pollution and international, 358
Titanic disaster and maritime, 321
United Nations Law of the Sea, 372n
Lazarus, Emma, 177
Leaves of Grass (book), 195
Leif Eriksson Day, 89
Leofric, 154
le Roy, Alphonsus, 118–19
Les Îles Purpuraires, 67
Lewis, Cudjoe, 238
Liberia, 239, 418–19
Lifeboats, 321
Lighthouse at the End of the World (book), 128, 445
Lighthouses, 5–6, 8, 128, 191n, 441, 444–47
“Limits of Oceans and Seas” publication, 102, 142–43, 409n
Lincoln, Abraham, 239, 303
Lindbergh, Charles, 338
Line-of-battle tactic, 241–42
Lines and liners, shipping, 299–300
Lippmann, Walter, 19–20
Literature, 199–206. See also Poetry
Liverpool, England, 1–3, 175 f
Lloyd’s of London, 322–23
Lofoten Islands, 160–61, 280–81, 369 f
Loire River, 146
London, England, 415–16
London Convention of 1972, 358
Longboats, Viking, 70–71, 213–14
Long-lining, 363, 386
Loop Current, 425
Lorrain, Claude, 167
Lothbrok, Ragnar, 213–14
Louisiana, 419–22
Lovelock, James, 432
Lufthansa, 277n
Lusitania (ship), 262–63
Macintyre, Angus Campbell, 451, 457–58
Maelstrom, Lofoten islands, 160–61
Magazines, 293
Magellan, Ferdinand, 112–14
Magellanic penguins, 418, 445
Magnus, Olaus, 161
Mail, transatlantic, 291–93
Malay Peninsula, 447
Maldive Islands, 412
Mandela, Nelson, 182
Manhattan Island, 166n, 179–80
Maps
Carta Marina, 161
first, of New World of America and Atlantic Ocean, 48, 91–97
of Gulf Stream, 117 f
Gulf Stream, 141–42
International Hydrographic Organization, 100–104, 142–43
Marsden squares on, 322
M. F. Maury’s, 129–33
phantom islands on, 134
Ptolemy’s, 72
of Viking settlements in Newfoundland, 76–80
Marconi, Guglielmo, 311–14
Marean, Curtis, 57–60
Mare Atlanticus name, 49
Mare Glaciale name, 72, 79, 96
Marias River, 147
Marine Stewardship Council, 362–63
Maritime cartography. See Cartography; Maps
Maritime meteorology, 121. See also Weather patterns
Maritime trade. See Trade
Markham, Beryl, 338
Marsden, William, 322
Marsden squares, 322
Marsh, John, 452
Marshall, Benjamin, 293–99
Marshall, Thomas, 235–36
Martinique, 436
Martyr, Peter, 115
Mary Celeste (ship), 327
Masefield, John, 64–65
Mass extinctions, 40, 44. See also Endangered species
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 126–33, 304–5
Mayans, 162–63
McKay, Donald, 314–15
McLean, Malcom, 350–52
Mediterranean Sea, 62–69, 100–101, 217–18
Meinig, D. W., 19
Mellon, Paul, 76
Melville, Herman, 195, 288–89
Mendelssohn, Felix, 194
Mercator, 96–97
Mercury pollution, 357–58
Merrimack (ship), 248
Meteorology, maritime, 121. See also Weather patterns
Mexico City, 219
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 46, 48, 131, 140n, 143, 304–5, 433, 442
Middle Passage, 199–200, 221, 227–39
Midgard Serpent, 160
Migrants, 13, 177, 316–21
Military navies. See Naval warfare
Milton, John, 169–70
Minoans, 62–63, 66
Miquelon Island, 372–73
Mississippi River, 146–47
Missouri River, 146–48
Moby-Dick (book), 288
Moctezuma, 219–20
Moitessier, Bernard, 205–6
Monaco, 99–104
Monet, Claude, 196
Monitor (ship), 249–50
Monroe, James, 239n, 419n
Monrovia, Liberia, 239n, 419n
Monsters, 160–61
Mont Blanc (ship), 265n
Monterey Bay Aquarium, 361–62
Montevideo, Uruguay, 257–60
Mont Pelée, 436
Montserrat, 436–37
Mooney, Chris, 423
Moors, 215–16
Morgan, Edward, 225
Morocco, 43–44, 51–53, 100–101, 105–6, 108n
Morse, Samuel, 304
Mount Everest, 333–34, 412
Mundus Novus (book), 93–95
Murex snails, 51–53, 66–68
Muscovy Company, 286–87
Music, 192–96, 445
Mykines Island, 30–33, 36, 73
Naglfar vessel, 160
Namibia, 451–52
Naos (ships), 112
Napalm, 326
Napoléon, 123, 187, 190–91, 243, 253
Nares, George, 136
National Audubon Society, 361
National Environmental Trust (NET), 361–62
National Maritime Day, 300–301
National Oceanography Centre, 140
National Weather Service, 420–21, 425
Native Americans, 90–91, 162–63
Natural Resources Defense Council, 361
Nature of the Siren, The (poem), 158
Naval warfare, 207–71. See also Ships
American Civil War and ironclad ships, 247–50
British antisubmarine, and founding of Israel, 268–71
Falklands War, 207–11, 266–68
Graf Spee battle and World War II, 257–60
New World, 215–23
Norman invasion of England, 214–15
piracy and, 221–30
Roman, 211–12
slave trade and, 227–39
steel ships and World War I Battle of Jutland, 250–57
submarines and World War II, 261–66
tactics of, and Trafalgar battle, 240–46
Viking, 212–15
War of 1812, 246–47
Navies. See Naval warfare
Navigation, celestial, 110
Navigation charts, 101–4
Navigatio Sancti Brendanis Abbatis (book), 72–73
Nazi Germany. See Germany
Necho II (pharoah), 67n
Nelson, Horatio, 243–45
Neolithic period, 61
Nepal, 412
Netherlands, 164, 166–67, 241–42, 413–15
New Brunswick, 43
Newfoundland
air traffic control center in, 342–43
John Cabot landing in, 92
collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery of, 363–78
commercial fishing near, 283–90
earthquake in, 434
Viking settlement in, 75–84
Virgin Rocks of, 8–9
wireless communication from, 311–14
New Orleans, Louisiana, 419
Newspapers, 180, 293
Newton, Isaac, 121
Newton, John, 231, 233
New World
discovery of, by Christopher Columbus, 85–90
first mapping and naming of, as America, 91–97
Spanish conquest and warfare in, 215–23
Viking settlement in, by Leif Eriksson, 75–85
warfare against pirates in, 221–29
New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company, 305–
10
New York City, 166n, 175 f, 177–81, 291–92, 416–17
Niagara (ship), 132, 306–8
Nicolson, Harold, 259
Nicotine, 84n, 90
Niger River, 146
Nightingale Island, 437–38
1984 (book), 160n
Norman invasion of England, 214–15
Norsemen, 70–71, 158–61. See also Norway; Vikings
North America, 96
North Atlantic Drift, 123, 142
North Atlantic Ocean. See also Atlantic Ocean
air traffic control centers, 338, 342–43
collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery of, 364–78
commercial fishing in, 280–90
delineation of, 143–45
explorations of, 70–73
global warming and changing ice patterns in, 395–402, 409–10
literature about, 149–61
North Brazil Current, 439
Northcliffe, Lord, 335–37
Northeast Passage, 401
North Equatorial Current, 108–9, 115
North Sea, 145, 253–55, 413–14
Northumberland (ship), 191n, 387–88
Norway, 47n, 369 f, 383. See also Norsemen; Vikings
Nowell Codex, 155
Nuclear waste, 355–57
Obama, Barack, 228, 229 f
Ocean boundaries, 100–104
Oceanography. See also Scientific investigations
early development of, 120–23
institutions of, 140–45
M. F. Maury and American, 126–33
Oceanology, 120
Ocean Passages for the World (book), 5–6
Ocean Sea name, 96
Oceanus Occidentalis name, 72, 96
O’Connor, Frank, 154
O’Higgins, Bernardo, 174
Oil fuel, 252n
Oil spills, 145, 323–26 f, 358, 403
Okeanos Aethiopikos name, 96n
Old English poetry, 158
Old Hag whirlpool, 160
Old Ironsides (ship), 246–47
Olsen, Rob, 430
Omai (Tahitian boy), 125n
Oman, 62
Omeros (poem), 34
Operas, 194
Oppenheimer, Robert, 265n
Orange River, 146
Ordovician period, 39
Orkney Islands, 204–5, 253–56
Ortelius, 134
Orwell, George, 160n
Otello (opera), 194
Ottoman Turks, 215–16
Outhwaite, Leonard, 20–21
“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (poem), 195
Ovando, Nicolas de, 218
Overfishing, 358–78. See also Fisheries; Fishing
collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery, 364–78
consequences of, 389–92
environmental movement and, 358–63
management of South Atlantic fishery to prevent, 378–89
Överhogdal tapestry, 160
Owen, David, 25
Oxygen, cyanobacteria and, 429–32
Ozone depletion, 346, 438–40
Pacific Ocean, 34, 107, 146, 333, 356n, 408–9, 423n, 433
Packet ships, 290–301
Pack ice, 395–98, 410
Paintings, 196–99
Paleogeography, 442
Paleotempestologists, 423n
Palsson, Bjorn, 398n
Pan-Atlantic Steamships company, 352
Pangaea, 40–42, 442
Pangaea Ultima, 442–43
Panthalassa Sea, 40–42
Paradise Lost (book), 169–70
Parker, Isaac, 235–36
Parliamentary democracy, first, 273–75
Passenger transport
accidents and casualties of, 322–27
by air transport (see Air transport)
development of, 314–21
by passenger liners, 11–12, 186, 296–301
submarines and passenger ships, 261–62
Patagonia, 125–26, 444
Patagonian toothfish (Chilean sea bass), 362–63, 378, 384–86, 389
Pelagic fish, 281
Penguins, 384, 418, 445
Penis, sperm whale, 289
Permian period, 40
Pessoa, Fernando, 107
Peter Grimes (music), 195
Pettersson, Otto, 355
Pew Trusts, 362n
Phantom islands, 134
Pharmacological pollution, 358
Phoenicians, 51–53, 62–69, 172, 174
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria, 429–32
Physical Geography of the Sea and Its Meteorology, The (book), 129 f
Pieces of eight, 87n
Pierce, Franklin, 305
Pillars of Hercules, 35, 53, 63–64, 68
Pinnacle Point, 56–60
Pipier Alpha North Sea oil drilling platform, 403
Pirates
warfare against fishing, in South Atlantic, 386–89
warfare against New World, 221–29
Pirates of Penzance, The (opera), 194
Plate tectonics, 40–49, 140n, 441–49. See also Seismic activity
Plays, 24–27, 149–52, 168–69
Poetry, 24–27, 65n, 149–59, 167–70, 205
Polders and Polder Model, 413–15
Pollution, 345–58
Rachel Carson’s writing about, 353–58
chemical, 357–58, 390
from commercial air transport, 345–48
from commercial cargo shipping, 350–53
radioactive, 355–57
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 358
Pompeii, 173n
Pond, Atlantic Ocean as the, 15, 332
Póo, Fernando, 112
Portsmouth Point (music), 195
Portugal, 92, 93n, 109–14, 237, 373, 434
Postal service. See Packet ships
Pound, Ezra, 156–57
Pre-Columbian peoples, 90–91, 162–63
Preservation, fish, 282–83
Prestwick, Scotland, 342–43
Prince of Wales (ship), 17–18
Princess Alice (ship), 142
Principality of Monaco, 99–104
Privateers, 225. See also Pirates
Prize Warfare, 261–62
Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, 429–32
Professor Baranov (ship), 370
Protocontinents, 37
Ptolemy, 72, 95
Puffins, 30 f, 32–33
Purple dye, 51–53, 66–68
Pytheas, 69
Quakers, 289–90, 293–95
Radar, 250
Radio, 311–14
Radioactive pollution, 256, 355–57
Radiological Dating Laboratory, 82
Raffles Lighthouse, 447
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 168
Ransome, Arthur, 203
Read, Albert Cushing, 337
Read, Mary, 225–26
Red list, Greenpeace, 362–63
Red Sea, 21, 62
Rennell, James, 122–23
Rhine River, 146
Right whales, 285–87
Riley, James, 238–39
Ringmann, Matthias, 93–96
Rivers, 146–48
Roaring Forties, 49, 289, 438–39
Robben Island, 182, 185
Roberts, Bartholomew, 225, 227–30
Rocky Point, 456
Romans, 66, 69–70, 172–74, 211–12
Roosevelt, Franklin, 17–18, 43, 314
Rowing Home (painting), 198
Royal African Company of England, 227, 233
Royal Mail Ship (RMS) designation, 186
Ruddigore (opera), 194
Rules of engagement, 261–64
Rumann son of Colmán, 153–54
Rumford fireplace, 118n
Ruskin, John, 196
Russia, 167, 356n, 370, 383–85
Safina, Carl, 204
Saga of Erik the Red, 158–59
Sagas, 158–59
S
ailing Alone Around the World (book), 201–3
Sailing vessels, 62, 247, 250, 353
St. Brendan, 72–73, 158, 161
St. Columba, 153
St. Elmo’s fire, 151
St. Helena, 123, 175 f, 186–92, 253
St. Helena (ship), 186–87
St. Lawrence River, 145–46
St. Pierre Island, 372–73
Sakhalin Island, 356n
Salinity, 121, 439–40
Sands, African, 108n
San Salvador, 87
Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, 175–77
Sargasso Sea, 429 f–30
Satellites, 388
Savannah (ship), 300–301
Scania, Sweden, 280
Scapa Flow, 253–56
Scarba Island, 160
Schooners, 365–66
SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) device, 349
Scientific investigations, 99–148. See also Climate change; Global warming
American vs. British, 123–24
British Challenger survey expedition, 135–40
Cape Bojador obstacle and development of celestial navigation and current sailing, 104–14
Charles Darwin and HMS Beagle expedition, 124–26
development of oceanography, 120–23 (see also Oceanography)
early misconceptions and, 132–35
hydrography and cartography of International Hydrographic Organization, 99–104, 142–45
mapping of Atlantic currents and Gulf Stream, 114–20
M. F. Maury and American cartography and oceanography, 128–33
oceanographic institutions and, 140–45
rivers as Atlantic Ocean sources, 146–48
United States Exploring Expedition, 126–28
Scoresby, William, 398
Scoresbysund fjord, 395–401
Scotese, Christopher, 442, 447
Scotland, 357, 370, 390–92, 435
Scott, C. P., 269
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 140
Sea Around Us, The (book), 204–5, 354–56
Sea barriers, 414–17, 419
Seabirds, 30 f, 32–33, 138, 386
Sea boundaries, 100–104
Sea Drift (music), 195
Seafarer, The (poem), 155–58
Seafloor spreading, 45–49, 143, 442–43
Seafood, 55–58, 358–63. See also Fisheries; Fishing; Overfishing
SeaKLIM, 348n
Sea levels, 58n, 402, 405–18
Sealing, 126–27, 384
Sea Monster, The (painting), 164
Sea monsters, 160–61
Sea of Japan, 21, 143n
Sea Pictures (music), 195
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 361
Sea Symphony (music), 195
Sea temperatures, hurricanes and, 425–26. See also Global warming
Sea Venture (ship), 151–52
SeaWeb, 361
Second World War, 257–66, 449–52
Seine River, 146
Seismic activity, 40–43, 432–38. See also Plate tectonics
Seismology, 434n
September 11 terrorist attacks, 343n
Settlements, first human coastal, 23–24, 56–60
Seven Ages (anthology), 25