Gorczynski, R. M., 165, 167

  Gould, J. L., 31–32

  Gould, S. J., 2, 10, 14, 19, 30, 36, 39, 45, 50, 82, 101–108, 115, 116–117, 172–173

  Grafen, A., 49, 75, 76–78, 80, 115, 118, 121–131, 145, 148–149, 185, 187

  Grant, V., 194

  Grassé, P. P., 204

  Greenberg, L., 150

  Greene, P. J., 110

  Gregory, R. L., 25

  Grey Walter, W., 62

  Grun, P., 177

  Guinness, F. E., 129, 183

  Gunn, D. L., 36

  Gurdon, J. B., 252

  Hailman, J. P., 32, 251

  Haldane, J. B. S., 33, 50, 154–155, 185

  Hallam, A., 100, 102, 105

  Hamilton, W. D., 5, 6, 15, 35, 55, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 134–135, 137, 139–140, 143–147, 153, 155, 182, 185–188, 190–193, 194

  Hamilton, W. J., 68

  Hanby, J. P., 185

  Hansell, M. H., 197–198, 204, 207

  Hardin, G., 237

  Hardy, A. C., 40

  Hare, H., 74, 76–78, 135, 152

  Harley, C. B., 131

  Harpending, H. C., 57

  Harper, J. L., 253–254, 256

  Hartung, J., 138

  Harvey, P. H., 33, 151, 158

  Heath Robinson, W., 39

  Heinrich, B., 60

  Hess, C. von, 31

  Hickey, W. A., 138, 139

  Hinde, R. A., 58–59, 63, 195

  Hines, W. G. S., 187

  Hodgkin, A. L., 22

  Hofstadter, D., 16, 17

  Hölldobler, B., 150

  Holliday, R., 137

  Holmes, J. C., 213, 216–218

  Holmes, W. G., 149–150

  Houston, A. I., 47

  Howard, J. C., 165–166

  Hoyle, F., 17–18

  Hull, D. L., 81, 83, 84–85, 100

  Huxley, A. F., 22

  Huxley, A. L., 141–142

  Huxley, J. S., 33, 250, 253

  Huxley, T. H., 254

  Jacob, F., 39

  James, W., 66

  Janzen, D. H., 254–257, 260

  Jensen, D., 195

  Jeon, K. W., 159–160

  Judson, H. F., 91

  Kalmus, H., 146

  Keats, J., 63

  Keeton, W. T., 86

  Kempthorne, O., 13

  Kennedy, J. S., 47

  Kerr, A., 218–219

  Kettlewell, H. B. D., 92–93, 147–148

  Kipling, R., 16

  Kirk, D. L., 85

  Kirkwood, T. B. L., 137

  Knowlton, N., 72

  Koenig, O., 242–243

  Koestler, A., 101, 168–169

  Krebs, J. R., 57, 58–59, 61–62, 65, 85, 118

  Kuhn, T. S., 178

  Kurland, J. A., 138

  Lack, D., 35, 68–69, 94

  Lacy, R. C., 144

  Lamarck, J. B., 19, 164–177

  Lande, R., 40

  Lawlor, L. R., 241

  Lawrence, P. O., 214

  Lehrman, D. S., 197

  Leigh, E., 81, 100, 134, 138–139

  Leuthold, R. H., 203

  Levinton, J. S., 101, 105

  Levitt, P. R., 115

  Levy, D., 16

  Lewontin, R. C., 19–21, 30, 33–38, 40–43, 50, 81, 86, 89, 99, 102, 136

  Lindauer, M., 31, 205–206

  Linsenmair, K. E., 150

  Lloyd, J. E., 22, 28, 55, 56, 60

  Lloyd, M., 64–65

  Lorenz, K., 2, 173

  Love, M., 213, 218

  Lovelock, J. E., 234–236

  Lucas, J., 20

  Lumsden, C. J., 109

  Luyckx, P., 144

  Lyttle, T. W., 139

  McCleery, R. H., 45, 48

  Macdonald, D. W., 220

  Mace, G. M., 151

  McFarland, D. J., 45, 47, 48

  McLaren, A., 165

  Macnair, M. R., 57

  Manning, A., 199

  Manton, S. M., 31

  Margulis, L., 159, 223, 235, 251, 252

  May, R. M., 220

  Mayer, G. C., 102

  Maynard Smith, J., 2, 10, 22, 27, 32, 35–36, 41, 42–44, 46, 48–49, 67, 74, 100, 102, 115, 118, 119–121, 135, 143, 152, 160, 169, 181–182, 187, 238, 241, 247, 263

  Mayr, E., 81, 102, 116, 137, 219, 238–239, 242, 244–246

  Medawar, P. B., 35, 137, 165, 167, 183–184, 238–239, 250

  Medina, S. R., 149–150

  Mellanby, K., 235

  Mendel, G., 135

  Metcalf, R. A., 57

  Michener, C. D., 150

  Midgley, M., 180

  Murphy, J. J., 171

  Murray, J., 228

  ‘Nabi, I.’, 15

  Nelson, J. B., 35

  Nelson, K., 62

  Norris, D. M., 222

  Nunney, L., 152

  Old, R. W., 160

  Orgel, L. E., 83, 156–157, 160–164

  Orians, G. H., 68

  Orlove, M. J., 187

  Oster, G. F., 35, 47, 76

  Owen, R., 31

  Packard, V., 62

  Park, O., 184

  Park, T., 184

  Parker, G. A., 41, 57, 60, 72, 118, 121, 143

  Partridge, L., 152

  Peakall, D. B., 198–199

  Peleg, B., 222

  Pittendrigh, C. S., 39, 47, 81

  Pribram, K. H., 109

  Price, G. R., 121

  Primrose, S. B., 160

  Pringle, J. W. S., 168

  Pugh, G. E., 199

  Pulliam, H. R., 111, 118

  Pyke, G. H., 118

  Raup, D. M., 107

  Rayfield, L. S., 165, 167

  Reed, C. F., 198–199

  Reinhard, E. G., 213

  Richmond, M. H., 158, 222–223

  Ridley, M., 37, 57, 90, 145, 148–149, 167, 169, 171, 172

  Ridpath, M. G., 27

  Rose, S., 10, 14

  Rothenbuhler, W. C., 25

  Rothstein, S. I., 70, 155

  Roux, W., 169

  Sackett, G. P., 149–150

  Sahlins, M., 155

  Sapienza, C., 156–157, 160–164

  Sargent, T. D., 147–148, 241

  Schell, J., 218

  Schaller, G. B., 64

  Schleidt, W. M., 63

  Schmidt, K. P., 184

  Schmidt, R. S., 207

  Schopf, T. J. M., 107

  Schuster, P., 10

  Schwagmeyer, P. L., 229

  Seger, J., 102, 150–152

  Shakespeare, W., 176

  Shaw, G. B., 101, 168–169

  Shelley, P. B., 63

  Sheppard, P. M., 31

  Sherman, P. W., 57, 74, 151–153

  Sigmund, K., 10

  Simberloff, D. S., 107

  Simon, C., 64–65

  Simon, C. M., 101, 105

  Simon, H. A., 45, 251

  Simpson, E., 165, 167

  Simpson, G. G., 104

  Sing, C. F., 89

  Sivinski, J., 143

  Skinner, S. K., 140–141

  Slatkin, M., 65, 67, 89, 247

  Slobodchikoff, C. N., 260, 261

  Smith, D. C., 222–223

  Sonneborn, T. M., 176–177

  Southwood, T. R. E., 254

  Spencer, H., 179–181

  Staddon, J. E. R., 66, 110

  Stamps, J., 57

  Stanley, S. M., 101, 105

  Stebbins, G. L., 181

  Steel, E., 63

  Steele, E. J., 164–177

  Stent, G., 85–86

  Stubblefield, J. W., 102

  Symons, D., 15, 17

  Syren, R. M., 144

  Taylor, A. J. P., 9

  Taylor, P. D., 77

  Temin, H. M., 166

  Templeton, A. R., 89

  Thoday, J. M., 193

  Thomas, L., 235

  Thompson, D’Arcy, 2, 4, 107

  Tinbergen, N., 2, 23–24, 36, 43, 47, 58–59

  Toob
y, J., 140, 177–178, 224

  Trevor-Roper, H., 9

  Trivers, R. L., 37, 55, 64, 74, 76–78, 135, 152, 155

  Turing, A. M., 17

  Turnbull, C., 7

  Turner, J. R. G., 40–41

  Vermeij, G., 45

  Vidal, G., 46

  Waddington, C. H., 44, 99, 184

  Wade, M. J., 115

  Waldman, B., 150–151

  Wallace, A. R., 179–181

  Watson, J. D., 90

  Weinrich, J. D., 37–38

  Weismann, A., 14, 164, 166, 169, 172

  Weizenbaum, J., 17

  Wenner, A. M., 31–32

  Werren, J. H., 140–141

  West-Eberhard, M. J., 57, 60, 185

  White, M. J. D., 73

  Whitham, T. G., 260, 261

  Whitney, G., 144

  Wickler, W., 69, 144, 213, 218, 242–243, 247

  Williams, G. C., 2, 6, 20, 34, 35, 52–53, 55, 59, 81, 85, 89, 100, 105, 135, 137, 160, 183–184, 188, 206, 238, 262, 263, 287

  Wilson, D. S., 115

  Wilson, E. O., 1, 9, 19, 35, 37, 47, 56, 70–71, 76, 109, 111, 114–115, 193, 204, 283

  Wimsatt, W., 81

  Winograd, T., 16

  Witt, P. N., 198–199

  Wolpert, L., 203

  Wright, S., 32–33, 34, 39–40, 45–46, 81, 102, 104, 108, 238–239

  Wu, H. M. H., 149–150

  Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 81, 82, 115

  Young, J. Z., 173

  Young, R. M., 19, 180

  Zahavi, A., 68

  Subject Index

  abstract painting, 7

  acanthocephalan worms, 216–218

  Ace of Spades Fallacy, 152, 189–191

  acquired characteristics, 13–14, 164–177

  action at a distance, 225–248

  adaptationism, 30

  adaptive landscapes, 39–40, 45, 46

  addicts, cuckoo hosts as, 69

  adoption, 36

  advertisements, 62

  advocacy method, 1

  Agrobacterium, 218

  allele, generalized, 97

  allometry, 33

  allopreening, 70

  alternative stable equilibria, 41, 102–103, 244

  altruism, 57, 86

  altruism recognition effect, 154

  ammonia, 235

  ammonite extinction rates, 100

  Ammophila campestris, 49–50

  Amoeba, 83

  angler fish, 55, 60–61, 66

  annelid worms, ring-joining, 243

  anting, bird, 43, 80

  antlers, 33

  antlions, pit-digging, 20

  ants

  brainworm-infected, 218

  ‘cuckoo’, 70–72

  sex-ratio in, 74–78

  slave, 72–74

  aphids, 47, 254–255, 258

  aphrodisiacs, 218, 220

  aposematism, 151

  architecture of complexity, 251

  armpit effect, 146–147, 149–151

  arms races, 55–80, 163, 264

  asymmetry of, 73, 75

  and orthoselection, 104

  between outlaws and modifiers, 138

  between sperm and father, 143

  selfish DNA as product of, 162

  ‘winning’, 61, 64–67, 69, 71, 75

  artefacts, animal, 196, 197–208, 247

  genetics of, 207

  artificial intelligence, 16

  asexual organisms, not replicators, 97

  assortative mating, 145–147

  atmosphere, origin of, 235

  atoms, 112–114

  auditory drug, 62–63

  backwards view of evolution, 93–95, 254, 257

  bacteria

  crown gall, 218–219

  sex factor in, 160

  balance of nature, 236

  Baldwin Effect, 44, 169, 172

  BBC Theorem, 236–238

  beaver dam, 59, 200, 209, 233–234

  bees

  honey-, 25, 31, 43, 205, 230

  sweat, 150

  beetle larvae, as hosts, 215

  biochemical pathways, 240

  biotic adaptation, 262–263

  bird of paradise, 199

  bird song, as hypnosis, 62

  bird’s nest, 98–99

  Biston betularia, 92, 147–148

  bivalve extinction rates, 100

  black-headed gull, 23–24

  blackmail, 79

  blacksmith’s arms, 170

  blind chance, 168–169

  blueprint metaphor, 174–175

  Bothriomyrmex decapitans, 70

  Bothriomyrmex regicidus, 70

  bottleneck, developmental, 254, 258, 261

  bower birds, 199–200

  brain

  as computer, 17–18

  size evolution, 34

  stimulation of, 62, 70

  transplantation of, 3

  brainworm, 62, 218

  British Broadcasting Corporation, 101, 165, 236

  brood parasitism, 67–72

  Bruce Effect, 229–232

  bryozoan, colonial, 253

  budgerigar, song, 63

  butterflies, Müllerian mimicry in, 40–41

  caddis larva, house, 197–198, 212

  cake analogy, 117, 175

  canary, song, 63–64

  cancer, 162

  castration, parasitic, 213–216, 225

  caterpillars, lupin-mimicking, 244, 246

  cause and effect, 11, 186, 195

  cellular ecology, 222–223

  cellular parasites, 226

  central dogma, 97

  of embryology, 173–176

  of molecular genetics, 168

  central theorem

  of extended phenotype, 233, 248

  of sociobiology, 5, 55, 58, 233

  centriole, 160

  Cepaea nemoralis, 31

  characteristic length, 89

  chemical gradients, 203

  Cheshire Cat, 223

  chess, computer, 16, 129–130

  chimpanzee, green beard, 154

  chips, electronic, 9

  chloroplasts, 222–223

  chromosomes

  gavotte of, 134–135, 159

  number in social insects, 151–153

  as units of selection, 89, 95

  cicadas

  cooperative mimicry in, 243–246, 247

  periodical, 64–65

  cipher gene, 192

  cistron, 81, 86, 252

  cleaner fish, 155

  clonal selection, 166–172

  coadaptation, 107–108, 239–247

  coadapted genome, 93, 111, 169, 171

  coefficient of relationship

  exact vs probabilistic, 190

  fraction vs probability, 152, 189–190

  in Hymenoptera, 191–192

  colour vision, 31

  common cold, 220

  communication, 59

  compass termites, 200

  complex adaptations

  clonal selection of, 171

  and recurrent life cycles, 258–259

  and species selection, 106–108

  compromise, 47, 248

  computer time, as commodity, 119

  computers

  lost program, 118–119

  mythology of, 9, 14–18

  Concorde Fallacy, 48

  contraception, 36

  cooperative genes, 93, 117, 239–247, 263–264

  cooperative mimicry, 242–246, 247

  Cope’s Rule, 100, 105

  coreplicon, 140

  cork analogy, 103–104

  correlation

  adaptive, 107, 172

  incidental, 107

  costs, 46–50, 66, 71, 124, 129

  coupled oscillators, 168

  cowbirds, 68, 70

  crickets, 59–60, 62–63

  crossing-over

  as limit to ‘fidelity’, 88

  within-cistron, 90

  c
rown gall, 218–219

  crustacea, parasitic, 214, 215, 225

  cuckoo paradox, 67–70

  cuckoos, 54, 55, 57, 94, 226–227, 232, 247

  selfish DNA analogy with, 162

  sex chromosomes of, 94–95

  currency conversion, 47

  C-value paradox, 157

  dandelions, clones of, 254

  decision, 250

  deer

  antlers, 33

  reproductive success, 129, 183

  democratic insects, 205–206

  determinism, 10, 15

  genetic, 9–14

  developmentally stable strategy (DSS), 131

  Dicrocoelium dendriticum, 218

  differences, genetic, 21–23, 112, 195

  differentiation, 252

  digger wasps, 43, 118, 121–132

  Concorde Fallacy committed by, 48–50

  joint nesting of, 123–124

  outcomes of strategies by, 124–128

  payoffs to, 124

  dirty tricks, 56

  diving bee, 216

  dominance, evolution of, 35, 137

  drawing board, 259, 262, 264

  drift, genetic, 32–33

  paradoxically improving adaptation, 40

  driving sex chromosomes, 78, 139–141, 143

  Drosophila

  segregation distorter genes in, 136

  homeotic mutants of, 203–204

  drugs, 62, 70–71, 73

  ducks, as hosts, 216–217

  dyslexia, 23

  ecological web, 234–237

  Ecologist, The (journal), 235

  edible frog, 73–74

  eggshell removal, 23–24, 43

  electroencephalograph (EEG), 62

  elephants, as heavy plant and machinery, 254

  embedded genes, 86

  embryology

  distinct from genetics, 98–99, 116–117, 197

  irreversibility of, 174–176

  endosymbionts, 222

  engineering optimal design, 46

  environmental unpredictability, 53–54

  epistasis, 209

  equilibrium, 41, 102–103, 244

  escape from specialization, 40

  eusociality, 75

  as adaptation of termite gut-symbionts, 207

  evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), 102–103

  in digger wasps, 120–132

  in parasites, 211, 216

  evolvors, 83

  exon, 86

  experience of a gene, 93

  extended genetics, 229

  beaver dam, 200, 233–234

  Bruce Effect, 231

  caddis house, 197–198, 212

  fluke and snail, 212, 221, 226, 227

  spider web, 198–199.

  termite mound, 200–206

  extinction, 65, 100

  eye, 171

  femmes fatales, fireflies, 60

  fertilizer analogy, 127–128

  fighting, 119–120

  fireflies, 60

  fitness, 110, 133, 144, 179–194

  classical, 183, 186

  direct vs indirect, 193–194

  of genotype, 182

  inclusive, 5, 7, 55, 80, 153, 185–187

  of lineage, 193

  mean, of population, 193

  neighbour-modulated, 187

  non-technical usage, 181

  personal, 187–188

  flatfish, 39

  flax, resistance to rust, 247