2 John 1:14.
3 F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, (eds.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Christian Church, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988, p. 1198.
4 St. Augustine, City of God, Penguin Classics, London, 1984, Introduction.
5 Chas S. Clifton (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Heresies and Heretics, ABC-Clio Inc., Santa Barbara, 1992, p. 49.
6 See Chapters Four, Five and Six.
7 Malcolm Lambert, The Cathars, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1998, p. 4.
8 See Jonathan Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade, Faber & Faber, London, 1999, pp. 28 – 30. See also Arthur Guirdham, The Great Heresy: The History and Beliefs of the Cathars, C. W. Daniel Company Ltd., Saffron Walden, 1993, p. 23.
9 Jospeh R. Strayer, The Albigensian Crusades, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1995, p. 1.
10 Ibid., p. 3.
11 Gervase of Tilbury cited in Sumption, op. cit., p. 18.
12 Sumption, op. cit., p. 18.
13 Zoé Oldenbourg, Massacre at Montségur, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1997, p. 1.
14 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 15.
15 Lambert, op. cit., p. 62.
16 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 15; Lambert, op. cit., p. 62.
17 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 11.
18 Cited in Malcolm Barber, The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages, Longman, London, 2000, p. 51.
19 Lambert, op. cit., p. 62.
20 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 15.
21 Ibid.
22 Cited in Burl, op. cit., p. 21.
23 Barber, op. cit., pp. 65 – 6.
24 Ibid., p. 66.
25 Ibid., p. 25.
26 Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992, p. 57.
27 Cited in Lambert, The Cathars, p. 39.
28 Cited in Ibid., pp. 39 – 40.
29 Steven Runciman, The Medieval Manichee: A Study of Christian Dualist Heresy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, p. 121; Sumption, op. cit., p. 39.
30 Ibid.
31 Stephen O’ Shea, The Perfect Heresy: The Life and Death of the Cathars, Profile Books Ltd., London, 2001, p. 20.
32 For example, see Lambert, The Cathars, p. 155.
33 For example, see Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 49; Runciman, op. cit., p. 160.
34 Oldenbourg, op. cit., pp. 21 – 2.
35 Cited in Lambert, The Cathars, pp. 142 – 3.
36 Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 121.
37 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 75.
38 Ibid., pp. 23 & 153; see also O’Shea, op. cit., p. 24.
39 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 75.
40 Runciman, op. cit., p. 160.
41 Ibid., p. 151.
42 Ibid., p. 160.
43 Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 120; Rion Klawinski, Chasing the Heretics: A Modern Journey through Medieval Languedoc, Ruminator Books, Saint Paul, MN, 2000, p. 68; Runciman, op. cit., pp. 159 – 60.
44 Lambert Medieval Heresy, p. 124, citing Guiraud. See also Sumption, op. cit., p. 50.
45 Testimony before the Inquisition of a woman of Puylaurens, cited in Sumption, op. cit., p. 52.
46 Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 109.
47 Runciman, op. cit., p. 158.
48 Ibid.
49 Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 108.
50 Lambert, The Cathars, pp. 240 & 242.
51 Ibid., p. 242.
52 Cited in Ibid., p. 139.
53 For example, see Strayer, op. cit., p. 247.
54 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 139.
55 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 24.
56 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 160.
57 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 23.
58 Ibid.
59 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 8.
60 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 95.
61 For example, see Oldenbourg, op. cit., pp. 283 – 4 and Lambert, The Cathars, p. 125.
62 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 95.
63 See Barber, op. cit., pp. 203 – 25
64 All quotations from Weil cited in Ibid. Martin Barber (p. 207) dismisses Weil's argument for what he maligns as its ‘cavalier disregard for evidence’ and its ‘fundamentally unhistorical’ vagueness of approach.
65 Cited in Ibid., p. 206.
66 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 23.
67 Ibid., p. 24.
68 Ibid.
69 Burl, op. cit., p. 19.
70 See Sumption, op. cit., p. 90; O’Shea, op. cit., p. 20.
71 Geoffrey Wigoder (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Judaism, The Jerusalem Publishing House, 1989, p. 514.
72 The report of Benjamin of Tudela, cited in Sumption, op. cit., p. 90.
73 Cited in Ibid.
74 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, London, 1991, Micropaedia, 11: 946 – 7.
75 Ibid., 3:686 – 7.
76 Ibid., 11:946 – 7; 3:686 – 7.
77 Sumption, op. cit., pp. 29 – 30.
78 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 26.
79 Ibid., pp. 230 – 1.
80 For example, see Sumption, op. cit., p. 30; Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 83.
81 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 96.
82 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 149.
83 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 61.
84 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 41.
85 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 61.
86 Guirdham, op. cit., p. 16.
87 Barber, op. cit., p. 216.
88 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 51.
89 Ibid., p. 51.
90 Ibid., p. 69.
91 Ibid., p. 70.
92 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 160.
93 Technically the Albigensian Crusades ceased in 1229 with the Treaty of Paris; however military crusading was continued by French occupation forces in the Languedoc for a further fifteen years, culminating in the siege and massacre at the last Cathar stronghold of Montségur in 1244. See Chapter Seven for a more detailed discussion.
94 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 56.
95 Ibid., p. 310.
CHAPTER THREE: WHERE GOOD AND EVIL MEET
1 Cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., Appendix C, p. 376.
2 F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, (eds.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Christian Church, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988, pp. 339 & 993.
3 For example, see Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 395: ‘The Christian Church in the East as well as in the West was the heir to the assumptions of the pagan Roman Empire and of the whole ancient world, of the duty of the ruler to enforce right belief, and, with some hesitation, its leaders came to act on these assumptions … Byzantine chruchmen shared the horror of heresy and emperors took a direct part in the pursuit of heretics. Burning was a penalty imposed on the obdurate in the Byzantine Church as well – we have a vivid description by Anna Comnena of the burning of the Bogomil leader Basil in Constantinople.’
4 For example, see Oldenbourg, op. cit., pp. 30 – 31; Lambert, The Cathars, p. 23; O’ Shea, op. cit., pp. 22 – 3; Burl, op. cit., p. 9; Runciman, op. cit., p. 67; Lambert, Medieval Heresy, pp. 55 – 6.
5 Runciman, op. cit., p. 68; Lambert, p. 23; Barber, op. cit., p. 16.
6 Runciman, op. cit., p. 67.
7 Theophylact Lycapenus (AD 933 – 956), the patriarch of Constantinople, provides us with an earlier mention the heresy but, strangely, does not mention Bogomil himself. See Janet Hamilton & Bernard Hamilton, Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World c. 650 – c. 1405, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1998, pp. 98 – 101.
8 Runciman, op. cit., p. 68.
9 Cited in Ibid., p. 67.
10 Ibid., p. 68.
11 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 31.
12 Runciman, op. cit., pp. 69 – 70.
13 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 32.
14 Ibid., p. 36.
15 Ibid., p. 37; Runciman, op. cit., pp. 70 – 1.
16 Runciman, op. cit., pp. 70 – 1; Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 38.
17 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit.,
p. 39; Runciman, op. cit., pp. 70 – 71.
18 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 40; Runciman, op. cit., p. 71
19 Runciman, op. cit., p. 72.
20 Barber, op. cit., p. 21.
21 Ibid., p. 21; see also Lambert, The Cathars, pp. 46 – 9.
22 Barber, op. cit., p. 22.
23 For example, see Runciman, op. cit., p. 170; Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., pp. 43 – 4.
24 Lambert, The Cathars, pp. 35 & 37.
25 Barber, op. cit., p. 71.
26 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 48.
27 Which was the view of most Orthodox and Catholic clergymen and monks of the period. In the East Euthymius Zigabenus definitely suspected a plot after interrogating the heresiarch Basil. See Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 32. For other examples see Ibid., p. 266 and Lambert, The Cathars, pp. 22 & 31.
28 Cited in Barber, op. cit., p. 16; Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 28.
29 Dimitur Anguelou, cited in Barber, op. cit., p. 16.
30 Obolensky, cited in Ibid., p. 16.
31 Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 116.
32 Cited in Lambert, The Cathars, p. 203.
33 See Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 118.
34 Zigabenus, cited in Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., pp. 39 & 204.
35 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 248.
36 Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 118.
37 Ibid., p. 118.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Runciman, op. cit., p. 171.
41 Barber, The Cathars, op. cit., p. 73
42 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 31.
43 Ibid.
44 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., pp. 43 – 4.
45 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 33: ‘The Cathar ritual of the consolamentum derives from the Bogomil form of the initiation of adepts …’
46 The former Cathar turned inquisitor, Rainier Sacconi, cited in Ibid., p. 204.
47 Saccioni, cited in Ibid. Sacconi excepted the Albanensians and the Concorezzans from the otherwise general harmony, stating that they ‘censure each other’.
48 Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 1292.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 The Cathar Pierre Autier, cited in Lambert, The Cathars, p. 251.
52 Ibid., p. 253.
53 Ibid.: ‘The bodies of animals formed part of the chain of transmigration, though since they could not speak, no soul … imprisoned there could reach salvation. It was a penitential process … lasting till they reached the body of a man or woman who had “the understanding of God” and could be saved.’
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 997.
57 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 27.
58 See discussion in Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 121ff.
59 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 204.
60 Euthymius Zigabenus’ debriefing of the Bogomil Basil, cited in Barber, op. cit., p. 19.
61 Cited in Lambert, The Cathars, p. 162.
62 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 35.
63 Ibid.
64 Pierre Autier, cited in Lambert, The Cathars, pp. 250 – 1.
65 For example, see Runciman, op. cit., p. 148; Barber, op. cit., p. 84.
66 Autier, in Lambert, The Cathars, p. 251.
67 Ibid.
68 For example, see Runciman, op. cit., p. 76.
69 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 35; see also Lambert, The Cathars, p. 25.
70 Cathar prayer, cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., Appendix C, p. 376.
71 Runciman, op. cit., p. 75.
72 Ibid., p. 150: ‘It was hoped when lives were pure the fragments of soul attached to them were able to catch on to the divine spirit which descended onto such perfected persons and thus won release.’
73 Robert Bauval & Adrian Gilbert, The Orion Mystery, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1994; Robert Bauval & Graham Hancock, Keeper of Genesis (titled in the US: Message of the Sphinx), William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1996; Graham Hancock & Santha Faiia, Heaven's Mirror, Michael Joseph/Penguin, London, 1998.
74 E. A. Wallis Budge, The Egyptian Heaven and Hell (Book of What is in the Duat), Martin Hopkinson Co., London, 1925, pp. 240 & 258.
75 Ibid., p. 240.
76 Ibid., p. 258.
77 See note 73 above.
78 Cited in Runciman, op. cit., p. 75.
79 Barber, op. cit., p. 97.
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid., p. 98.
82 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 197.
83 Ibid.
84 Barber, op. cit., p. 86.
85 Ibid., p. 87.
86 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 28.
87 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 36.
88 Ibid., pp. 36 – 7.
89 Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 119.
90 Runciman, op. cit., p. 164.
91 Ibid., p. 173.
92 Ibid., p. 164.
93 Ibid., p. 171.
94 Ibid.
95 Ibid., p. 172.
96 Ibid., p. 171.
97 Ibid., p. 172.
98 Cited in Barber, op. cit., p. 11.
99 Ibid.
100 Strayer, op. cit., pp. 183 – 4.
101 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 23.
102 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., pp. 98 – 101.
103 Everwin of Steinfeld, cited in Lambert, The Cathars, p. 22.
104 Ibid.
105 Everwin, cited in Barber, op. cit., p. 24.
106 Everwin, cited in Lambert, The Cathars, p. 22.
107 Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 119.
108 Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, pp. 285 – 6.
109 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 25.
110 Everwin, cited in Barber, The Cathars, op. cit., p. 24.
CHAPTER FOUR: CHAIN OF THE GREAT HERESY
1 Johannes Van Oort writing in Roelof van den Broek & Wouter Hanegraff (eds.), Gnosis and Hermeticism From Antiquity to Modern Times, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1998, p. 37.
2 The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Christian Church, pp. 357 – 8.
3 Genesis 1: 1 – 30.
4 Genesis 1: 28.
5 For example, see Lambert and Barber, whose works on the Cathars and Medieval Heresies have been extensively cited in previous chapters.
6 Runciman, op. cit., p. 88.
7 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 6.
8 Ibid., pp. 7 – 8.
9 Ibid., p. 8.
10 Ibid., p. 9.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Runciman, op. cit., p. 50.
14 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 9.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., p. 12.
18 Ibid.
19 See discussion in Barber, op. cit., p. 12.
20 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 9.
21 Ibid., pp. 12 – 13.
22 Ibid., p. 13.
23 Runciman, op. cit., pp. 32 – 3.
24 Ibid.
25 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 19.
26 Runciman, op. cit., p. 40.
27 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., pp. 21 – 2.
28 Ibid., p. 23.
29 Cited in Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., pp. 6 – 7.
30 Ibid., p. 8.
31 Ibid., p. 10.
32 Ibid.
33 Runciman, op. cit., p. 21.
34 Ibid.: ‘The Messalians were Gnostic in origin but they were less interested in intellectual speculation.’
35 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 30.
36 Runciman, op. cit., p. 90.
37 Ibid., p. 93
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., pp. 91 – 2.
40 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 30.
41 Runciman, op. cit., pp. 21 – 2.
42 Ibid.; See also Francis Legge, Forerunners and Rivals of Christianity From 330 BC to 330 AD, University Books Inc., New York, 1965, vol. II, p. 313: ‘Valentinus [2nd century AD], like many other Gnostics, d
ivided Christians into two classes of pneumatics and psychics, the firstnamed of whom were to enjoy a more distinguished position in the world to come than the other.’
43 Runciman, op. cit., p. 22.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.; Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 30.
48 Runciman, op. cit., p. 22; Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 30.
49 Runciman, op. cit., p. 22.
50 Ibid., p. 23.
51 Ibid. The Massalians were condemned by Flavian of Antioch who discovered their tenets by feigning a desire for conversion. ‘Horrified by his discoveries, he began to persecute them with the full force of the newly-Christianised state.’
52 Encyclopaedia of Heresies and Heretics, p. 87.
53 Sumption, op. cit., p. 34; Legge, op. cit., p. 318.
54 Andrew Wellburn, Mani, The Angel and The Column of Glory: An Anthology of Manichean Texts, Floris Books, Edinburgh, 1998, p. 36.
55 Ibid., p. 25.
56 Ibid., p. 24.
57 Cited in Ibid.
58 Runciman, op. cit., p. 12.
59 Legge, op. cit., p. 279.
60 Ibid., p. 280.
61 Encyclopaedia of Heresies and Heretics, p. 87.
62 Wellburn, op. cit., pp. 12, 51, 86.
63 John R. Hinnels (ed.), The Penguin Dictionary of Religions, Penguin, London, 1988, p. 200.
64 Wellburn, op. cit., p. 87.
65 Ibid., p. 12.
66 Ibid.
67 Legge, op. cit., pp. 285 – 6; Wellburn, op. cit., p. 80ff.
68 Cologne Mani-Codex, cited in Wellburn, op. cit., p. 83.
69 Ibid., pp. 83 – 4.
70 Encyclopaedia of Heresies and Heretics, p. 87.
71 Legge, op. cit., p. 279.
72 For example, Wellburn, op. cit., pp. 14 – 15 & 17.
73 Cologne Mani-Codex, cited in Wellburn, op. cit., p. 13.
74 Cited in Ibid., pp. 12 – 13.
75 Ibid., p. 11.
76 Cologne Mani-Codex, cited in Ibid., p. 16.
77 Legge, op. cit., pp. 280 – 1.
78 Encyclopaedia of Heresies and Heretics, p. 87.
79 Cologne Mani-Codex, cited in Wellburn, op. cit., p. 15.
80 Ibid., p. 15.
81 Ibid., p. 18.
82 Ibid., p. 15.
83 Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 864.
84 Ibid.
85 Ibid.
86 Wellburn, op. cit., p. 67.