18. John Palmer, The Saturday Review, 28 September 1912.
19. A. B. Walkley, in a review (originally unsigned) in the London Times, 23 September 1912.
20. Walkley, London Times review, 23 September 1912.
21. John Palmer, Saturday Review, 28 September 1912.
22. The Athenaeum, 28 September 1912, p. 351.
23. Peter Fleming, review in The Spectator, 6 July 1951.
24. Dennis Bartholomeusz, "Boston, New York, London; Connecticut, Ontario, Oregon--1912-1975," in his Winter's Tale in Performance in England and America, pp. 165-96.
25. Susannah Clapp, Observer review, 27 May 2001.
26. Clapp, Observer review, 27 May 2001.
27. Clapp, Observer review, 27 May 2001.
28. Charles Spencer, Daily Telegraph, 2 April 1992, quoted with permission of the author.
29. Vincent Canby, New York Times review, 2 June 1995.
30. Charles Isherwood, review in Variety, 10 July 2000, p. 31.
31. Charles Isherwood, review, "Off Broadway, The Winter's Tale," Variety, 3 February 2003, p. 43.
32. Michael Brooke, "The Winter's Tale," www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/527466/index.html.
33. Nevill Coghill, "Six Points of Stage-craft in The Winter's Tale," Shakespeare Survey, 11 (1958), pp. 31-41.
34. Robert Speaight, "The 1960 Season at Stratford-upon-Avon," Shakespeare Quarterly, 11 (1960).
35. Patricia Tatspaugh, The Winter's Tale, Shakespeare at Stratford (2001), p. 47.
36. Herbert Kretzmer, Daily Express, 1 June 1976.
37. Richard Findlater, Financial Times, 31 August 1960.
38. Kenneth Young, Daily Telegraph, 31 August 1960.
39. Julian Holland, Evening Mail, 31 August 1960.
40. Jeremy Brooks, New Statesman, 10 September 1960.
41. Bernard Levin, Daily Express, 31 August 1960.
42. Sunday Times (uncredited), 4 September 1960.
43. Findlater, Financial Times, 31 August 1960.
44. Evening Standard, 31 August 1960.
45. Levin, Daily Express, 31 August 1960.
46. Michael Billington, Peggy Ashcroft (1988), p. 187.
47. Billington, Peggy Ashcroft, p. 187.
48. Don Chapman, Oxford Mail, 16 May 1969.
49. John Armour, Glasgow Herald, 17 May 1969.
50. Chapman, Oxford Mail, 16 May 1969.
51. Trevor Nunn, in conversation with Peter Ansorge, Plays and Players, September 1970.
52. Peter Lewis, Daily Mail, 16 May 1969.
53. B. A. Young, Financial Times, 16 May 1969.
54. Young, Financial Times, 16 May 1969.
55. Irving Wardle, London Times, 16 May 1969.
56. John Barber, Daily Telegraph, 16 May 1969.
57. Trevor Nunn in conversation, Plays and Players, September 1970.
58. J. C. Trewin, Birmingham Post, 17 May 1969.
59. Richard David, Shakespeare in the Theatre (1978), p. 62.
60. Roger Warren, "Theory and Practice: Stratford 1976," Shakespeare Survey, 30 (1977), pp. 169-79.
61. Harold Hobson, London Sunday Times, 6 June 1976.
62. Michael Coveney, Plays and Players, August 1976.
63. Roger Warren, "Interpretations of Shakespearian Comedy, 1981," Shakespeare Survey, 35 (1982), p. 148.
64. Warren, "Interpretations of Shakespearian Comedy," p. 148.
65. Tatspaugh, Winter's Tale, p. 41.
66. Tatspaugh, Winter's Tale, p. 42.
67. Tatspaugh, Winter's Tale, p. 43.
68. Michael Coveney, Financial Times, 22 October 1984.
69. Coveney, Financial Times, 22 October 1984.
70. Anthony Masters, London Times, 27 October 1984.
71. Coveney, Financial Times, 22 October 1984.
72. Robin Thornber, Guardian, 31 August 1984.
73. Coveney, Financial Times, 22 October 1984.
74. Martin Hoyle, Financial Times, 1 May 1986.
75. Hoyle, Financial Times, 1 May 1986.
76. Kirsty Milne, Sunday Telegraph, 5 July 1992.
77. Charles Spencer, Daily Telegraph, 3 July 1992.
78. Michael Billington, Guardian, 3 July 1992.
79. Milne, Sunday Telegraph, 5 July 1992.
80. Robert Smallwood, "Shakespeare Performed: Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992," Shakespeare Quarterly, 44 (1993), p. 349.
81. Smallwood, "Shakespeare Performed," p. 349.
82. John Peter, London Sunday Times, 10 January 1999.
83. Benedict Nightingale, London Times, 8 January 1999.
84. Peter, London Sunday Times, 10 January 1999.
85. Charles Spencer, Daily Telegraph, 15 April 2002.
86. Rhoda Koenig, Independent, 17 April 2002.
87. Michael Billington, Guardian, 15 April 2002.
88. Koenig, Independent, 17 April 2002.
89. Koenig, Independent, 17 April 2002.
90. Michael Billington, Guardian, 9 January 1999.
91. Billington, Guardian, 9 January 1999.
92. Paul Taylor, Independent, 3 July 1992.
93. Spencer, Daily Telegraph, 3 July 1992.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND
PICTURE CREDITS
Preparation of "The Winter's Tale in Performance" was assisted by a generous grant from the CAPITAL Centre (Creativity and Performance in Teaching and Learning) of the University of Warwick for research in the RSC archive at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funded a term's research leave that enabled Jonathan Bate to work on "The Director's Cut."
Picture research by Michelle Morton. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust for assistance with reproduction fees and picture research (special thanks to Helen Hargest).
Images of RSC productions are supplied by the Shakespeare Centre Library and Archive, Stratford-upon-Avon. This library, maintained by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, holds the most important collection of Shakespeare material in the UK, including the Royal Shakespeare Company's official archives. It is open to the public free of charge.
For more information see www.shakespeare.org.uk.
"The Wits" in private collection (c) Bardbiz Limited
London Savoy Theatre, directed by Harley Granville-Barker (1912). Reproduced by permission of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Directed by Peter Wood (1960) Angus McBean (c) Royal Shakespeare Company
Directed by Trevor Nunn (1969) Joe Cocks Studio Collection (c) Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Directed by Ronald Eyre (1981) Reg Wilson (c) Royal Shakespeare Company
Directed by Gregory Doran (1999) Bob Collier (c) Royal Shakespeare Company
Directed by Dominic Cooke (2006/07) Keith Pattison (c) Royal Shakespeare Company
Directed by Adrian Noble (1992) Malcolm Davies (c) Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Directed by Dominic Cooke (2006/07) Keith Pattison (c) Royal Shakespeare Company
Reconstructed Elizabethan Playhouse (c) Charcoalblue
THE MODERN LIBRARY EDITORIAL BOARD
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Copyright (c) 2007, 2009 by The Royal Shakespeare Company
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Modern Library, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
"Royal Shakespeare Company," "RSC," and the RSC logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of The Royal Shakespeare Company.
The version of The Winter's Tale and the corresponding footnotes that appear in this volume were originally published in William Shakespeare Complete Works edited by Jonathan Bate and Eric Rasmussen, published in 2007 by Modern Library, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.
eISBN: 978-1-58836836-2
www.modernlibrary.com
v3.0
1 Bohemia Bohemia, a central European kingdom, formerly part of the Austrian Empire; its capital was Prague 2 on ... occasion in the same circumstances
on foot in employment
6 Bohemia the King of Bohemia
8 Wherein ... loves in whatever manner our hospitality may shame us, we shall make up for it in our love for you 11 Verily truly
in ... knowledge as my knowledge enables me to do
12 rare exceptional/excellent
13 sleepy sleep-inducing
14 insufficience inadequacy
19 Sicilia the King of Sicily
20 trained educated (plays on the sense of "directed or joined horticulturally") 22 branch flourish
23 necessities responsibilities
25 attorneyed represented
embassies messages
27 vast boundless space
28 ends ... winds opposite corners of the globe The may the
30 unspeakable indescribable
of in the form of
32 note attention
34 physics the subject gives health to the people 35 ere before
36 desire ... life are determined to survive
37 else otherwise
1 wat'ry star the moon, which changes each month 2 note observation
3 burden i.e. occupant
5 perpetuity ever
6 cipher zero that, worthless in itself, may increase the value of a number it is added to 8 moe more
10 Stay restrain
13 questioned ... truly' plagued by anxieties as to what might happen in my absence and concerned that no biting (sneaping) winds of hostility should make me conclude I was right to be afraid 19 put us to't prove by testing me
21 sev'nnight week
22 very sooth truly
23 between's between us
24 no gainsaying not be refused
29 needful necessary
31 Were ... me would be a punishment to me (although well-intentioned) 32 charge burdensome responsibility
37 Charge entreat
38 this ... day such reassuring news was announced yesterday 39 Say if you say
40 ward defensive position (fencing term)
42 tell say (to us)
strong i.e. as an argument
43 But only
45 distaffs cleft staffs around which wool or flax was wound for use in spinning 46 adventure risk
48 take receive
49 behind ... parting after the time (gest) appointed for his departure 50 good deed indeed
51 jar tick
behind ... she less than any noble woman (loves)
57 limber vows limp protestations
58 t'unsphere the stars to unhinge the cosmos (each star was thought to be contained within its own hollow sphere) 63 pay ... depart Elizabethan prisoners were required to pay a fee on being released 65 dread greatly to be feared
68 import offending imply that I had offended
73 Of about
74 pretty lordings fine young gentlemen
76 behind to come
80 verier wag more mischievous fellow
82 changed exchanged
86 weak ... blood childish dispositions/innocence never developed into adult passions 88 the ... ours excepting the inherited (original) sin of all mankind/and have been spared inherited (original) sin 91 tripped sinned
93 to's to us
94 unfledged undeveloped, youthful
96 play-fellow i.e. Leontes
97 Grace to boot! Charming too!
98 Of ... conclusion do not follow that statement (about temptation) to its logical conclusion 100 answer explain/respond to/repay
101 sinned ... us had sexual relations with us and continued to do so only with us and no others 112 Cram's cram us (i.e. me)
113 tame things domestic pets (fat plays on her pregnancy) tongueless unremarked upon
114 Slaughters ... that means that all corresponding deeds go unrecognized as well 115 ride's ride us (with sexual connotations)
116 furlongs a furlongs is 220 yards (200 meters) ere ... acre before we will cover an acre as a result of (instead) being kicked with a spur 119 sister i.e. the first good deed Leontes mentioned 120 would I wish/if only
Grace i.e. virtue/honor/divine favor
124 crabbed bitter, frustrating (crab apples were a notoriously sour fruit) 126 clap seal a bargain by striking hands reciprocally 129 lo look
to th'purpose effectively
131 friend companion (Leontes may pick up on the sense of "lover") 133 mingling bloods process believed to occur during sex, since semen was assumed to be chiefly composed of blood 134 tremor cordis heart palpitations
135 entertainment hospitality (can have sexual connotations) 136 free innocent/open/generous
137 heartiness welcoming warmth
bounty generosity
fertile bosom profuse affection
138 well ... agent still reflect well on the person behaving in such a way (Hermione) 'T it
paddling fingering
139 paddling ... fingers i.e. flirtatious gestures 140 practised studied/flirtatious
142 mort horn sounded at the kill of a deer/death deer puns on "dear"
143 brows forehead, from which cuckolds (men with unfaithful wives) were supposed to grow horns 146 I' fecks! In faith!
147 bawcock fine fellow (from French beau coq, meaning "fine cock, rooster") smutched dirtied, smudged
149 neat clean, smart (puns on the sense of "horned cattle") 150 steer young male ox
151 virginalling ... palm moving the fingers up and down, as if playing the virginals (a keyed instrument); with sexual innuendo 151 virginalling ... palm moving the fingers up and down, as if playing the virginals (a keyed instrument); with sexual innuendo 152 wanton wild/untrained/playful/lustful
155 Thou want'st you lack
rough pash shaggy head
shoots horns (signifying cuckoldry)
156 full complete, fully grown
159 o'er-dyed blacks fabric weakened by excessive dyeing/fabric that has had black dye applied over a pre-existing color wind, as waters i.e. changeable, capricious
161 bourn ... mine boundary between his and my possessions (of which he intends to cheat me at dice) 163 welkin sky-blue
164 collop piece of flesh, offspring
Can thy dam is your mother capable (of infidelity)
165 Affection strong feeling/passion/animosity/delusion (sense apparently shifts between Hermione's supposed erotic desire for Polixenes and Leontes' intense reaction) intention intensity, forceful purpose (which strikes to his heart, the centre of his being) 166 not so held deemed impossible
168 thou coactive art you collaborate
169 fellow'st are companion to
credent likely, believable
170 co-join conjoin (sexual suggestion)
171 commission what is permitted
find discover, discern
173 hard'ning ... brows i.e. as a cuckold, beginning to grow horns 174 Sicilia i.e. Leontes
175 something seems appears somewhat
179 moved distressed
182 make ... bosoms provide entertainment to those with harder hearts 185 unbreeched i.e. a child, not yet in
breeches (short trousers) 186 muzzled sheathed or with its tip protected
190 squash unripe pea pod (familiar/contemptuous) 191 take ... money i.e. be deceived into accepting something of inferior value (proverbial) 193 happy ... dole may his destiny be good fortune/happiness 197 exercise usual occupation
199 parasite sponger, flattering courtier
201 childness childlike ways
202 Thoughts ... blood i.e. melancholy, thought to thicken the blood 204 Officed in such a role
205 graver slower, more sedate
207 dear expensive/ beloved
cheap inexpensive/common
208 rover wanderer
209 Apparent in line to
211 shall's attend shall we wait for
212 bents inclinations
found discovered literally/ exposed morally
215 Go to expression of impatient dismissal
216 neb, the bill nose and the mouth, i.e. she inclines her face as if to be kissed 217 arms ... husband behaves as though she were with her own husband 219 forked horned
220 plays ambiguous: amuses herself/is busily engaged/practices deceit/has sexual intercourse; sense then shifts to "perform a role"
221 so ... part i.e. the cuckold, butt of jokes issue outcome/end/action/offspring (plays on the sense of "children") 222 hiss derisive response to Leontes' performance in role of cuckold 223 knell funeral bells
There have perhaps elided "There've" for sake of meter 224 cuckolds men with unfaithful wives
227 sluiced flushed out with water, i.e. semen 228 pond plays on sense of "vagina"
fished plays on sense of "copulated with"
230 gates i.e. vaginas
232 revolted unfaithful
233 Physic remedy
234 bawdy lewd
strike blast with a malevolent influence
235 predominant in the ascendant
237 barricado ... belly i.e. defense against sexual entry 239 bag and baggage plays on the sense of "penis and testicles"
on's of us
246 ado trouble, fuss
his anchor hold him (Polixenes) stay
247 still came home always returned, i.e. failed to take hold 249 petitions requests, entreaties
250 material urgent
252 They're ... already i.e. people are already talking about me rounding talking secretly
253 so-forth so-and-so, i.e. cuckold
254 gust taste
'Tis ... last it must be far advanced, if I am the last to realize it 257 pertinent appropriate (as a description of her) 258 so it is as matters stand
taken understood, perceived
259 pate head
260 conceit is soaking understanding is receptive 261 blocks idiots