54.
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8
I, 54-54; II, 54.
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9
Hobbit, 61; I, 54.
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10
I, 54-54.
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11
I, 54, 54,54; II, 54,54; III, 54,54
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12
I, 39, 54.
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13
See III, 54, 54.
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14
I, 54.
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15
II, 54; III, 54.
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16
I, 54.
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17
I, 54.
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18
I, 54.
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19
He was the fourth son of Isildur, born in Imladris. His brothers were slain in the Gladden Fields.
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20
After Earendur the Kings no longer took names in High-elven form.
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21
After Malvegil, the Kings at Fornost again claimed lordship over the whole Arnor, and took names with the prefix ar (a) in token of this.
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22
See III, 54. The wild white kine that were still to be found near the Sea of Rhun were said in legend to be descended from the Kine of Araw, the huntsman of the Valar, who alone of the Valar came often to Middle-earth in the Elder Days. Orome is the High-elven form of his name (III, 54).
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23
I, 54.
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24
I, 54.
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25
These are a strange, unfriendly people, remnant of the Forodwaith, Men of far-off days, accustomed to the bitter colds of the realm of Morgoth. Indeed those colds linger still in that region, though they lie hardly more than a hundred leagues north of the Shire. The Lossoth house in the snow, and it is said mat they can run on the ice with bones on their feet, and have carte without wheels. They live mostly, inaccessible to their enemies, on the great Cape of Forochel that shuts off to the north-west the immense bay of mat name; but they often camp on the south shores of the bay at the feet of the Mountains'.
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26
'In this way the ring of the House of Isildur was saved; for it was