Edward Hall.
CSP: Venetian. The tapestries may be identified with the ten-piece set now in the Musée de la Renaissance at the Château d’Écouen in France.
Edward Hall.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Edward Hall.
PRO; B.L. Egerton MSS.
Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
34 “Noli Me Tangere, for Caesar’s I Am”
CSP: Spanish.
William Tyndale, Works.
L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
George Wyatt.
B.L. Additional MSS. The manuscript was once at Chatsworth.
CSP: Spanish.
Chronica del rey Enrico.
George Wyatt; Papers.
L&P.
George Cavendish.
George Wyatt.
CSP: Spanish.
An illuminated copy of the Statutes of the Order of St. Michael is now in the Public Record Office; the copy of the Garter Statutes sent to Francis I is among B.L. Additional MSS.; it features a miniature of the Princess Mary dressed as Concord.
Edward Hall. For the exchange of these Orders, see Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
Edward Hall. A portrait of Sir Anthony, which probably dates from this time, since he is wearing French costume, is in the National Portrait Gallery.
The Order of St. Michael was abolished in 1578 because the admission of too many knights had debased it. Henry III of France founded in its place the Order of the Holy Spirit.
George Cavendish.
L&P; Erickson; Great Harry.
PPE.
Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
PPE.
Brantôme.
PPE.
Ibid.
L&P; Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay.
35 “A Thousand Cases of Sweat”
This theory was first propounded in 1888 by A. S. Currie in “Notes on the Obstetric Histories of Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn,” and was given widespread circulation by means of an anonymous article, “Some Royal Deathbeds,” which appeared in the British Medical Journal in 1910. It was refuted by Frederick Chamberlin in The Private Character of Henry VIII (1932), J.F.D. Shrewsbury in “Henry VIII: A Medical Study” (1952), and B. Deer in “Carnivore King: The Main Course of History” (1989).
L&P.
Ibid.; Brewer; CSP: Spanish.
L&P; State Papers.
This was the last, and worst, major outbreak of the sweating sickness. It returned for one final time in 1551, then disappeared.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
Letters of King Henry VIII.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Letters of King Henry VIII.
Ibid.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian; State Papers; L&P.
L&P.
State Papers.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.; State Papers.
CSP: Spanish.
PPE.
L&P.
Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
Excerpta Historica.
Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay; L&P.
36 “Back to Your Wife!”
George Cavendish; CSP: Spanish; Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
Shortly afterwards Vives found a new patron, John III, King of Portugal. He died in 1540.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P; Letters of King Henry VIII.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
Edward Hall.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian. After this, Venice sent no ambassadors to England for sixty years.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
Wilson; Hans Holbein.
The sixteen-page MS. on vellum is now in the Bodleian Library.
Wilson; Hans Holbein.
George Cavendish.
L&P.
George Cavendish; Edward Hall.
37 “Above Everyone, Mademoiselle Anne”
George Cavendish.
Original Letters, ed. Ellis; CSP: Spanish.
George Cavendish.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
George Cavendish.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
PRO.
The Bayne Tower was partially refaced in the nineteenth century, and its windows were replaced with Tudor-style replicas, but it survives otherwise intact. Considering the fact that none of Henry VIII’s private apartments survive anywhere else, it is surprising that the Bayne Tower, which is of enormous historical interest and significance, is not open to the public but is used as accommodation for palace staff.
Sturgis.
The great arched conduits he built, fourteen feet high and ten feet wide, which carried kitchen waste under the moat to the Thames, still survive today.
The storage platforms in Henry VIII’s Great Kitchen were built in the seventeenth century.
The Boiling House is the only one of Henry’s subsidiary kitchens to survive today. Only a small area of the service complex, around Fish Court, is open to the public.
The originals have long since disappeared; the King’s Beasts that we see today are twentieth-century reconstructions, as is the royal coat of arms on the gatehouse.
See chapter 40.
More than ten thousand pages of accounts detailing Henry’s works at Hampton Court survive in the Public Record Office.
In 1553, Mary I restored Esher to the diocese of Winchester. The house was decayed by 1660, and thereafter fell to ruin, but the great gatehouse and a tower still survive.
George Cavendish.
The More was leased in 1576 to the Earl of Bedford, but was ruinous by 1598. No trace of the house remains today. The present Moor House was built in 1727.
Cited by Fraser.
Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
L&P.
Ibid.
Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
State Papers in the Public Record Office.
John Ponet, Bishop of Winchester, cited in Neville Williams, The Court of Henry VIII.
C.R.N. Routh.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
Nicholas Harpsfield; The Life and Death of Thomas More.
Thomas More; English Works.
William Tyndale; Works.
PPE.
Ibid.; L&P.
Letters of King Henry VIII.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.; L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
See L&P; John Foxe; William Latimer; Dowling; “Anne Boleyn and Reform.”
CSP: Spanish.
John Foxe; John Strype; Narratives of the Reformation, ed. Nicholls; George Wyatt; Tudor Royal Proclamations.
John Foxe. Fish was later reconciled to the Church. He died of plague in 1531.
L&P.
Ibid.
B.L. King’s MSS.
Sold at Sotheby’s to a private collector in 1982.
B.L. Royal MSS.
B.L. Additional MSS.; L&P.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
George Cavendish; PPE. Cavendish says Rochford was not yet twenty-seven.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
38 “Squire Harry Will Be God, and Do as He Pleases!”
Cited by Mathew.
br />
A cloth-dresser. The Cromwell family had owned a fulling mill at Putney for fifty years.
George Cavendish.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Much of Richmond Palace was destroyed under the Commonwealth, and its contents were sold. In 1660, what remained was given to Queen Henrietta Maria, but it was barely habitable. By 1690, nearly all the buildings had disappeared. All that remains of the palace today is the gateway bearing Henry VII’s arms, which overlooks Richmond Green, and two heavily restored dwelling houses, the Old Palace and Wardrobe Court, which incorporate some of the Tudor fabric. Trumpeter’s House stands on the site of the chapel and great hall. The remains of the cellars are nearby.
Much of Eltham Palace was demolished under the Commonwealth, when the park was destroyed. In 1656, the diarist John Evelyn described the palace as “miserable ruins”; the great hall was in use as a barn and the chapel in ruins. Eltham was alienated from the Crown when Charles II granted it to Sir John Shaw in the late seventeenth century. A major restoration was carried out in 1933–1937. Today, the great hall remains, along with part of its screens passage, as well as the Chancellor’s Lodging, built by Henry VIII; a bridge over the moat; the arched gate to the vanished tiltyard; and a courtier lodging.
It was the earliest embassy building in England, and continued as such until 1553, when Edward VI established a house of correction for the vagrant poor in the palace. Such houses were thereafter known as Bridewells. The royal apartments were burned down in the Great Fire of 1666, but many of the Tudor buildings survived until the nineteenth century. The House of Correction was finally demolished in 1864. The site was excavated in 1978.
L&P.
Bodleian Library MSS.; Thurley; Royal Palaces.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian, 1532.
Thurley, Royal Palaces. Only the external brickwork of Henry’s tennis court remains. Wolsey’s play was demolished in the late seventeenth century.
Nottingham University Library MSS.
McConica; English Humanists and Reformation Politics.
L&P. See chapter 44.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Tottel’s Miscellany.
John Leland, Itinerary. Collyweston was granted to the future Elizabeth I in 1550, but alienated from the Crown in 1625. It was in ruins by the eighteenth century. Today, only a few terraced foundations remain.
George Cavendish.
Ibid.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
PPE.
39 “Opprobrious Words”
PRO.
Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
Ibid.
PRO.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.; L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Charles Wriothesley.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Original Letters relative to the English Reformation.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Ibid.
Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
Edward Hall.
Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.; L&P.
L&P.
Ibid.
40 “The Lady Marquess”
Hanworth, which remained royal property until Elizabeth I sold it to Francis, Lord Cottingham, burned down in 1797. Only two of the roundels survive in the remains of the gardens, along with a carving of the royal arms, two Tudor chimneys, part of the moat, and a five-step mounting block. Fragments of heraldic stained glass survive in Hanworth Rectory. The old trees were cut down in the eighteenth century, and the park was reduced in area. The wall that marks the extent of the original gardens was built in the seventeenth century.
L&P; William Camden. It is sometimes stated that Gardiner presented the house to Anne Boleyn, but it is clear that it was still in royal hands in 1532.
Laid in October 1532 (PRO).
The great hall was restored in 1770 and again, more extensively, in the 1840s, when new stained-glass windows depicting the royal descents of Henry VIII and his wives and children were installed in place of the long-vanished Tudor glass. At the same time, the moulded polychrome cornice was added. In the 1920s, the louvre was removed from the roof, and the Tudor paint stripped away from its timbers. Some of Anne Boleyn’s initials and badges survive on the ceiling; others, more accessible, were replaced by those of Jane Seymour.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
See chapter 4. Three of the four courtyards of St. James’s Palace survive today, among them Friary Court. The only other remains from Henry VIII’s original house are his watching chamber and presence chamber in the state apartments, each with a fireplace carved with lovers’ knots encasing the initials H and A, the chapel royal, and the great gatehouse.
Raphael Holinshed.
L&P; History of the King’s Works; Thurley, Royal Palaces. The royal lodgings in the Tower were demolished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
A portrait attributed to Ambrosius Benson in the collection of the Earl of Ashburnham has sometimes been incorrectly identified as one of Katherine Parr.
Henry Clifford.
PPE; CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall.
George Cavendish; Metrical Visions.
PPE.
L&P.
B.L. Royal MSS.; L&P.
Warnicke; Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
See Lowinsky, A Music Book for Anne Boleyn.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
All that survives of Shurland House is the ruined entrance façade.
Hamy; L&P.
CSP: Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
For the investiture and banquet see Milles, Catalogue of Honour; L&P; B.L. Harleian MSS.; CSP: Venetian; Calendar of the Manuscripts at Hatfield House; CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall.
41 “The Triumph at Calais and Boulogne”
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
L&P; B.L. Royal MSS.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
PPE; L&P.
Claude of France had died in 1524.
Cited by Perry.
Seymour Papers.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
PPE. She was the widow of Sir Richard Wingfield, K.G., who died in 1525. Stone is twenty miles north of Hever Castle.
For the French visit see The Manner of the Triumph at Calais and Boulogne; L&P; Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian; CSP: Spanish; Chronicle of Calais; An English Garner; Hamy; Knecht.
Edward Hall.
History of the King’s Works.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
PPE.
Ibid.
Cited by Seward.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
L&P.
PPE.
Ibid.
Ibid.
L&P.
Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Ibid; Edward Hall; CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
Ibid.
Cited by Bowle.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Ibid.; PPE.
42 “Anna Regina Angliae”
Ives speculates that 14 November 1532 may be the date on which Henry and Anne began having sexual relations together after contracting themselves to each other before witnesses, a procedure that was as binding as a canonical marriage in the early sixteenth century; however, the evidence strongly suggests that they were already having sexual rel
ations before that date (see chapter 41).
Thomas Cranmer, Miscellaneous Writings and Letters.
B.L. Sloane MSS.
Later Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield.
Later Archbishop of Dublin.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
B.L. Sloane MSS.; Nicholas Harpsfield; A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce; Nicholas Sander.
CSP: Spanish.
She shortly afterwards married Thomas, Lord Berkeley.
L&P; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton; Nicholas Sander.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.; CSP: Venetian.
Gage talked of renouncing the world and entering a monastery, but later changed his mind and became a loyal supporter of the King. He was allowed to return to court and in 1540 was appointed Comptroller of the Household. Later, he held military commands in Scotland and France.
CSP; Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
William Latimer; Dowling, “Anne Boleyn and Reform.” Shaxton became Bishop of Salisbury, Skip became Bishop of Hereford, and Parker became Queen Elizabeth’s first Archbishop of Canterbury.
House of Commons.
Daughter of Sir John Shelton by Anne Boleyn, Wiltshire’s sister.
For Anne Boleyn’s household see L&P; Lisle Letters; CSP: Spanish; Friedmann; House of Commons.
Lisle Letters.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
L&P.
William Latimer; John Foxe.
George Wyatt.
Matthew Parker; Correspondence.
Cited by Norris.
William Latimer; Dowling; “Anne Boleyn and Reform.”
This badge was derived from the falcon crest of the Butler earls of Ormonde; it was later used by Elizabeth I.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
William Latimer.
Now in the British Library.
Now in the British Library.
B.L. Royal MSS.
B.L. Harleian MSS.
Now owned by the Duke of Northumberland.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
CSP: Spanish.
43 “Here Anna Comes, Bright Image of Chastity”
For Anne Boleyn’s coronation, see chiefly Edward Hall; L&P; Charles Wriothesley; The Noble Triumphant Coronation of Queen Anne.
L&P.
Cited in Rivals in Power.
Edward Hall. Holbein’s design is now in the Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin.
Edward Hall.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P; Cronica del Rey Enrico.
L&P.
B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
Edward Hall.