CHAPTER 3: THE DROPOUT
Chrisann Brennan: Interviews with Chrisann Brennan, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Tim Brown. Moritz, 75–77; Young, 41; Malone, 39.
Reed College: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Daniel Kottke, Elizabeth Holmes. Freiberger and Swaine, 208; Moritz, 94–100; Young, 55; “The Updated Book of Jobs,” Time, Jan. 3, 1983.
Robert Friedland: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Daniel Kottke, Elizabeth Holmes. In September 2010 I met with Friedland in New York City to discuss his background and relationship with Jobs, but he did not want to be quoted on the record. McNish, 11–17; Jennifer Wells, “Canada’s Next Billionaire,” Maclean’s, June 3, 1996; Richard Read, “Financier’s Saga of Risk,” Mines and Communities magazine, Oct. 16, 2005; Jennifer Hunter, “But What Would His Guru Say?” (Toronto) Globe and Mail, Mar. 18, 1988; Moritz, 96, 109; Young, 56.
. . . Drop Out: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak; Jobs, Stanford commencement address; Moritz, 97.
CHAPTER 4: ATARI AND INDIA
Atari: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Al Alcorn, Nolan Bushnell, Ron Wayne. Moritz, 103–104.
India: Interviews with Daniel Kottke, Steve Jobs, Al Alcorn, Larry Brilliant.
The Search: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Daniel Kottke, Elizabeth Holmes, Greg Calhoun. Young, 72; Young and Simon, 31–32; Moritz, 107.
Breakout: Interviews with Nolan Bushnell, Al Alcorn, Steve Wozniak, Ron Wayne, Andy Hertzfeld. Wozniak, 144–149; Young, 88; Linzmayer, 4.
CHAPTER 5: THE APPLE I
Machines of Loving Grace: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Bono, Stewart Brand. Markoff, xii; Stewart Brand, “We Owe It All to the Hippies,” Time, Mar. 1, 1995; Jobs, Stanford commencement address; Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture (Chicago, 2006).
The Homebrew Computer Club: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak. Wozniak, 152–172; Freiberger and Swaine, 99; Linzmayer, 5; Moritz, 144; Steve Wozniak, “Homebrew and How Apple Came to Be,” www.atariarchives.org; Bill Gates, “Open Letter to Hobbyists,” Feb. 3, 1976.
Apple Is Born: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, Ron Wayne. Steve Jobs, address to the Aspen Design Conference, June 15, 1983, tape in Aspen Institute archives; Apple Computer Partnership Agreement, County of Santa Clara, Apr. 1, 1976, and Amendment to Agreement, Apr. 12, 1976; Bruce Newman, “Apple’s Lost Founder,” San Jose Mercury News, June 2, 2010; Wozniak, 86, 176–177; Moritz, 149–151; Freiberger and Swaine, 212–213; Ashlee Vance, “A Haven for Spare Parts Lives on in Silicon Valley,” New York Times, Feb. 4, 2009; Paul Terrell interview, Aug. 1, 2008, mac-history.net.
Garage Band: Interviews with Steve Wozniak, Elizabeth Holmes, Daniel Kottke, Steve Jobs. Wozniak, 179–189; Moritz, 152–163; Young, 95–111; R. S. Jones, “Comparing Apples and Oranges,” Interface, July 1976.
CHAPTER 6: THE APPLE II
An Integrated Package: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Al Alcorn, Ron Wayne. Wozniak, 165, 190–195; Young, 126; Moritz, 169–170, 194–197; Malone, v, 103.
Mike Markkula: Interviews with Regis McKenna, Don Valentine, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, Arthur Rock. Nolan Bushnell, keynote address at the ScrewAttack Gaming Convention, Dallas, July 5, 2009; Steve Jobs, talk at the International Design Conference at Aspen, June 15, 1983; Mike Markkula, “The Apple Marketing Philosophy” (courtesy of Mike Markkula), Dec. 1979; Wozniak, 196–199. See also Moritz, 182–183; Malone, 110–111.
Regis McKenna: Interviews with Regis McKenna, John Doerr, Steve Jobs. Ivan Raszl, “Interview with Rob Janoff,” Creativebits.org, Aug. 3, 2009.
The First Launch Event: Interviews with Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs. Wozniak, 201–206; Moritz, 199–201; Young, 139.
Mike Scott: Interviews with Mike Scott, Mike Markkula, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Arthur Rock. Young, 135; Freiberger and Swaine, 219, 222; Moritz, 213; Elliot, 4.
CHAPTER 7: CHRISANN AND LISA
Interviews with Chrisann Brennan, Steve Jobs, Elizabeth Holmes, Greg Calhoun, Daniel Kottke, Arthur Rock. Moritz, 285; “The Updated Book of Jobs,” Time, Jan. 3, 1983; “Striking It Rich,” Time, Feb. 15, 1982.
CHAPTER 8: XEROX AND LISA
A New Baby: Interviews with Andrea Cunningham, Andy Hertzfeld, Steve Jobs, Bill Atkinson. Wozniak, 226; Levy, Insanely Great, 124; Young, 168–170; Bill Atkinson, oral history, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA; Jef Raskin, “Holes in the Histories,” Interactions, July 1994; Jef Raskin, “Hubris of a Heavyweight,” IEEE Spectrum, July 1994; Jef Raskin, oral history, April 13, 2000, Stanford Library Department of Special Collections; Linzmayer, 74, 85–89.
Xerox PARC: Interviews with Steve Jobs, John Seeley Brown, Adele Goldberg, Larry Tesler, Bill Atkinson. Freiberger and Swaine, 239; Levy, Insanely Great, 66–80; Hiltzik, 330–341; Linzmayer, 74–75; Young, 170–172; Rose, 45–47; Triumph of the Nerds, PBS, part 3.
“Great Artists Steal”: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Larry Tesler, Bill Atkinson. Levy, Insanely Great, 77, 87–90; Triumph of the Nerds, PBS, part 3; Bruce Horn, “Where It All Began” (1966), www.mackido.com; Hiltzik, 343, 367–370; Malcolm Gladwell, “Creation Myth,” New Yorker, May 16, 2011; Young, 178–182.
CHAPTER 9: GOING PUBLIC
Options: Interviews with Daniel Kottke, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Andy Hertzfeld, Mike Markkula, Bill Hambrecht. “Sale of Apple Stock Barred,” Boston Globe, Dec. 11, 1980.
Baby You’re a Rich Man: Interviews with Larry Brilliant, Steve Jobs. Steve Ditlea, “An Apple on Every Desk,” Inc., Oct. 1, 1981; “Striking It Rich,” Time, Feb. 15, 1982; “The Seeds of Success,” Time, Feb. 15, 1982; Moritz, 292–295; Sheff.
CHAPTER 10: THE MAC IS BORN
Jef Raskin’s Baby: Interviews with Bill Atkinson, Steve Jobs, Andy Hertzfeld, Mike Markkula. Jef Raskin, “Recollections of the Macintosh Project,” “Holes in the Histories,” “The Genesis and History of the Macintosh Project,” “Reply to Jobs, and Personal Motivation,” “Design Considerations for an Anthropophilic Computer,” and “Computers by the Millions,” Raskin papers, Stanford University Library; Jef Raskin, “A Conversation,” Ubiquity, June 23, 2003; Levy, Insanely Great, 107–121; Hertzfeld, 19; “Macintosh’s Other Designers,” Byte, Aug. 1984; Young, 202, 208–214; “Apple Launches a Mac Attack,” Time, Jan. 30, 1984; Malone, 255–258.
Texaco Towers: Interviews with Andrea Cunningham, Bruce Horn, Andy Hertzfeld, Mike Scott, Mike Markkula. Hertzfeld, 19–20, 26–27; Wozniak, 241–242.
CHAPTER 11: THE REALITY DISTORTION FIELD
Interviews with Bill Atkinson, Steve Wozniak, Debi Coleman, Andy Hertzfeld, Bruce Horn, Joanna Hoffman, Al Eisenstat, Ann Bowers, Steve Jobs. Some of these tales have variations. See Hertzfeld, 24, 68, 161.
CHAPTER 12: THE DESIGN
A Bauhaus Aesthetic: Interviews with Dan’l Lewin, Steve Jobs, Maya Lin, Debi Coleman. Steve Jobs in conversation with Charles Hampden-Turner, International Design Conference in Aspen, June 15, 1983. (The design conference audiotapes are stored at the Aspen Institute. I want to thank Deborah Murphy for finding them.)
Like a Porsche: Interviews with Bill Atkinson, Alain Rossmann, Mike Markkula, Steve Jobs. “The Macintosh Design Team,” Byte, Feb. 1984; Hertzfeld, 29–31, 41, 46, 63, 68; Sculley, 157; Jerry Manock, “Invasion of Texaco Towers,” Folklore.org; Kunkel, 26–30; Jobs, Stanford commencement address; email from Susan Kare; Susan Kare, “World Class Cities,” in Hertzfeld, 165; Laurence Zuckerman, “The Designer Who Made the Mac Smile,” New York Times, Aug. 26, 1996; Susan Kare interview, Sept. 8, 2000, Stanford University Library, Special Collections; Levy, Insanely Great, 156; Hartmut Esslinger, A Fine Line (Jossey-Bass, 2009), 7–9; David Einstein, “Where Success Is by Design,” San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 6, 1995; Sheff.
CHAPTER 13: BUILDING THE MAC
Competition: Interview with Steve Jobs. Levy, Insanely Great, 125; Sheff; Hertzfeld, 71–73; Wall Street Journal advertisement, Aug. 24, 1981.
End-to-end Control: Interview with Berry Cash. Kahney, 241; Dan Farber, “Steve Jobs, the iPhone and
Open Platforms,” ZDNet.com, Jan. 13, 2007; Tim Wu, The Master Switch (Knopf, 2010), 254–276; Mike Murray, “Mac Memo” to Steve Jobs, May 19, 1982 (courtesy of Mike Murray).
Machines of the Year: Interviews with Daniel Kottke, Steve Jobs, Ray Cave. “The Computer Moves In,” Time, Jan. 3, 1983; “The Updated Book of Jobs,” Time, Jan. 3, 1983; Moritz, 11; Young, 293; Rose, 9–11; Peter McNulty, “Apple’s Bid to Stay in the Big Time,” Fortune, Feb. 7, 1983; “The Year of the Mouse,” Time, Jan. 31, 1983.
Let’s Be Pirates! Interviews with Ann Bowers, Andy Hertzfeld, Bill Atkinson, Arthur Rock, Mike Markkula, Steve Jobs, Debi Coleman; email from Susan Kare. Hertzfeld, 76, 135–138, 158, 160, 166; Moritz, 21–28; Young, 295–297, 301–303; Susan Kare interview, Sept. 8, 2000, Stanford University Library; Jeff Goodell, “The Rise and Fall of Apple Computer,” Rolling Stone, Apr. 4, 1996; Rose, 59–69, 93.
CHAPTER 14: ENTER SCULLEY
The Courtship: Interviews with John Sculley, Andy Hertzfeld, Steve Jobs. Rose, 18, 74–75; Sculley, 58–90, 107; Elliot, 90–93; Mike Murray, “Special Mac Sneak” memo to staff, Mar. 3, 1983 (courtesy of Mike Murray); Hertzfeld, 149–150.
The Honeymoon: Interviews with Steve Jobs, John Sculley, Joanna Hoffman. Sculley, 127–130, 154–155, 168, 179; Hertzfeld, 195.
CHAPTER 15: THE LAUNCH
Real Artists Ship: Interviews with Andy Hertzfeld, Steve Jobs. Video of Apple sales conference, Oct. 1983; “Personal Computers: And the Winner Is . . . IBM,” Business Week, Oct. 3, 1983; Hertzfeld, 208–210; Rose, 147–153; Levy, Insanely Great, 178–180; Young, 327–328.
The “1984” Ad: Interviews with Lee Clow, John Sculley, Mike Markkula, Bill Campbell, Steve Jobs. Steve Hayden interview, Weekend Edition, NPR, Feb. 1, 2004; Linzmayer, 109–114; Sculley, 176.
Publicity Blast: Hertzfeld, 226–227; Michael Rogers, “It’s the Apple of His Eye,” Newsweek, Jan. 30, 1984; Levy, Insanely Great, 17–27.
January 24, 1984: Interviews with John Sculley, Steve Jobs, Andy Hertzfeld. Video of Jan. 1984 Apple shareholders meeting; Hertzfeld, 213–223; Sculley, 179–181; William Hawkins, “Jobs’ Revolutionary New Computer,” Popular Science, Jan. 1989.
CHAPTER 16: GATES AND JOBS
The Macintosh Partnership: Interviews with Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Bruce Horn. Hertzfeld, 52–54; Steve Lohr, “Creating Jobs,” New York Times, Jan. 12, 1997; Triumph of the Nerds, PBS, part 3; Rusty Weston, “Partners and Adversaries,” MacWeek, Mar. 14, 1989; Walt Mossberg and Kara Swisher, interview with Bill Gates and Steve Jobs, All Things Digital, May 31, 2007; Young, 319–320; Carlton, 28; Brent Schlender, “How Steve Jobs Linked Up with IBM,” Fortune, Oct. 9, 1989; Steven Levy, “A Big Brother?” Newsweek, Aug. 18, 1997.
The Battle of the GUI: Interviews with Bill Gates, Steve Jobs. Hertzfeld, 191–193; Michael Schrage, “IBM Compatibility Grows,” Washington Post, Nov. 29, 1983; Triumph of the Nerds, PBS, part 3.
CHAPTER 17: ICARUS
Flying High: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Debi Coleman, Bill Atkinson, Andy Hertzfeld, Alain Rossmann, Joanna Hoffman, Jean-Louis Gassée, Nicholas Negroponte, Arthur Rock, John Sculley. Sheff; Hertzfeld, 206–207, 230; Sculley, 197–199; Young, 308–309; George Gendron and Bo Burlingham, “Entrepreneur of the Decade,” Inc., Apr. 1, 1989.
Falling: Interviews with Joanna Hoffman, John Sculley, Lee Clow, Debi Coleman, Andrea Cunningham, Steve Jobs. Sculley, 201, 212–215; Levy, Insanely Great, 186–192; Michael Rogers, “It’s the Apple of His Eye,” Newsweek, Jan. 30, 1984; Rose, 207, 233; Felix Kessler, “Apple Pitch,” Fortune, Apr. 15, 1985; Linzmayer, 145.
Thirty Years Old: Interviews with Mallory Walker, Andy Hertzfeld, Debi Coleman, Elizabeth Holmes, Steve Wozniak, Don Valentine. Sheff.
Exodus: Interviews with Andy Hertzfeld, Steve Wozniak, Bruce Horn. Hertzfeld, 253, 263–264; Young, 372–376; Wozniak, 265–266; Rose, 248–249; Bob Davis, “Apple’s Head, Jobs, Denies Ex-Partner Use of Design Firm,” Wall Street Journal, Mar. 22, 1985.
Showdown, Spring 1985: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Al Alcorn, John Sculley, Mike Murray. Elliot, 15; Sculley, 205–206, 227, 238–244; Young, 367–379; Rose, 238, 242, 254–255; Mike Murray, “Let’s Wake Up and Die Right,” memo to undisclosed recipients, Mar. 7, 1985 (courtesy of Mike Murray).
Plotting a Coup: Interviews with Steve Jobs, John Sculley. Rose, 266–275; Sculley, ix–x, 245–246; Young, 388–396; Elliot, 112.
Seven Days in May: Interviews with Jean-Louis Gassée, Steve Jobs, Bill Campbell, Al Eisenstat, John Sculley, Mike Murray, Mike Markkula, Debi Coleman. Bro Uttal, “Behind the Fall of Steve Jobs,” Fortune, Aug. 5, 1985; Sculley, 249–260; Rose, 275–290; Young, 396–404.
Like a Rolling Stone: Interviews with Mike Murray, Mike Markkula, Steve Jobs, John Sculley, Bob Metcalfe, George Riley, Andy Hertzfeld, Tina Redse, Mike Merin, Al Eisenstat, Arthur Rock. Tina Redse email to Steve Jobs, July 20, 2010; “No Job for Jobs,” AP, July 26, 1985; “Jobs Talks about His Rise and Fall,” Newsweek, Sept. 30, 1985; Hertzfeld, 269–271; Young, 387, 403–405; Young and Simon, 116; Rose, 288–292; Sculley, 242–245, 286–287; letter from Al Eisenstat to Arthur Hartman, July 23, 1985 (courtesy of Al Eisenstat).
CHAPTER 18: NeXT
The Pirates Abandon Ship: Interviews with Dan’l Lewin, Steve Jobs, Bill Campbell, Arthur Rock, Mike Markkula, John Sculley, Andrea Cunningham, Joanna Hoffman. Patricia Bellew Gray and Michael Miller, “Apple Chairman Jobs Resigns,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 18, 1985; Gerald Lubenow and Michael Rogers, “Jobs Talks about His Rise and Fall,” Newsweek, Sept. 30, 1985; Bro Uttal, “The Adventures of Steve Jobs,” Fortune, Oct. 14, 1985; Susan Kerr, “Jobs Resigns,” Computer Systems News, Sept. 23, 1985; “Shaken to the Very Core,” Time, Sept. 30, 1985; John Eckhouse, “Apple Board Fuming at Steve Jobs,” San Francisco Chronicle, Sept. 17, 1985; Hertzfeld, 132–133; Sculley, 313–317; Young, 415–416; Young and Simon, 127; Rose, 307–319; Stross, 73; Deutschman, 36; Complaint for Breaches of Fiduciary Obligations, Apple Computer v. Steven P. Jobs and Richard A. Page, Superior Court of California, Santa Clara County, Sept. 23, 1985; Patricia Bellew Gray, “Jobs Asserts Apple Undermined Efforts to Settle Dispute,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 25, 1985.
To Be on Your Own: Interviews with Arthur Rock, Susan Kare, Steve Jobs, Al Eisenstat. “Logo for Jobs’ New Firm,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 1986; Phil Patton, “Steve Jobs: Out for Revenge,” New York Times, Aug. 6, 1989; Paul Rand, NeXT Logo presentation, 1985; Doug Evans and Allan Pottasch, video interview with Steve Jobs on Paul Rand, 1993; Steve Jobs to Al Eisenstat, Nov. 4, 1985; Eisenstat to Jobs, Nov. 8, 1985; Agreement between Apple Computer Inc. and Steven P. Jobs, and Request for Dismissal of Lawsuit without Prejudice, filed in the Superior Court of California, Santa Clara County, Jan. 17, 1986; Deutschman, 47, 43; Stross, 76, 118–120, 245; Kunkel, 58–63; “Can He Do It Again?” Business Week, Oct. 24, 1988; Joe Nocera, “The Second Coming of Steve Jobs,” Esquire, Dec. 1986, reprinted in Good Guys and Bad Guys (Portfolio, 2008), 49; Brenton Schlender, “How Steve Jobs Linked Up with IBM,” Fortune, Oct. 9, 1989.
The Computer: Interviews with Mitch Kapor, Michael Hawley, Steve Jobs. Peter Denning and Karen Frenkle, “A Conversation with Steve Jobs,” Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery, Apr. 1, 1989; John Eckhouse, “Steve Jobs Shows Off Ultra-Robotic Assembly Line,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 13, 1989; Stross, 122–125; Deutschman, 60–63; Young, 425; Katie Hafner, “Can He Do It Again?” Business Week, Oct. 24, 1988; The Entrepreneurs, PBS, Nov. 5, 1986, directed by John Nathan.
Perot to the Rescue: Stross, 102–112; “Perot and Jobs,” Newsweek, Feb. 9, 1987; Andrew Pollack, “Can Steve Jobs Do It Again?” New York Times, Nov. 8, 1987; Katie Hafner, “Can He Do It Again?” Business Week, Oct. 24, 1988; Pat Steger, “A Gem of an Evening with King Juan Carlos,” San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 5, 1987; David Remnick, “How a Texas Playboy Became a Billionaire,” Washington Post, May 20, 1987.
Gates and NeXT: Interviews with Bill Gates, Adele Goldberg, Steve Jobs. Brit Hume, “Ste
ve Jobs Pulls Ahead,” Washington Post, Oct. 31, 1988; Brent Schlender, “How Steve Jobs Linked Up with IBM,” Fortune, Oct. 9, 1989; Stross, 14; Linzmayer, 209; “William Gates Talks,” Washington Post, Dec. 30, 1990; Katie Hafner, “Can He Do It Again?” Business Week, Oct. 24, 1988; John Thompson, “Gates, Jobs Swap Barbs,” Computer System News, Nov. 27, 1989.
IBM: Brent Schlender, “How Steve Jobs Linked Up with IBM,” Fortune, Oct. 9, 1989; Phil Patton, “Out for Revenge,” New York Times, Aug. 6, 1989; Stross, 140–142; Deutschman, 133.
The Launch, October 1988: Stross, 166–186; Wes Smith, “Jobs Has Returned,” Chicago Tribune, Nov. 13, 1988; Andrew Pollack, “NeXT Produces a Gala,” New York Times, Oct. 10, 1988; Brenton Schlender, “Next Project,” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 13, 1988; Katie Hafner, “Can He Do It Again?” Business Week, Oct. 24, 1988; Deutschman, 128; “Steve Jobs Comes Back,” Newsweek, Oct. 24, 1988; “The NeXT Generation,” San Jose Mercury News, Oct. 10, 1988.
CHAPTER 19: PIXAR
Lucasfilm’s Computer Division: Interviews with Ed Catmull, Alvy Ray Smith, Steve Jobs, Pam Kerwin, Michael Eisner. Price, 71–74, 89–101; Paik, 53–57, 226; Young and Simon, 169; Deutschman, 115.
Animation: Interviews with John Lasseter, Steve Jobs. Paik, 28–44; Price, 45–56.
Tin Toy: Interviews with Pam Kerwin, Alvy Ray Smith, John Lasseter, Ed Catmull, Steve Jobs, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Michael Eisner, Andy Grove. Steve Jobs email to Albert Yu, Sept. 23, 1995; Albert Yu to Steve Jobs, Sept. 25, 1995; Steve Jobs to Andy Grove, Sept. 25, 1995; Andy Grove to Steve Jobs, Sept. 26, 1995; Steve Jobs to Andy Grove, Oct. 1, 1995; Price, 104–114; Young and Simon, 166.
CHAPTER 20: A REGULAR GUY
Joan Baez: Interviews with Joan Baez, Steve Jobs, Joanna Hoffman, Debi Coleman, Andy Hertzfeld. Joan Baez, And a Voice to Sing With (Summit, 1989), 144, 380.
Finding Joanne and Mona: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Mona Simpson.
The Lost Father: Interviews with Steve Jobs, Laurene Powell, Mona Simpson, Ken Auletta, Nick Pileggi.