2. William T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1966), 324–7; H. J. Dyos and D. H. Aldcroft, British Transport – An Economic Survey From the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969), 124–31; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
3. For a detailed discussion of the unprecedented peacefulness of the last few decades, see in particular Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (New York: Dutton, 2011); Gat, War in Human Civilization.
4. ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf. For mortality rates in previous eras see: Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
5. ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.
6. Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 21. See also Gat, War in Human Civilization, 129–31; Keeley, War before Civilization.
7. Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’, British Journal of Criminology 41:4 (2001), 618–638; Manuel Eisner, ‘Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime’, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 30 (2003), 83–142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.
8. Walker and Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence’, 30.
19 And They Lived Happily Ever After
1. For both the psychology and biochemistry of happiness, the following are good starting points: Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis:Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006); R. Wright, The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1994); M. Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’, American Psychologist 54:10 (1999): 821–7; F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis and B. Keverne (eds.), The Science of Well-Being (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Michael Argyle, The Psychology of Happiness, 2nd edition (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ed Diener (ed.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (New York: Springer, 2009); Michael Eid and Randy J. Larsen (eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being (New York: Guilford Press, 2008); Richard A. Easterlin (ed.), Happiness in Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002); Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (New York: Penguin, 2005).
2. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Inglehart et al., ‘Development, Freedom and Rising Happiness’, 278–81.
3. D. M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present (London: Allen Lane, 2006).
20 The End of Homo Sapiens
1. Keith T. Paige et al., ‘De Novo Cartilage Generation Using Calcium Alginate-Chondrocyte Constructs’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 97:1 (1996), 168–78.
2. David Biello, ‘Bacteria Transformed into Biofuels Refineries’, Scientific American, 27 January 2010, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bacteria-transformed-into-biofuel-refineries.
3. Gary Walsh, ‘Therapeutic Insulins and Their Large-Scale Manufacture’, Applied Micro-biology and Biotechnology 67:2 (2005), 151–9.
4. James G. Wallis et al., ‘Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures’, Plant Molecular Biology 35:3 (1997), 323–30.
5. Robert J. Wall et al., ‘Genetically Enhanced Cows Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus Infection’, Nature Biotechnology 23:4 (2005), 445–51.
6. Liangxue Lai et al., ‘Generation of Cloned Transgenic Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids’, Nature Biotechnology 24:4 (2006), 435–6.
7. Ya-Ping Tang et al., ‘Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice’, Nature 401 (1999), 63–9.
8. Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, ‘Oxytocin, Vasopressin and the Neurogenetics of Sociality’, Science 322:5903 (2008), 900–904; Zoe R. Donaldson, ‘Production of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral Vectors’, Biology of Reproduction 81:6 (2009), 1,189–95.
9. Terri Pous, ‘Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Cloning Woolly Mammoth’, Time, 17 September 2012, accessed 19 February 2013; Pasqualino Loi et al, ‘Biological time machines: a realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammal’, Endangered Species Research 14 (2011), 227–33; Leon Huynen, Craig D. Millar and David M. Lambert, ‘Resurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct moa and more’, Bioessays 34 (2012), 661–9.
10. Nicholas Wade, ‘Scientists in Germany Draft Neanderthal Genome’, New York Times, 12 February 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/science/13neanderthal.html?_r=2&ref=science; Zack Zorich, ‘Should We Clone Neanderthals?’, Archaeology 63:2 (2009), accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.archaeology.org/1003/etc/neanderthals.html.
11. Robert H. Waterston et al., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’, Nature 420:6915 (2002), 520.
12. ‘Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS)’, Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybrid_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_percent28HI-MEMSpercent29.aspx. See also: Sally Adee, ‘Nuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg Insect’, IEEE Spectrum, December 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/nuclearpowered-transponder-for-cyborg-insect?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feedpercent3A+IeeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+Spectrumpercent29&utm_content=Google+Reader; Jessica Marshall, ‘The Fly Who Bugged Me’, New Scientist 197:2646 (2008), 40–3; Emily Singer, ‘Send in the Rescue Rats’, New Scientist 183:2466 (2004), 21–2; Susan Brown, ‘Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas’, New Scientist 189:2541 (2006), 30–1.
13. Bill Christensen, ‘Military Plans Cyborg Sharks’, Live Science, 7 March 2006, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html.
14. ‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx.
15. Retina Implant, http://www.retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.
16. David Brown, ‘For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life is Within Reach’, Washington Post, 14 September 2006, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.
17. Miguel Nicolelis, Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines – and How it Will Change Our Lives (New York: Times Books, 2011).
18. Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’, BU Today, 15 October 2008, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughts-into-words/.
19. Jonathan Fildes, ‘Artificial Brain “10 years away”’, BBC News, 22 July 2009, accessed 19 September 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm.
20. Radoje Drmanac et al., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling DNA Nanoarrays’, Science 327:5961 (2010), 78–81; ‘Complete Genomics’ website: http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under $5000 (Update 1)’, Bloomberg, 5 November 2009, accessed 10 December 2010; http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4SoWw; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits??
?, BBC News, last updated 8 April 2009, accessed 22 March 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm; Leena Rao, ‘PayPal Co-Founder and Founders Fund Partner Joins DNA Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’, TechCrunch, 24 September 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-and-founders-fund-partner-joins-dna-sequencing-firm-halcyon-molecular/.
Index
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Page numbers in italics indicate images.
Abbasid caliphate 199, 364
Aboriginal Australians 16, 25, 44, 59, 234, 277, 281, 301, 378
Achaemenid Persian Empire 220–1
Aché people 52–3
Aemilianus, Scipio 188, 189, 263
Afghanistan 169, 262, 314, 366, 369, 371
Africa viii, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13–19, 15, 20, 21, 44, 48, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 77, 78, 98, 111, 135, 135, 140, 156, 167, 173, 174, 178, 194, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 214, 218, 222, 241, 275, 279, 280, 281, 284, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 296, 318, 330–1, 332, 333, 343, 371, 376, 378, 415
Afro-Asian World 63, 64, 67, 72, 92, 153, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 184, 218, 223, 244, 263, 286
Agricultural Revolution, The viii, 3, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 51, 58, 59, 72, 74, 75–159, 174–5, 211, 212, 333, 341, 355, 377, 398
Ahura Mazda 221
Akhenaten, Pharaoh 217
Akkadian Empire of Sargon the Great ix, 103, 129, 129n, 194, 195
Alabama 141–2, 154
Alamogordo, first atomic bomb detonated at, 1945 245, 249, 274
Alaska 69, 70, 78, 194, 196, 296
Alba (green fluorescent rabbit) 398–9
Aldrin, Buzz 285
Alexander the Great 112, 146, 157, 196, 290
Algeria 156, 297, 369, 370, 371, 377
‘alpha male’ 25–6, 33, 34, 35, 115, 155, 171
Altamira, cave art of 100
Alyattes of Lydia, King 182
Amazon 62, 70, 368
America viii, ix, 30, 59, 63, 64, 67, 69–72, 77, 78, 98, 168, 170, 184, 198, 279, 284, 286–8, 289, 291–6, 304, 316–17, 325, 330 see also United States
American Indians/Native Americans 71, 133, 151, 170, 171, 283, 285–6, 378
Anatolia 103, 182
Andean World 168, 196
Angra Mainyu 221
animals:
biological engineering of 398–402, 400
cruelty to 91–7, 94, 96, 341–6, 415
domestication of viii, 45–6, 47, 51, 77–8, 91–7, 94, 96
extinction of viii, ix, 65–74, 97, 305, 350, 351
industrial agriculture and 341–6, 343, 350, 379
Animism 54–5, 211–13, 218, 223
Apollo II 64, 285, 287, 412
Arab Empire 130, 194, 199, 201, 202, 203, 239, 241, 252, 262, 283, 284
Arab Spring, 2011 240
Arabian peninsula 14, 218
Arabic numerals 130
Arctic 36, 59, 67, 69, 70, 73, 317, 401
Argentina 57, 70, 126, 168, 170, 371
Aristotle 134, 136
Armenians 192, 365
arms race 243
Armstrong, Neil 285, 304, 376
Arthur, King 114, 164
Aryan race 138, 139, 140, 232–6, 302–3
Asia 6, 8, 14, 15, 21, 63, 65, 67, 71, 77, 140, 166, 167, 169, 170, 178, 184, 194, 209, 215, 218, 221, 222, 227, 279–80, 281, 282, 287, 288, 296, 299, 302, 315–16, 317, 318, 321, 369, 370 see also Afro-Asia
Assyrian Empire 103, 153, 192, 194, 195, 354
Atahualpa 295–6
Athens, ancient 146, 149, 152, 190, 191, 290, 371
Atman 214
atomic bomb 245, 245, 249, 261–2, 274, 338, 372 see also nuclear physics
Augustine, St 193, 393
Augustus, Emperor 157
Aurelius, Emperor Marcus 200
Australia viii, 16, 21, 25, 44, 48, 59, 62, 63, 64–9, 72, 78, 98, 168, 234, 276–8, 281, 301, 304, 378,
Australian World 168
Australopithecus 5–6
Aztec Empire 55, 153, 168, 173, 190–1, 215, 219, 284, 291, 292–5, 293, 374
Babylon 105–6, 108, 115, 116, 376
Babylonian Empire 103, 104, 105–7, 108, 111, 115, 116, 120, 193, 194, 195, 298, 299, 364, 376
Bacon, Francis 259
Banks, Joseph 276, 278, 301
barbarians 171–2
Barí Indians 41
Battuta, Ibn 169
Beagle, HMS 284–5
bees 22, 25, 119–20, 171, 398
Behistun Inscription 298
Berbers 201, 202, 203
Bernoulli, Jacob 256–7
Bible 127, 145, 182, 223, 251, 252, 255, 266, 285, 287
Big Bang 3, 252, 411
Bin Laden, Osama 172, 262
binary script 131, 132
bio-dictatorships 401
biofuel 249, 401
biology:
birth of viii, 3
biological determinism 146–7
biological engineering 398–402, 400, 403
equality and 109–10
gender and 146–50, 152, 153–4
happiness and 380, 385–90, 391, 394, 395
history of 37–9
race and 134, 135, 136, 139, 140–1, 144, 145, 146, 232, 235, 236, 302–4
bionic arms 405–6, 406
biotechnology 315
bonobos 33, 41, 56, 158
Brahmins 135–6, 137, 143, 144
brains 8–9, 10, 11, 12–13, 14, 20–1, 29, 40, 49, 78, 119–22, 127, 129, 131, 252, 262, 389, 403, 407, 409
British East India Company 205, 325, 331–2
British Empire 190, 192, 198, 199–200, 204–6, 205, 278–9, 297–302, 324–6, 368–70
Buddhism ix, 10, 34, 127, 172, 198, 210, 223, 224–7, 225, 228, 229, 230, 238, 251, 349, 394–5, 396
Buka 64
Byron, Lord 326
Byzantines 239, 262
Caesar, Julius 157, 170
Caledonian tribes 193–4
Calgacus 193–4
California 372–3, 373
Caligula, Emperor 95–6
capitalism ix, 112, 134, 168, 169, 198, 203, 208, 230, 240, 250, 254, 264, 274, 282, 283, 304, 305–33, 334, 347–9, 373–4, 377 see also money
Caribbean Islands 71–2, 291, 292, 295 see also under individual island name
Carthage 188, 190, 263, 290
Çatalhöyük, Anatolia 103
Catholic Church 27, 31, 34, 35, 137, 154, 156, 174, 179, 189, 216, 220, 318
Celts 188, 189, 199, 220, 300, 302
Central America 70, 78, 88, 126, 168, 196, 292
Cervantes, Miguel de: The Siege of Numantia 189
Chak Tok Ich’aak of Tikal, King 167
chaotic systems 240
Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave, France 1, 100, 123, 376
chemistry, beginning of viii, 3
Chhatrapati Shivaji train station, Mumbai 205, 205
child mortality 10, 52, 269, 333, 379
childbirth 10, 145
childrearing 10, 84, 86–7
chimpanzees viii, 4, 5, 9, 12, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 56, 111, 115, 148, 155, 158, 171, 236, 350, 383, 398, 414
China 18, 34, 48, 51, 78, 83, 103, 126, 128, 135, 144, 156, 184, 194, 196–7, 201, 239, 244, 262, 263, 280, 281, 282, 283, 290, 296, 316, 325–6, 336, 357–8, 379
chivalry 164
Christianity ix, 10, 20, 38, 109, 112, 147, 164, 165–6, 172, 173–4, 185, 186–7, 201, 215–16, 217–20, 219, 222, 223, 228, 230, 231, 236, 237, 238–9, 240, 241, 242, 244, 251, 252, 265–6, 266–7, 278, 288, 330, 331, 349, 374, 393, 413
Church, Professor George 402
Cicero 193
Claudius, Emperor 200
Cleopatra of Egypt 153, 384
Code of Hammurabi, 1776 BC 104, 105–7, 108, 110–11, 113, 120, 127, 133, 134, 182, 364
cognitive dissonance 164–6
> Cognitive Revolution, The viii, 1–74, 171, 250, 355, 376, 403
coinage ix, 174, 177, 178, 180, 182–3, 183, 184, 186, 187, 209, 244, 307, 312, 319, 320, 376
Columbus, Christopher 64, 247, 272, 284, 286–7, 288, 290, 291, 292, 304, 316–17
Communism 34, 144, 165, 176, 203, 228, 229, 234, 235, 236, 242, 253, 271, 274, 333, 369, 377, 379, 413
communities:
collapse of 355–64, 382
imagined 362–4
Confucianism 223, 251, 255, 259, 264, 349
Congo Free State 332, 333
conquest, the mentality of 283–6
Constantine, Emperor 215, 238, 239, 263
consumerism 115–16, 347–9, 362, 363
Cook Islands 73
Cook, Captain James 276, 278–9, 281, 284, 301
cooperation, social 22–4, 27–8, 32–6, 37, 38–9, 46, 102–5, 119, 133, 159, 187
Copernicus, Nicolaus 275
corporations 28, 30, 32, 36, 274, 310, 322, 330, 342
Cortés, Hernan 173, 185, 291–4, 295
cowry shells 177, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183, 185, 186
credit 271, 280, 308–11, 315, 316, 317, 318, 321, 324, 326, 327–8, 329
Crusades 164
Cuba 71, 292, 295
cultures, human:
‘authentic’ 169
biological laws and 38, 146–8, 153–4
birth of 3, 18, 37, 163
clash of 169, 303–4
constant flux of 163–4
contradictions in 164–6
empires spread a common culture 197–208, 237 see also empires
global culture, emergence of a single 168–72, 237
history and 37, 163, 166–70, 237, 241–4
ideal of progress and 264–6
memetics (cultures as mental infections) 242–4
universal orders and 172, 173–236 see also under individual order
cuneiform 126, 298
cyborg engineering 399, 404–7, 406, 409, 411
Cynics 112, 223
Cyrus the Great of Persia 194–5, 196, 197
Dani, the 82
Danube Valley 60, 60n
Daoism 223, 229, 263
Darius I, King 298
Darwin, Charles 18, 234–5, 252, 258, 272, 283, 285, 302, 393, 397, 399
David, King 193
Declaration of Independence, US, 1776 18, 105, 105, 107–9, 110, 133
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 404–5