Case: Courtesy of Steve Case
Hall: Courtesy of Justin Hall
Kasparov: Associated Press
Brin and Page: Associated Press
Williams: Courtesy of Ev Williams
Wales: Terry Foote via Wikimedia Commons
IBM Watson: Ben Hider/Getty Images
INDEX
Abbate, Janet, 251
Aberdeen Proving Ground, 38, 72, 73, 97–98, 104, 105
Abound, 395
Acid Tests, 269
acoustic delay line, 101
“Action Office” console, 280
Ada, Countess of Lovelace, 6, 7–18, 446, 493
in affair with tutor, 13, 15
algorithms worked out by, 27–29
Analytical Engine business plan of, 30–32
Analytical Engine potential seen by, 24
Babbage requested to be tutor of, 16–17
Babbage’s first meeting with, 7–8
at Babbage’s salons, 15, 18
Bernoulli numbers computed by, 25, 27–29, 31, 45, 107
on “Combining Faculty,” 23
on connection between poetry and analysis, 7, 9, 17–18, 24, 33, 467, 486, 487
as doubtful about thinking machines, 8, 12, 29, 122, 123, 126, 467–68, 475, 478
on general purpose machines, 26–27, 33, 39, 46, 87, 276, 467
illnesses of, 16, 31, 32
marriage of, 15
“Notes” of, 24–30, 33, 93, 122, 480
opiates taken by, 17, 31, 32
programming explored by, 25–26, 27–29, 88, 90, 107, 108, 478
on subroutines, 28, 93
temperament and mood swings of, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 31
tutored in math, 7, 13–14, 16–17
Ada (programming language), 33
Adafruit Industries, 303n
Adams, John, 481
Adams, Samuel, 481
Adams, Sherman, 228–29
Adcock, Willis, 173–74
advertising, 285, 301, 419, 420, 463
Age of Wonder, The (Holmes), 9
Aiken, Howard, 2, 69, 75, 81, 88, 89, 105, 119, 329, 480
Difference Engine of, 50–52, 86, 90
and operation of Mark I, 92–93
stubborness of, 94
Aiken Lab, 329, 334, 336
Air Force, U.S., 221, 238, 241, 247, 282, 305
Albert, Prince Consort, 23–24
Albrecht, Bob, 297, 304
Alcorn, Al, 211–13, 347
algebra, 14, 26
algorithms, 27–29
Allen, Paul, 312, 313, 314, 317, 330–31, 332, 347, 358–59, 367, 416
BASIC for Altair designed by, 332–36, 337
8008 language written by, 325–27
electronic grid work of, 327–28
Gates’s disputes with, 322–23, 328, 338–39, 352, 361
in Lakeside Programming Group, 318–27
PDP-10 work of, 320, 321
“All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace” (Brautigan), 267–68, 475
ALOHAnet, 256
Alpert, Dick, 269
Altair, 264, 332, 350
Altair 8800, 309, 310–11, 313
BASIC program for, 332–36, 337, 340–43
exhibition of, 340–41
AltaVista, 227, 436, 459, 462, 463
American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 206
American Physical Society, 165
American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC), 186
America Online (AOL), 395, 399–400, 402, 419, 421, 422
Ames Research Center, 273
Ampex, 208, 211
analog, 56
digital vs., 36–40, 469, 472
Analytical Engine, 21, 22–23, 38, 39, 93, 107, 120, 126, 289, 474
Differences Engine vs., 25–26
Lovelace’s business plan for, 30–32
Lovelace’s views on potential of, 24
Menabrea’s notes on, 24–28
punch cards and, 35, 487
as reprogrammable, 90
Analytical Society, 19
“Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, The” (Brin and Page), 461–62
Anderson, Sean, 460
Andreessen, Marc, 404, 416–17, 421
Android, 381
A-O system, 117
Apollo Guide Computer, 182
Apollo program, 181–82, 257, 280
Apple, 193n, 264, 333n, 352–53, 362–69, 381, 398–99, 434, 483
creativity of, 486–87
headquarters of, 139, 481
Jobs ousted from, 411, 485
lawsuits of, 112
Microsoft’s contract with, 367–69
patents of, 483
Apple I, 352
Apple II, 353, 354, 355–56, 364, 388
AppleLink, 398–99
Apple Writer, 356
Applied Minds, 472
Aristotle, 485–86
Armstrong, Neil, 182
ARPA, 228–29, 230, 231–32, 234–35, 256, 258, 289, 385
funding for, 235–37
ARPANET, 208, 221, 235–37, 246, 250–61, 287, 383, 384, 385, 402, 481, 482
bids on minicomputers for, 251–52
connected to Internet, 258–59
distributed network of, 250, 253
first four nodes of, 252–53, 416
military defense and, 247–51
start of, 255–56
ARPANET News, 261
arsenic, 135
artificial intelligence, 4–5, 122, 226, 284, 285, 455, 468, 470–71
human-machine interaction and, 275, 474–79
as mirage, 468, 469, 474
video games and, 211
Artificial Intelligence Lab, 202–3
Asimov, Isaac, 393
assembly code, 322
assembly line, 20, 32–33
Association for Computing Machinery, 84n
“As We May Think” (Bush), 263, 273, 274, 276, 416, 446, 465, 475
Atanasoff, John Vincent, 54–62, 57, 65–70, 74, 81, 134, 365, 481
influence of, 82, 85
Atanasoff, Lura, 66
Atanasoff-Berry computer, 75
AT&T, 132, 153, 240, 241, 242, 386–87
Atari, 211–15, 265, 329, 347–48, 350, 396
founding of, 210
Atari 800, 356
Atkinson, Bill, 365, 434
Atlantic, 263, 273
atom bomb, 95, 219
Atomic Energy Commission, 120
atomic power, 72
ATS-3 satellite, 271
Augmentation Research Center, 221, 278, 285
augmented intelligence, 274
“Augmenting Human Intellect” (Engelbart), 275, 475–76
Auletta, Ken, 451
Autobiography (Franklin), 378
automata, 19
Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), 120, 242
automobile industry, 183
Aydelotte, Frank, 120
Baba, Neem Karoli, 388
Babbage, Charles, 6, 18–19, 38, 39, 46, 50, 52, 56, 61, 89, 120, 134, 416, 480, 484
Ada’s first meeting with, 7–8
government attack published by, 30
limits of Analytical Engine mistaken by, 27
logarithm machine considered by, 19, 20
Lovelace given credit by, 25
Lovelace’s Analytic Engine business plan and, 30–32
programming as conceptual leap of, 33
weekly salons of, 8, 14–15, 18
Babbage, Henry, 50
BackRub, 458
Baer, Ralph, 215
Baidu, 461
ballistic missiles, 169, 181
Ballmer, Steve, 331–32, 357, 360, 453
Bally Midway, 211, 212, 215
Baran, Paul, 237, 238, 239, 240–41, 242, 245, 246, 260
packet-switching suggested by, 247
Bardeen, John, 130, 132, 145, 160, 173, 211, 480
in dispute with Shockley, 1
45–49, 152–53, 163
Nobel Prize won by, 164
photovoltaic effect studied by, 142–44
solid-state studied by, 140–41
surface states studied by, 142
Barger, John, 427
Bartik, Jean Jennings, see Jennings, Jean
BASIC, 316–17, 323, 325, 339, 357, 360, 370, 374, 452
for Altair, 332–36, 337, 340–43, 378
batch processing, 224
BBC, 128
Beatles, 310–11
Bechtolsheim, Andy, 463–64
Beckman, Arnold, 154–55, 165, 166
Beckman Instruments, 155
Bell, Alexander Graham, 132, 145, 477
Bell & Howell, 283
Bell Labs, 40, 47–50, 53, 61, 68, 80, 82, 101, 104, 106, 110, 122, 130, 131–34, 157, 172, 189, 221, 286, 480, 482
founding of, 132–33
Murray Hill headquarters of, 138–39
patents licensed by, 149–50
solid-state physics at, 134, 135–36, 138–41
transistor invented at, 131, 227, 414, 485
Bell System, 265
Benkler, Yochai, 444–45, 483
Berkeley Barb, 300, 301
Berners-Lee, Tim, 404, 405–14, 433, 446, 456, 474, 483
background of, 406–8
and creation of browsers, 414–18
hypertext created by, 410–11
and micropayments, 420–21
religious views of, 413–14
Bernoulli, Jacob, 27n
Bernoulli numbers, 25, 27–29, 31, 45, 107
Berry, Clifford, 59, 61
Beyer, Kurt, 91, 93
Bezos, Jeff, 464
audaciousness celebrated by, 163
Bhatnagar, Ranjit, 423
Big Brother and the Holding Company, 270, 297
Bilas, Frances, 86, 97–98
Bilton, Nick, 479
Bina, Eric, 416, 417
binary, 38–39, 49, 50, 54
in code, 76
in German codes, 78
on Z1, 53
Bitcoin, 421n
bitmapping, 364–65
Bletchley Park, 76–79, 81, 84, 94, 110, 120, 122
Blitzer, Wolf, 402–3
Bloch, Richard, 92–93, 104, 105
Blogger, 428–33, 479–80
Blogger Pro, 432
blogs, 423–33
coining of term, 427
McCarthy’s predictions of, 285–86
Blue, Al, 252
Blue Box, 346–47, 351
Board of Patent Interferences, 178
Bohr, Niels, 134
Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), 221, 227, 237, 245, 252, 255, 256, 258, 385
bombe, 78
BOMIS, 437, 440
Bonneville Power Administration, 327–28
Boole, George, 48, 49
Boolean algebra, 49, 54, 58, 123, 344
Borgia, Cesare, 72
boron, 135
Bowers, Ann, 193
brains, 469, 472–73
Braiterman, Andy, 329–30, 331
Braithwaite, Richard, 128
Brand, Lois, 296
Brand, Stewart, 262, 268–72, 278, 279, 280–81, 288, 295–96, 297, 382, 387–89
Brattain, Walter, 130, 132, 134, 137–38, 173, 211, 480
in dispute with Shockley, 145–49, 152–53, 163
Nobel Prize won by, 164
photovoltaic effect studied by, 142–44
solid-state studied by, 139–41
in World War II, 138, 139
Brautigan, Richard, 9, 267, 475
Breakout, 348, 350
Bricklin, Dan, 354–55, 370, 431, 435
Brilliant, Larry, 382, 388–89
Brin, Sergey, 435, 451–55, 458
Google founded by, 458, 460, 462–64
PageRank and, 458–62
personality of, 454
Bristow, Steve, 215
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 484
Brookhaven National Lab, 203, 215
Brown, Ralph, 149–50
browsers, 414–18
bugs, 93–94
Bulletin Board System, 385–86
Burks, Arthur, 118
“Burning Chrome” (Gibson), 384
Burns, James MacGregor, 394
Bush, Vannevar, 7, 34, 37–38, 47, 49, 68, 156, 217–18, 252, 269, 409, 446, 474, 475, 480, 482, 486
background of, 218
computers augmenting human intelligence foreseen by, 263, 273, 274, 276, 363, 384, 401, 416, 446, 465, 475
linear model of innovation and, 220–21
personal computer envisioned by, 263–64, 273, 274, 276
technology promoted by, 218–20, 228
Bushnell, Nolan, 200, 207–10, 211, 212, 215, 347–48
venture capital raised by, 214
Busicom, 196–97
Byrds, 152
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 7, 9–13, 29, 32, 468
incest of, 10–11, 16
Luddites defended by, 9, 14, 487
portrait of, 6, 12, 15–16
Byron, Lady (Annabella Milbanke), 7, 8, 10–13, 15, 32
Cailliau, Robert, 412–13, 415
Caine Mutiny, The, 165
calculating machines:
of Leibniz, 20
of Pascal, 19–20, 22
calculators, pocket, 182–83, 196, 297
calculus, 17, 37
notation of, 19
California, University of, at Santa Barbara, 252–53
Call, Charles, 82–83
Caltech, 154, 267
CamelCase, 436
capacitors, 58
CapitalLetters, 436
Carey, Frank, 356
Carlyle, Thomas, 2
Cary, Frank, 361
Case, Dan, 393–94, 396
Case, Steve, 382, 394–96, 397, 399, 401
background of, 394
Cathedral and the Bazaar, The (Raymond), 377, 438
cathode-ray tubs, 119
Catmull, Ed, 208
Caufield, Frank, 393, 396
CBS, 109, 116–17, 298–99
CB Simulator, 400
Census Bureau, U.S., 35–36, 116
Centralab, 172
central processing unit, 264
Cerf, Sigrid, 255
Cerf, Vint, 238, 239, 253, 255, 257, 259–60, 403, 481
background of, 257–58
internet created by, 258–59
nuclear attack simulated by, 250–51
CERN, 409–13, 433
Cézanne, Paul, 224
Cheatham, Thomas, 329
Cheriton, David, 463
Chicago Area Computer Hobbyists’ Exchange, 385
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron), 10, 12
Chinese Room, 127–28, 470
Christensen, Clay, 288
Christensen, Ward, 385
Church, Alonzo, 46, 47
circuit switching, 237–38
Cisco, 450
Clark, Dave, 260–61
Clark, Jim, 208
Clark, Wes, 236, 251, 252
Clinton, Bill, 121n
Clippinger, Richard, 119
COBOL, 117, 118n, 317, 323, 339, 357
Cold War, 247
Collingwood, Charles, 117
Colossus, 76, 78, 79, 81, 122
as special-purpose machine, 79
Command and Control Research, 229
Commodore, 398
Community Memory, 301–2, 303, 383
Complex Number Calculator, 50, 64, 104
Compton, Karl, 186
CompuServe, 392, 393, 400, 419, 421
computer, 9, 80
debate over, 80–82, 84–85, 481
“Computer as a Communication Device, The” (Licklider and Taylor), 261
Computer Center Corporation (C-Cubed), 319–22
Computer Quiz, 209
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 472
computers (female cal
culators), 72, 73
Computer Space, 209, 210, 212
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (Turing), 124–28
Conant, James Bryant, 51, 219
condensers, 58, 66–67
conditional branching, 75
Congregationalist, 189
Congress, U.S., 220
Congress of Italian Scientists, 25
Constitution, U.S., 121n
content sharing, 467
Control Video Corporation (CVC), 393, 396–98
copper, 135
Coupling, J. J., 148
Courant, Richard, 89
Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 179
Coyle, Bud, 167
CP/M, 357, 358
CPYNET, 384
Craigslist, 301
“Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits” (Moore), 183
crawlers, 447–48, 457, 460
Crocker, Stephen, 249–50, 253–55, 257, 481
Cronkite, Walter, 109, 116–17
Crossroads, 399
crowdsourcing, 261, 285
cryptology, 76
CSNET, 383
Cunningham, Ward, 433–34, 436, 439, 441
Cybernetics (Wiener), 272
Dabney, Ted, 208–9
“Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two),” 311
DARPA, 228, 329
Dartmouth University, 68
AI conference at, 468
Darwin, Charles, 124
Data General, 291
Data General Nova, 209, 291
Davidoff, Monte, 333–34, 335, 337, 341
Davies, Donald, 237, 239, 242, 245, 246, 251
debugging, 93–94
decision problem, 44, 45–46, 47, 78
Deep Blue, 470, 471, 475–76
Defense Communications Agency, 241
Defense Department, U.S., 33, 220, 241, 329
ARPA of, see ARPA
de Forest, Lee, 154
Delphi, 401
Democratic National Convention, 1968, 278
De Morgan, Augustus, 17, 26
de Prony, Gaspard, 20
Descartes, René, 122
Difference Engine, 8–9, 13, 20, 21, 21, 25–26, 90, 120, 480
Aikens version of, 50–52, 86, 90
Differential Analyzer, 34, 37–38, 47, 68, 72, 114, 217, 218
differential equations, 37, 73
digital, analog vs., 36–40, 469, 472
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 186, 203, 205, 207, 264, 319–22, 329, 345, 354, 355, 356
diode, 163, 164
Discourse on the Method (Descartes), 122
Domain Awareness System, 472
Dompier, Steve, 310–11
Don Juan (Byron), 11
Doriot, Georges, 186
Dorsey, Jack, 479–80
DOS, 367
Dr. Dobb’s Journal, 372
Drucker, Peter, 192
Duke University, 386
Dummer, Geoffrey, 180
Dynabook, 288–91, 292
Dyson, Freeman, 121
Dyson, George, 103, 108, 120, 121
Earnest, Les, 251, 281
Easy Writer, 356
Eckert, J. Presper, 69, 70–72, 74–75, 81, 82, 83–84, 88, 94, 105, 106, 109, 110, 119, 134, 137, 211, 238, 481