chemical stains, 84–85
Chemical Warfare Unit, 90, 92
chemotherapy, 7, 114, 304, 355, 448
adjuvant, 219, 220–21, 222, 223, 320, 400, 464
bone marrow transplants in, see bone marrow transplants
for breast cancer, 122–23, 162, 232, 306, 308–9, 427–28
“cancer stem cells” and, 458–59
cure rates for, 228, 231; see also specific cancers
as cytotoxic, 43–44, 143n, 162–63, 165, 168, 176, 207, 208, 220, 223, 305, 309, 312, 320, 405, 427–28, 452
dose limits of, 309
Ehrlich and, 84–88
fixed percentage of cells killed by, 141
high-dose multidrug regimens in, 132–34, 135, 140–43, 162, 163, 166, 167, 172, 173, 176–77, 204–5, 207–9, 216, 232, 305, 306, 308–9, 329, 389, 400, 443, 452; see also bone marrow transplants; specific regimens
for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 163–66, 208, 308, 315, 401
immune system compromised by, 165, 315
indiscriminate use of, 210
for leukemia, 19–20, 21, 27, 29–30, 31, 33–36, 92, 100, 101, 103–4, 122, 132–34, 135, 140–42, 167–70, 308, 339, 401, 443
for lung cancer, 308–9, 389, 403–4, 443
for lymphomas, 90–91, 96–97, 122, 132–34, 135, 162, 401, 443
nontoxic, 439
radiation in combination with, 123–24, 154, 168–70, 400
secondary cancers as outcome of, 165, 306, 312
side effects of, 18, 96, 123, 165, 205–6, 209, 226, 305
specific affinity in, 80–81, 84–88, 90–92, 433, 434, 439
sterility caused by, 165
surgeons’ hostility to, 219–21
targeted, see targeted therapies
for tumors, 122–23, 154, 207, 308–9
as universal cure, 93
white blood cells and, 127, 315
Chesterfield cigarettes, 268
Chiari, Hans, 62
Chicago Tribune, 187, 189, 235
chickens, sarcomas in, 173, 174
child labor, 239
children:
cancer in, 123, 331
leukemia in, 7, 12, 17, 19, 32–36, 92, 96, 101, 103–4, 123, 133, 139, 163, 166, 170, 179, 231, 232, 401
Children’s Cancer Research Fund, see Jimmy Fund
Children’s Hospital (Boston), 11–12, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 94, 95–96, 97, 99, 101, 387
Children’s Hospital (Buffalo), 133
chimeras, 366, 409–10, 430–31
Chimney Sweepers Act (1788, British), 239
chimney sweeps, 173, 237–39, 241
China, cigarette consumption in, 273–74
Chiribaya mummies, 42–43, 45
chloramphenicol, 22
cholesterol, 444
choriocarcinoma, 135–36, 139, 168, 228
choriogonadotropin (hcg), 136, 137, 138
Christakis, Nicholas, 445
Christie, Agatha, 444
Christie Hospital, 216–17
chromosomes, 340
in cancer cells, 341–42, 343, 348, 430–31
genes as carried on, 344
pairing of, 377
staining of, 340, 365
translocation of, 365–66, 402, 409–10, 430–31
chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia (CML), 365–66, 430–31, 433, 444
bone marrow transplants and, 434–35, 437
drug resistance in, 441–43
Gleevec trial for, 436–38
remissions of, 437–39, 441, 443, 465
Ciba-Geigy, 431–32, 433–34, 436
cigarettes:
consumption of, see smoking
filter tips on, 263, 268
warning label on, 264–65, 267, 273, 401
see also nicotine; tobacco; tobacco industry
Cipollone, Anthony, 268, 270
Cipollone, Rose, 267–72, 273, 401
cirrhosis, chronic, 279
cisplatin (cis-platinum), 203–4, 205, 208, 406, 421
nausea from, 205–6
cis-retinoic acid, 408–9
c-kit gene, 467–68
Claire-King, Mary, 381
Clauson, Phyllis, 395–96, 397
Cleland, John, 204–5
Clements, Earle, 264
Cleveland Clinic, 196
clinical trials, see protocols
clones, 39
clotting factors, 415
CMF regimen, in adjuvant chemotherapy, 220–21
CML, see chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia
c-myc (myc) gene, 382–83, 384, 391, 410, 412, 453–54, 458
cocaine, 62–63, 225
Cochran, William, 259, 261
Codman, Ernest, 30n
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 403
Cold War, 182
Cole, Mary “Moya,” 216–17, 218–19, 221
Coley, William B., 30n
Coley’s toxin, 30n
Collett, Mark, 358
Collins, Francis, 450
colon cancer, 59, 116–17, 208, 331, 381, 401, 443, 450, 451
colonoscopy, 331, 401
Commission on the Conquest of Cancer, 184
“compassionate use” issue, experimental therapies and, 423–26
complexity, 20
compound 606 (Salvarsan), 86
Comprehensive Cancer Centers, 208
Conant, Marcus, 317
concentration camps, 397
“Concerning the Origin of Malignant Tumors” (Boveri), 342
Congress, U.S.:
antiregulatory posture of, 262
cancer research and, 24–25, 113–14, 122, 150, 177, 184–89, 455
tobacco industry and, 260, 264
Congress for Internal Medicine, 86
Conquest of Cancer Act (Kennedy/Javits bill), 185–86, 187
Cooper, Geoff, 374
Cooper case, 258
cotton, 81
cowpox, 342, 343
creatine, 31
Crick, Francis, 345
Crile, George, Sr., 196
Crile, George Barney, 68, 196–97, 198, 199
Crimean War, 240
cryptococcal meningitis, 316
CT scans, 389, 422
Cullman, Joseph, 262
Cummings, Karen, 396
Curd, John, 418, 424, 426
cure, patients’ expectations of, 22
Cure for Cancer: A National Goal (Garb), 177–78, 234
Cure of Childhood Leukemia, The (Laszlo), 21
Curie, Marie, 74–75, 76, 77
leukemia of, 78, 347
Curie, Pierre, 74–75, 76, 77
Cushing, Harvey, 65, 71–72
Cyclophosphamide, 127
Cyrus, King of Persia, 41
cytarabine, 127
cytotoxic drugs, 43–44, 143n, 162–63, 165, 168, 176, 207, 208, 220, 223, 305, 309, 312, 320, 405, 427–28, 452
Cytoxan, 162, 220, 427–28
Dakhleh, Egypt, 43
Dameshek, William, 146
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 153, 190, 310–14, 374, 433–34, 468
Institutional Review Board at, 312
D’Angio, Giulio, 123
Darius I, King of Persia, 41–42
dasatinib, 442–43
David, Ed, 186
Davis, Marvin, 171
DDT, 457
death, oncologists and, 4, 306–8, 337–38
decoy molecules, 31, 87
Degos, Laurent, 408–9, 410
de Gouvêa, Hilário, 347, 366, 367, 381
de Koning, H. J., 128
Delbruck, Max, 345
Democedes, 41–42
De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Ramazzini), 238
deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA
DES (diethylstilbestrol), 213, 277, 278
developing countries, tobacco-industry targeting of, 273–74
DeVita, Vincent, 151, 163–65, 171, 172, 220, 315
diabetes, 284, 414, 415
Diamond, Loui
s, 34
Dick, John, 458
Dickens, Charles, 239
Dickersin, Kay, 426
Dictionary of Practical Surgery, A, 55
Didion, Joan, 420
diethylstilbestrol (DES), 213, 277, 278
diphtheria, 84
disease(s):
Galen’s theory of, 48–50, 52–54, 55, 79, 90, 214, 238, 281
naming of, 14, 46–47
risk factors for, 444–45
Virchow’s cellular theory of, 14–16
Djozer, King of Egypt, 40
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 360, 455
in cell division, 28–29, 75
as damaged by carcinogens, 75, 77, 122, 351, 406, 462
folic acid and, 28–29
inhibiting formation of, 91–92
mutations of, 6, 406, 462
nitrogen mustard as damaging to, 163, 406
reverse transcription from RNA to, 352–54, 371
transcription to RNA of, 352
transfer of, 372–74
see also genes, genomes
dogs, prostate cancer in, 212–13
Doisy, Edward, 213, 215
Doll, Richard, 243, 244, 273, 462, 465
lung cancer studies of, 245–49, 250–51, 253–54, 260, 262, 263, 276, 294, 350, 401, 455
Donne, John, 51
Dorchester, Mass., 32
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 9
Drebin, Jeffrey, 411n
Drew, Elizabeth, 265
Druker, Brian, 433–40
drug resistance, 132, 441–43
drugs, definition of, 413–14
Dryja, Thad, 376–80, 415
DuBridge, Lee, 183
Duesberg, Peter, 358
Duke University, 315, 319, 325, 326
Dulbecco, Renato, 350, 351, 371
dwarfism, 415
dye industry, 81–86
dyes, synthetic, 81–86, 278, 340
E. coli, 20
Edell, Marc, 269–71, 272
Edinburgh, Scotland, 298, 302
Edson, Margaret, 205, 209
Edwards, Ralph, 97–99, 396
Egan, Robert, 291
Egypt, ancient, 39–41, 463
Ehrlich, Paul, 80, 84–88, 237, 340, 432, 439
magic bullets of, 86–88, 222, 234, 304
Einhorn, Larry, 204–5, 208, 228
Einstein, Albert, 370
electrometer, 74
Eli Lilly, 31, 139
Elion, Gertrude, 91–92
Eliot, T. S., 191
“Ella” (VAMP protocol survivor), 148–50
Ellie: A Child’s Fight Against Leukemia (Tucker), 21
embryonic stem cells, 458
Enders, John, 22, 94
Endicott, Kenneth, 162, 171, 177, 260
environmentalists, 456
enzymes, viral, 352–53, 354
epidemiology, 238, 243, 245
case-control studies in, 245, 246–47, 276, 280
causality and, 253–56, 276, 290, 350
Framingham longitudinal data and, 444–45
meta-analysis and, 261
molecular, 457
preventive medicine and, 290, 457
recall bias in, 446
tobacco-cancer link and, 241–42, 247, 248–49, 250, 261
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 175
Erikson, Ray, 358, 361, 368, 375
Erk protein, 387, 454
Erwin, Bob, 429
esophageal cancer, 274, 305
estrogen, 211, 213, 456
breast cancer and, 215, 221, 222–23, 456, 464
receptor in, 215, 216, 217, 464
etoposide, 206
Evans, Audrey, 123
evolution, 39, 247–48
Ewing, James, 30n
extended field radiation, 159–61, 163
extirpations, 23
Faget, Max, 178
fairness doctrine, 265–66, 267
“Fall, The” (Milosz), 116
false positives, false negatives, 291–92
Farber, Emmanuel, 259, 261
Farber, Norma, 30
Farber, Sidney, 129, 162, 286, 395
as advocate for cancer research, 100, 171–72, 189
background of, 18–19
cancer research hospital project of, see Jimmy’s Clinic
cancer research of, 122–23, 126–27
chemotherapy regimens devised by, 103
chemotherapy seen as universal cure by, 93, 155, 403
colostomy of, 118
death of, 189–90, 193, 461
as fund-raiser, 102
isolation of, 27, 35, 101–2
at Jimmy’s Clinic, 125–26, 153, 189–90
leukemia research of, 19–20, 21, 27, 29–30, 31, 33–36, 92, 100, 101, 114, 121, 122–23, 130, 132, 136, 158, 309, 338, 433, 439
M. Lasker and, 114–15, 116, 122, 171, 177, 190
as pediatric pathologist, 11–12, 19
VAMP survivors and, 149–50
viral origin of cancer advocated by, 175
in War on Cancer, 114, 118, 122, 150, 155, 178, 184, 188, 190, 234
Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (FCLAA; 1965), 264–65, 267, 273
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 265–66
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 263–64, 401
feminism, doctor-patient relationship and, 199
Fidler, Isaiah, 173
Fieser, Louis, 260–61
Figuoeroa, Rodolfo, 60
Fisher, Bernard, 198–99, 200, 219–20, 221–23, 228
Fitz, Katherine, 307–8, 400
5-fluorouracil, 154
Fleming, Alexander, 465–66
Flemming, Walther, 340, 341, 344, 364, 365
fluorouracil, 154, 220
foci, of cancer cells, 351, 372, 373–74, 376, 384
folic acid (folate), 28, 29, 31, 406
Folkman, Judah, 387
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 262–63, 319, 322, 423, 429, 455
Foote, Emerson, 112, 113, 185
Ford, Edmund, 247–48
“Forsaken Garden, A” (Swinburne), 461
Fortas, Abe, 264
Fortune, 23–24, 25, 227
fossil record, 248
Fowler, James, 445
Fox, Nelene, 321–24
Fox Chase Cancer Center, 279
Framingham, Mass., longitudinal studies of, 444–45
Frankfurter Anilinfarben-Fabrik, 85
“Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers, A,” 250, 252
Frei, Emil “Tom,” 129–30, 132, 133, 134, 137–38, 139, 140, 153, 162–64, 206, 228, 260, 375
at Dana-Farber, 310–14
STAMP and, 310, 311, 312, 314
VAMP and, 141–42, 143–47, 166, 310
Freireich, Emil, 128–30, 132, 134, 136, 137–38, 139, 140, 163–64, 206, 228, 260, 366
VAMP and, 141–42, 143–47, 166
Friend, Steve, 379–80
fruit flies, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350
Furth, Jacob, 261
Galbraith, John, 23
Gale, Thomas, 48
Galen, Claudius, 46, 48–50, 52–54, 55, 79, 90, 158, 214, 238, 281, 342, 434, 463
gallbladder cancer, 465
Gallie, Brenda, 376, 377
Gallo, Robert, 318
gangrene, 57
Gans, Hiram, 461
Garb, Solomon, 177–78, 184, 234
gastritis, 276, 281–84
gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), 467–70
Gay Men’s Health Crisis, 318
gay-related immune deficiency (GRID), see AIDS
Geller, Henry, 265–66
gemcitabine (Gemzar), 154
Genentech, 413, 414–19, 423–29
Herceptin trials of, 420–22, 424, 426–29, 430
Nelson’s “funeral procession” at, 425–26
genes, genomes, 6
as carcinogens, see oncogenes
as carried on chromosomes, 344
&nbs
p; chimeras, 366, 409–10, 430–31
as composed of DNA, 345
functional view of, 364, 366, 368–69, 431, 455
inherited traits transmitted by, 343–44, 364, 366
mechanism of, 345–46, 364–69
mutations of, see mutation, genetic
RSV and, 351–52
sequencing of, 450–54, 464
structural view of, 364, 365–66, 431, 455
translocation of, 365–66, 402, 409–10, 430–31
tumor suppressor, see tumor suppressor genes
unidirectional flow of information from, 346, 352, 354
genetic anthropology, 278–79
Germany, dye industry in, 82–86
Ghosh, Amitav, 196
Gilbert, Rene, 159
Gilman, Alfred, 90
Gladwell, Malcolm, 302
Gleevec (imatinib):
CML and, 434–40, 441–43
as “four-minute mile” of cancer therapy, 439
GIST and, 467–68
resistance to, 441–43, 468
glioblastomas, 71
glioma, cell phones and, 446–47
Glück, Louise, 405
Goldman, John, 436
Goldstein, David, 124, 125–26
Goldstein, Sonja, 124–25
Goodfield, June, 1
Goodman, Louis, 90
Gorman, Michael, 393
Gornik, Heather, 330–32
Gould, Stephen Jay, 37
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 309, 437
Graham, Evarts, 72, 242, 260
laboratory experiments of, 254–55, 456
lung cancer and death of, 250, 256–57, 258
tobacco-cancer study of, 244–45, 246–47, 252, 253–54, 256, 260, 263, 401
Great Britain:
child labor in, 239
doctor registry in, 249, 294
dye industry in, 82
Million Women Study in, 456
textile industry in, 81–82
tobacco use in, 240
Great Depression, 109
Greaves, Mel, 46
Greco-Persian wars, 42
Greece, ancient, medical knowledge in, 47–48
Greene, Mark, 411n
growth hormone, 414, 415
Grubbe, Emil, 75–76, 77, 78, 195
Gustafson, Einar “Jimmy,” 96–99, 172, 395–97
Guy’s Hospital, 156
gynecological diseases, 287
Haagensen, Cushman, 193–94, 198
Haldane, J. B. S., 6
Halley’s comet, 370
“Hallmarks of Cancer, The” (Weinberg and Hanahan), 390–92, 443
Halsted, Caroline Hampton, 63
Halsted, William Stewart, 60–69, 158, 201, 219, 319
centrifugal theory of, 194–95, 199
drug addictions of, 62–64, 225
mistaken kindness scorned by, 65
radical surgery pioneered by, 6, 23, 60, 64–69, 70–71, 73, 78, 173, 193–95, 196, 197, 198, 218, 225, 291, 463
Hamill, Peter, 259
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 1
Hanafusa, Hidesaburo, 361, 368
Hanahan, Douglas, 390–92
Harlow, Ed, 403
Harmon, Steve, 305–6, 399