106 Lacouture, op. cit., pp. 636 & 668.
107 Ibid., pp. 613 & 618.
108 Ibid., p. 731.
109 Ibid., p. 734
110 Ibid., p. 742.
111 Five of the founders of the Third Republic were Freemasons, including their leader Léon Gambetta (see Faucher, op. cit., pp. 9 & 85.)
112 Faucher, op. cit., p. 8; François Mitterrand is often confused with Jacques Mitterrand who was a Grand Master of Grand Orient de France in the 1960s (see Ibid., pp. 169 – 70).
113 Ibid., p. 275.
114 Reported by BBC News, Africa, 22 December 2000, 16:01 GMT; see also www.ParisMatch.com/news/mit2812/s4page03_self.stm.
115 The New Louvre, Publications Connaissance des Arts, Paris, 1989, p. 36.
116 La Grande Arche, Publications Beaux Arts, Paris, 1990, p. 3.
117 The New Louvre, p. 38.
118 Ibid., p. 36.
119 Ibid.
120 Ibid., p. 38.
121 Sunday Express, 3 Feb. 1994, section 3, p. 7.
122 Ibid.
123 The New Louvre, p. 44.
124 Kerisel, op. cit., p. 157.
125 Ibid., p. 177.
126 La Grande Arche, p. 6.
127 Ibid., p. 19.
128 Ibid., p. 22.
129 Ibid., p. 31.
130 Ibid., p. 19.
131 Ibid., p. 11.
132 Jean Nouvel was born in 1945 at Fumel, a village in the southwest of France. He worked with an architectural firm while attending school. In 1975, he opened his own office and participated in several competitions. Since he opened his office, Nouvel has worked to create a stylistic language separate from that of modernism and post-modernism. Rejecting the strict obedience to Le Corbusier that had stifled much of modern architecture, Nouvel initiates each project with his mind cleared of any preconceived ideas. Although he may borrow from traditional forms, he creates a building that stretches beyond traditional constraints. Nouvel places enormous importance on designing a building harmonious with its site and surroundings. Although Nouvel relies on context to generate his designs, a certain continuum occurs from one design to the next. Within nearly all of his designs, Nouvel consistently presents an interplay of transparency, shadow, and light. In 1981 Jean Nouvel won the competition for a series of ‘great projects’ requested by François Mitterrand, the French president. In 1987 he was awarded the ‘Grand Prix d’Architecture’ for his whole body of work and the ‘Equerre d’Argent’ for his design work on minimalist pieces of furniture. Some of his well-known projects are: The Arab World Institute (Paris, 1987) and the Monolith (Morat, Switzerland, 2002).
133 See The Guardian, 21 May 2001: ‘There are some buildings that deserve to have been built but never were. Jean Nouvel's Tour Sans Fin is one of them. Designed at the end of the 1980s, this Eiffel Tower- high glazed cylinder was to have risen up from the bombastic banality of La Défense, the vast office quarter at the western end of the Champs-Élysées, only to vanish as it kissed the sky.’
134 Quote from Thomas Paine, ‘Origin of Freemasonry’, in Moncure Daniel Conway (ed.), The Writings of Thomas Paine, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1896): In 1730, Samuel Pritchard, member of a constituted lodge in England, published a treatise entitled ‘Masonry Dissected’; and made oath before the Lord Mayor of London that it was a true copy. Samuel Pritchard maketh oath that the copy hereunto annexed is a true and genuine copy of every particular. In his work he has given the catechism or examination, in question and answer, of the Apprentices, the Fellow Craft, and the Master Mason. There was no difficulty in doing this, as it is mere form. In his introduction he says, ‘the original institution of Masonry consisted in the foundation of the liberal arts and sciences, but more especially in geometry, for at the building of the Tower of Babel, the art and mystery of Masonry was first introduced, and from thence handed down by Euclid, a worthy and excellent mathematician of the Egyptians; and he communicated it to Hiram, the Master Mason concerned in building Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.’
135 See New York Observer, April 13, 2003.
136 Bauval, Secret Chamber, updated prologue and epilogue.
137 Dossiers Histoire et Archéologie, vol. 101, January 1986
138 Gérard Bauer, Tableaux Choisis: Paris, page 41
139 Lacouture, op. cit., Epilogue: ‘L’absent Obélisque’ by Jean Vidal, p. 731.
CHAPTER NINETEEN: THE CORNERSTONE
1 Ovason, op. cit., p. 76.
2 Ibid.
3 See E. C. Krupp, In Search of Ancient Astronomies, Chatto & Windus, London, 1979.
4 Ovason, op. cit., p. 5. For a fuller discussion on this, see also Lockyer, op. cit.
5 Although the ‘Isis Fountain of regeneration’ ceremony in Paris, which took place on 10 August 1793, was related to a political date, we cannot help being intrigued by the symbolism involved: Isis on throne flanked by lions, gushing water from her nipples. The star Sirius was, on that day, rising at dawn cosmically with the Sun which, at that time, was in Leo. In ancient Egypt the symbolism was clear: the goddess Isis brought the regenerative waters of the Nile's flood at about this time of year. It would seem unlikely that the organisers of this ceremony in Paris were unaware of this connection. As we have already noted elsewhere, the ‘propaganda’ artist Louis-David had taught symbolism to Picot who, in 1827, painted the Isis on the lion throne in the Louvre.
6 Bullock, op. cit., p. 137.
7 Pick & Knight, op. cit., p. 275.
8 William Adrian Brown, History of the George Washington Masonic Memorial, History House, Alexandria, VA, 1980, pp. 8 – 9.
9 Ibid., p. 56.
10 Ibid., p. 9.
11 Bernard Weisberger, The Statue of Liberty: The First One Hundred Years, Horizon Book Promotions, New York, 1988, p. 30; see also James Lloyd, Beyond Babylon: The Last Week of the World, Christian Media, Jacksonville, OR, 1995, p. 103.
12 Galtier, op. cit., p. 19.
13 Galtier, op. cit., p. 150.
14 Kerisel, op. cit., p. 176.
15 Ibid., p. 138.
16 Eric Foner & John A. Garraty (eds.), The Reader's Companion to American History, Houghton Mifflin, New York, 1991.
17 Mathieu, op. cit., p. 14.
18 Naudon, op. cit., p. 170.
19 Ibid., p. 167.
20 Naudon, op. cit., p. 171.
21 Chevallier, op. cit., vol. II, p. 487.
22 Garibaldi took over from Salvatore Zola, an Italian living in Egypt who was a relative of the famous French novelist Émile Zola. Salvatore Zola had fought with Garibaldi in the 1850s; Later in 1896 Zola resign from Freemasonry and ended his life in a mental hospital; see Galtier, op. cit., p. 153; also see Dossiers de l’Histore, 2117 RD 7, pp. 116 – 9.
23 Weisberger, op. cit., p. 28.
24 Transcipt of photograph available at: www.cobhammasons.org.uk/slplaque.htm.
25 Freemasonry Today, 19, January 2002, p. 12.
26 Robert Hieronimus, Founding Fathers, Secret Societies, Destiny Books, Rochester, VT, 2006, p. 67.
27 James Wasserman, The Secrets of Masonic Washington, Destiny Books, Rochester, VT, 2008, p. 70.
28 See, for example, the presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations by President Benjamin Harrison in 1890, 1891 & 1892 and also by President Grover Cleveland in 1893. Available at: www.pilgrimhall.org/ThanxProc1890.htm.
29 Bauval, Secret Chamber, epilogue. See also Robert Lomas & Christopher Knight, The Second Messiah, Arrow Books, London, 1998, p. 288. Also in his essay ‘Origins of Freemasonry’, Thomas Paine was to write these cryptic words: ‘The Masons, in order to protect themselves from the persecution of the Christian Church, have always spoken in a mystical manner of the figure of the Sun in their lodges, or, like the astronomer Lalande, who is a Mason, been silent upon the subject.’
30 Skymap Pro 7 used for data source. 5 – 6 August is for the latitude of Heliopolis (30° north). In New York, which has a latitude of 44.5°, the heliacal rising in 1884 would have been around 12 August. Bartholdi m
ay have opted for the original Egyptian latitude that marked this event. Oddly, we shall again encounter the date of 12 August as we examine the layout of Washington, DC.
31 Martin Isler, ‘The Gnomon in Egyptian Antiquity’, in JARCE, 28, 1991, pp. 167 – 8. Also M. Isler, ‘An Ancient Method of Finding and Extend ing Directions’ in JARCE, 26, 1989, pp. 201 – 2. See also Krupp, In Search of Ancient Astronomies, pp. 192 – 5.
32 Philippa Faulks & Robert L. D. Cooper, The Masonic Magician: The Life and Death of Count Cagliostro and His Egyptian Rite, Watkins, London, 2008, pp. 209 – 15.
33 Ibid., p. 215.
34 Budge, Cleopatra's Needle and Other Egyptian Obelisks, p. 166. The two obelisks had originally belonged to Thutmosis III (c. 1550 BC), the great warrior-pharaoh, who is often dubbed the ‘Napoleon of 18th dynasty Egypt’ (Martina D’Alton, The New York Obelisk, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1993. p. 3), and had once adorned the Temple of sun-god Atum-Ré in the ancient Anu (On), the ‘City of the Sun’ (Habachi, op. cit., pp. 165 – 7). Three others belonging to Thutmosis III had also once stood at the Temple of Amun at Karnak (Budge, Cleopatra's Needle, p. 129). On the ‘New York’ obelisk (erroneously called ‘Cleopatra's Needle’) the hieroglyphic inscriptions confirm that Pharaoh Thutmosis III (his name literally means ‘son of Thoth’) was ‘governor of Heliopolis’ and it was he who had it made these two obelisk for his ‘father’, Atum-Ré, the ‘Lord of Heliopolis’ (Budge, Cleopatra's Needle, p. 172).
35 D’Alton, op. cit., pp. 42 – 4; also see Habachi, op. cit.; see also Budge's Cleopatra's Needle and Other Egyptian Obelisks.
36 Bauval & Gilbert, The Orion Mystery, epilogue.
37 Richard Noone, 5/5/2000, Ice: The Ultimate Disaster, Three Rivers Press, New York, 1982, p. 19.
38 D’Alton, op. cit., p. 41 – 2.
39 Ibid., p. 12.
40 Pick & Knight, op. cit., p. 331; see also Bauval, Secret Chamber, p. 185.
41 Galtier, op. cit., 429 – 31.
42 Ibid., p. 153.
43 Ibid., p. 152.
44 Noone, op. cit., p. 19.
45 Ibid., p. 20; see also D’Alton, op. cit., p. 27.
46 D’Alton, op. cit., p. 27.
47 Ibid., p. 10.
48 Ibid., p. 42.
49 Ibid., p. 44.
50 Ibid., p. 25.
51 Susan Coolidge, A Short History of the City of Philadelphia From its Foundation to the Present Time, Arden Press, 1880, chapter 3. It has also been suggested that Penn was inspired by a utopic renaissance city plan by Cataneao in 1567, although this seems unlikely.
52 Ovanson, op. cit., p. 41.
53 See Thomas Paine, ‘Origins of Freemasonry’, in The Writings of Thomas Paine.
54 Ibid.
55 Using Starry Night Pro 4, for epoch 1683. The dates given are Gregorian. In Britain and the colonies they were still using the Julian calendar, even though it had been introduced in 1582 by the Vatican. It is possible that the Quakers also used the solar/Gregorian at that time.
56 Thomas Holme, Portrait of the City of Philadelphia, 1683.
57 The Pennsylvania Freemason, vol. 43, May 1996, no. 2.
58 Transcript of photograph available at: www.remarkableohio.org/HistoricalMarker.aspx?historicalMarkerId=152&fileId=128046.
59 Naudon, op. cit., p. 181. The St. John's Lodge in Boston is often cited as being the first to have formal documentation to prove its origin.
60 Pick & Knight, op. cit., p. 271.
61 Ibid.
62 Ridley, op. cit., p. 92.
63 Baltrušaitis, op. cit., pp. 201 – 8.
64 Paine, op. cit.
65 Ibid.
66 Naudon, op. cit., p. 32.
67 Ibid., p. 81.
68 Ibid.
69 Debû-Bridel, op. cit., p. 27.
70 Ibid., p. 29.
71 Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, ‘Washington – Rochambeau Revolutionary Route Newsletter’, no. 38, available: at http://www.connecticutsar.org/about/rev-road/news38.htm.
72 Naudon, op. cit., p. 198.
73 See www.scottishrite.org/foundations/house-of-the-temple-foundation/aboutthe-temple.
74 Albert Pike, Morals And Dogmas of the Ancient And Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, prepared for the Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States, Charleston, SC, 1871, p. 486.
75 Ibid., p. 136.
76 Ibid., p. 506.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid., p. 376.
80 Rex R. Hutchens, Albert Pike – The Man Not The Myth, address to the Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree for the Southern Jurisdiction, 17 October 1989.
81 Pike, op. cit.
82 Robert Temple, The Sirius Mystery, Century, London, 1998, p. 404.
83 Pike, op. cit., p. 18.
84 Homer, Iliad, book XXII.
85 Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 2.518ff & 3.958ff.
86 Aratus, Phaenomena, 328.
87 Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 9, p. 65.
88 See The Scottish Rite Journal at: srjarchives.tripod.com/1998-03/beless.htm.
89 Ibid.
90 Ibid.
91 Paine eventually shipped the key to George Washington, and it is now displayed at Washington's home in Mount Vernon.
92 Baltrušaitis, op. cit., pp. 52 – 3.
93 Court de Gébelin, op. cit.
94 Hall, Rosicrucian and Masonic Origins, pp. 408 – 9.
95 The ‘path’ are obtained by adding the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet to the ten Sephiroth. See Chapter 14.
96 Lobingier, op. cit., p. 4.
97 Theosophy Magazine, vol. 27, no. 2, December 1938
98 Thomas Edison, ‘The Philosophy of Paine’, 7 June 1925, in Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), The Diary and Sundry Observations of Thomas Alva Edison, Philosophical Library, New York, 1948.
99 See article by David Cody, associate professor of English, Hartwick College available at: http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist7.html. . William Blake had just completed his poem ‘The French Revolution’ and was already nurturing his poetic vision of turning the England and the city of London into a ‘New Jerusalem’. Although Blake himself was not a Freemason, he nonetheless produced the famous etching of the ‘Supreme Being’ as the ‘Great Architect’ of creation wielding his compass in the act of creation that Masonic publications are so fond of.
100 We are indebted to Ms Mimi Murray, a graduate of John Hopkins University, for making available to us her college major's thesis on Pierre-Charles L’Enfant.
101 Library of Congress, The George Washington Papers, available at: memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwhome.html.
102 The Society of the Cincinnati was formed on 13 May 1783 at the Verplanck House in Fishkill, New York. The first chapters were limited to the 13 colonies in America and France. The society was mostly the idea of Major-General Henry Knox, commander of the Continental army artillery and America's first secretary of war. Knox was secretary-general of the society under George Washington, who remained president until his death in 1799. Eligibility in the society was offered to officers who had served in the war. Of the 6,000 or so officers that were eligible, only 2,403 joined, mostly coming from the Delaware area. About 250 French officers also decided to join.
103 Tim Page, ‘The Cincinnati: A Society That's In the Blood’, Washington Post, 13 December 2001, p. C01; Later other presidents who have belonged to the Cincinnati include Jackson, Taylor, Pierce, Buchanan, Grant, Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Harding, Hoover and Truman. the organization's headquarters is at the splendid 50-roomed Anderson House at 2118 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Cincinnati. It's last original member died in New York in 1854, and today the society is still only open to direct descendants of the original members.
104 Bullock, op. cit., p. 130.
105 Jean-Jules Jusserand was also a Pulitzer Prize Winner for History in 1917.
106
From Jean Jules Jusserand, With Americans of Past and Present Days, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1916.
107 See The Journal of Andrew Ellicott, Budd & Bartram, Philadelphia, 1803.
108 H. Paul Caemmerer, The Life of Pierre Charles L’Enfant, Da Capo Press, New York, 1950, p. 135.
109 Ibid., p. 167.
110 Ellicott did, however, change the alignment of Massachusetts Avenue and deleted some five short radial avenues. He also added two short radial avenues to the southeast and southwest of the US Capitol as well as participated in the naming of the streets.
111 Baigent & Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge, p. 262; Ovason, op. cit., pp. 42 – 3.
112 First printed edition of the L’Enfant plan, G3850 1792 L4 Vault.
113 The Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine, March 1793, pp. 155 – 6; published in Philadelphia by William Young, Bookseller, No. 52 Second-Street, the corner of Chestnut-Street. A larger print of this map had, in fact, already been published several months earlier the November 1792 by Thackara and Vallance. The same map also appeared on facing the title page of Observations on the River Potomack, the Country adjacent and the City of Washington by Tobias Lear, and printed by Samuel Loudon & Son, No. 5 Water-Street in New York in 1793.
114 Availableat:www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html & www.census.gov/population/www/projections/natproj.html. .
115 Ovason, op. cit., p. 42.
116 Ibid., p. 83.
117 Although it is generally said that it was the André Le Nôtre design of Versailles and not Paris that influenced L’Enfant, the similarity of the main axial layout of Washington, DC with Paris is uncanny and too striking to be ignored. See Washington Architecture 1791 – 1957, prepared by a committee of the Washington-Metropolitan Chapter American Institute of Architects, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1957, pp. 5 & 36.
118 Robert Cameron, Above Washington: A Collection of Nostalgic and Contemporary Aerial Photographs of the District of Columbia, Cameron & Company, San Francisco, 1979, plate on p. 81